Search

(Source) code summarization aims to automatically generate succinct natural language summaries for given code snippets. Such summaries play a significant role in promoting developers to understand and maintain code. Inspired by neural machine translation, deep learning-based code summarization techniques widely adopt an encoder-decoder framework, where the encoder transforms given code snippets into context vectors, and the decoder decodes context vectors into summaries. Recently, large-scale pre-trained models for source code (e.g., CodeBERT and UniXcoder) are equipped with encoders capable of producing general context vectors and have achieved substantial improvements on the code summarization task. However, although they are usually trained mainly on code-focused tasks and can capture general code features, they still fall short in capturing specific features that need to be summarized. In a nutshell, they fail to learn the alignment between code snippets and summaries (code-summary alignment for short). In this paper, we propose a novel approach to improve code summarization based on summary-focused tasks. Specifically, we exploit a multi-task learning paradigm to train the encoder on three summary-focused tasks to enhance its ability to learn code-summary alignment, including unidirectional language modeling (ULM), masked language modeling (MLM), and action word prediction (AWP). Unlike pre-trained models that mainly predict masked tokens in code snippets, we design ULM and MLM to predict masked words in summaries. Intuitively, predicting words based on given code snippets would help learn the code-summary alignment. In addition, existing work shows that AWP affects the prediction of the entire summary. Therefore, we further introduce the domain-specific task AWP to enhance the ability of the encoder to learn the alignment between action words and code snippets. We evaluate the effectiveness of our approach, called Esale, by conducting extensive experiments on four datasets, including two widely used datasets JCSD and PCSD, a cross-project Java dataset CPJD, and a multilingual language dataset CodeSearchNet. Experimental results show that Esale significantly outperforms state-of-the-art baselines in all three widely used metrics, including BLEU, METEOR, and ROUGE-L. Moreover, the human evaluation proves that the summaries generated by Esale are more informative and closer to the ground-truth summaries.

In order to improve the fabrication robustness of the inverse-designed devices that have complex topology structures, we propose an optimization technique, named as structure transformation (ST), to transform structures of the inverse-designed devices into simple topologies that contain less irregularly tiny features, sharp corners and less boundary regions. The proposed ST technique, based on a new alternately-implementing strategy of optical performance optimization and modified curvature-constrained structure adjustment, effectively facilitates an overall simplification of the structure topologies of devices, enhances their robustness to fabrication uncertainties, and simultaneously maintains or even improves their optical performances. To verify the feasibility of the technique, three types of typical SOI-based devices (T-junction, 1×3 power splitter and 90° crossing) with and without ST were designed, among which the ones without ST were given as control groups. Thanks to the ST, the boundary regions and highly curved ranges in these devices are all significantly reduced, while their performances are well maintained or even improved. Next, the effect of the ST on fabrication tolerances were investigated, and the simulation results show that the devices with ST are more robust to over/under-etching errors than the control groups. At last, the T junction and 1×3 power splitter and their control groups were fabricated each with 6 samples. Measured results show that the performances of the devices with ST deviate from the simulated performances much less than their control groups, which agrees well with the simulated results in fabrication tolerances investigation. Summarily, we proposed and demonstrated a technique that provides the inverse-designed devices new possibilities to achieve simpler topologies with better fabrication robustness and improved performances at the same time.

In response to the demands of users for prompting fault diagnosis and maintenance, equipment manufacturers require more advanced maintenance technologies for real-time monitoring, prediction, and remote guidance. Based on digital twin, this paper puts forward a seven-dimensional model of collaborative maintenance and a collaborative model for after sales maintenance service, which enables manufacturers to provide more effective and timely service and support to their customers. Taking a bottled water capping process as an example, it constructs a digital twin-driven model for predicting the remaining effective life of devices, a digital twin service platform with a maintenance knowledge database. Based on the forward variable combining the current state and state duration from hidden semi-Markov chain, and the improved formula for calculating the remaining effective life of equipment state, the feasibility of the proposed seven-dimensional collaborative maintenance model and the collaborative model for after sales maintenance service are verified. [Submitted: 20 July 2021; Accepted: 8 August 2022]

ABSTRACTIn vitro transcription (IVT) using T7 RNA polymerase has become the most common method to synthesize RNAs for use in basic research and pharmaceutical applications. To solve the heterogeneity issue associated with the system, cis-acting ribozymes have been exploited to direct co-transcriptional processing to yield target RNAs with precisely defined ends. However, traditionally used ribozymes have many limitations, such as low efficiency and special sequence requirements of target RNAs. In addition, the introduction of ribozymes in IVT complicates the downstream purification of target RNAs. Here we describe a new cassette of engineered ribozymes (HHV-Kt and Twister-Kt) that can work in concert to produce RNA with defined 5’ and 3’ ends. The pair of ribozymes displayed reliably high activity when working with RNA of various lengths and structures. The engineered ribozymes also carry a K-turn RNA motif that enables fast post-IVT clearance of cleaved ribozymes and uncleaved precursors using K-turn affinity resins. Finally, we demonstrated the scalability of our system for the rapid production of large quantities of homogeneous RNA samples.

Reservoir drawdown areas (DAs) can be both important nitrogen (N) sources to river networks and hot spots for N removal from freshwater ecosystems. The net effect of DAs on the N availability in reservoirs within a full hydrological cycle remains unclear. In this paper, the N dynamics in the DA of the Three Gorges Reservoir, Yangtze River, China, are investigated through a combination of discrete and continuous in situ observations and sampling over a span of 2 years, complemented by numerical modeling. We show that the DA is a net source of N to the water column, and that about 30% of the total annual N load released from the DA is mitigated by the sediment through denitrification and capture. The annual net load of the total N from the DA to the reservoir is ca. 0.59 kg per meter along the river, which is on the same order of magnitude as the input load from the density current of the Yangtze River to its tributaries, generally considered to be the primary driver of eutrophication in tributaries. N release in the DA mainly occurs during the drying period, whereas denitrification in the sediment mostly takes place during the flooding period when the oxido‐reducing potential is low. Our findings quantify and therefore clarify the N source/sink dynamics from the DA to the reservoir, offering a new perspective on the importance of DA nutrient loading in decision‐making related to integrated management of inundated lands to alleviate reservoir eutrophication by river damming. Nitrogen (N) is an essential nutrient element, but it can be harmful to water quality in excess amounts. Drawdown areas (DAs) are regions at the edges of reservoirs that are alternately flooded and dried as water levels rise and fall. In some conditions, DAs can cause N pollution by adding N to the reservoirs, while in other conditions, DAs can alleviate pollution by removing N from the reservoir by turning it into a gas through the process of denitrification. The annual balance for these pollution‐driving versus pollution‐alleviating processes across the entire year remains unclear. Based on 2 years of continuous field observations and modeling of N cycling in the DA of the Three Gorges Reservoir, China, this paper finds that annually sediment denitrification and retention in the DA eliminates 30% of the N load released from the sediment itself. N release in the DA mainly occurs when reservoir water level falls as the weather warms up. Denitrification, which turns nitrate into a gas that can leave the reservoir and enter the atmosphere, in sediment under high water levels is the main mechanism that removes N from the DAs. We find that the amount of N released to the reservoir from the DAs is similar in size to the N load received from the upstream river, and thus needs to be considered in reservoir water quality management decisions. The drawdown area (DA) is a net source of nitrogen (N) to the Three Gorges Reservoir water column within a full hydrological cycleAbout 30% of the total N load to the water column from the reservoir DA is mitigated by the sediment through denitrification and captureN release from the reservoir DA mainly occurs during the drying period, whereas N removal from the water column mainly occurs during flooding The drawdown area (DA) is a net source of nitrogen (N) to the Three Gorges Reservoir water column within a full hydrological cycle About 30% of the total N load to the water column from the reservoir DA is mitigated by the sediment through denitrification and capture N release from the reservoir DA mainly occurs during the drying period, whereas N removal from the water column mainly occurs during flooding

Dam construction is widespread, changing the hydrological and biogeochemical conditions and thereby the bacterial communities in the rivers of the earth. To date, knowledge is lacking about bacterial communities in cascade reservoirs. Here, we investigated the bacterial communities and potential functions of nine cascade hydropower reservoirs in 1290 km of the upper Mekong River (Lancang River in China). Along the reservoir cascade, the water temperature, rather than the presence of dams, was the main cause for the geographical patterns of bacterial community composition. Within a reservoir, significant spatial differences in sediment bacterial communities were observed between the tail, middle, and head of a reservoir. The differences in sediment properties resulted by flow velocity‐sieved sedimentation from the tail to head of a reservoir caused the spatial variation in sediment bacteria communities, forming potential hotspots for biogeochemical cycling in the middle of the reservoir. In contrast, unlike in deep lakes and deep single reservoirs, the bacterioplankton community composition had no distinctly layered features in the deep cascade reservoirs, because density‐induced underwater currents and convection resulting from hydropower production reduced the vertical hydro‐environmental gradients. This study provides a novel perspective on the processes affecting the distribution and function of bacterial communities in river‐reservoir cascades, and is a first step toward forecasting the consequences of microbially mediated biogeochemical cycling in existing and future reservoirs worldwide.

Increasing evidence suggests that miRNAs play important regulatory roles in the nervous system. However, the molecular mechanisms of how specific miRNAs affect neuronal development and functions remain less well understood. In the present study, we provide evidence that the conserved microRNA miR-210 regulates lipid metabolism and prevents neurodegeneration in the Drosophilaretina. miR-210 is specifically expressed in the photoreceptor neurons and other sensory organs. Genetic deletion of miR-210 leads to lipid droplet accumulation and photoreceptor degeneration in the retina. These effects are associated with abnormal activation of the Drosophilasterol regulatory element-binding protein signaling. We further identify the acetyl-coenzyme A synthetase (ACS) as one functionally important target of miR-210 in this context. Reduction of ACS in the miR-210 mutant background suppresses the neurodegeneration defects, suggesting that miR-210 acts through regulation of the ACS transcript. Together, these results reveal an unexpected role of miR-210 in controlling lipid metabolism and neuronal functions.

Hydropower development is the key strategy in many developing countries for energy supply, climate-change mitigation and economic development. However, it is commonly assumed that river dams retain nutrients and therefore reduce downstream primary productivity and fishery catches, compromising food security and causing trans-boundary disputes. Contrary to expectation, here we found that a cascade of reservoirs along the upper Mekong River increased downstream bioavailability of nitrogen and phosphorus. The dams caused phytoplankton density to increase with hydraulic residence time and stratification of the stagnant reservoirs caused hypoxia at depth. This allowed the release of bioavailable phosphorus from the sediment and an increase in dissolved inorganic nitrogen as well as a shift in nitrogen species from nitrate to ammonium, which were transported downstream by the discharge of water from the base of the dam. Our findings provide a new perspective on the environmental impacts of river dams on nutrient cycling and ecosystem functioning, with potential implications for sustainable development of hydropower worldwide.

Research into urban expansion patterns and their driving forces is of great significance for urban agglomeration development planning and decision-making. In this paper, we reveal the multi-dimensional characteristics of urban expansion patterns, based on the intensity index of the urban expansion, the differentiation index of the urban expansion, the fractal dimension index, the land urbanization rate, and the center of gravity model, by taking the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (Jing-Jin-Ji) urban agglomeration as an example. We then build the center of gravity-geographically and temporally weighted regression (GTWR) model by coupling the center of gravity model with the GTWR model. Through the analysis of the temporal and spatial patterns and by using the center of gravity-GTWR model, we analyze the driving forces of the urban land expansion and summarize the dominant development modes and core driving forces of the Jing-Jin-Ji urban agglomeration. The results show that: 1) Between 1990 and 2015, the expansion intensity of the Jing-Jin-Ji urban agglomeration showed a down-up-down trend, and the peak period was in 2005–2010. Before 2005, high-speed development took place in Beijing, Tianjin, Baoding, and Langfang; after 2005, rapid development was seen in Xingtai and Handan. 2) Although the barycenter of cities in the Jing-Jin-Ji urban agglomeration has shown a divergent trend, the local interaction between cities has been enhanced, and the driving forces of urban land expansion have shown a characteristic of spatial spillover. 3) The spatial development mode of the Jing-Jin-Ji urban agglomeration has changed from a dual-core development mode to a multi-core development mode, which is made up of three functional cores: the transportation core in the northern part, the economic development core in the central part, and the investment core in the southern part. The synergistic development between each functional core has led to the multi-core development mode. 4) The center of gravity-GTWR model combines the analysis of spatial and temporal nonstationarity with urban spatial interaction, and analyzes the urban land expansion as a space-time dynamic system. The results of this study show that the model is a feasible approach in the analysis of the driving forces of urban land expansion.

Accumulating evidence reveals that inappropriate meal timing contributes to the development of lifestyle-related diseases. An underlying mechanism is thought to be the disruption of the intracellular circadian clock in various tissues based on observations in both systemic and tissue-specific clock gene-deficient mice. However, whether the effects of conditional clock gene knockout are comparable to those of inappropriate meal timing remains unclear.

River damming has brought great benefits to flood mitigation, energy and food production, and will continue to play a significant role in global energy supply, particularly in Asia, Africa, and South America. However, dams have extensively altered global river dynamics, including riverine connectivity, hydrological, thermal, sediment and solute regimes, and the channel morphology. These alterations have detrimental effects on the quality and quantity of fish habitat and associated impacts on aquatic life. Indeed, dams have been implicated in the decline of numerous fishes, emphasizing the need for effective conservation measures. Here, we present a global synthesis of critical issues concerning the impacts of river damming on physical fish habitats, with a particular focus on key fish species across continents. We also consider current fish conservation measures and their applicability in different contexts. Finally, we identify future research needs. The information presented herein will help support sustainable dam operation under the constraints of future climate change and human needs. River damming yields great social‐economic benefits, but also causes significant eco‐environmental impacts, particularly on fish. Dams block fish migration routes, alter hydrological and water temperature regimes, and modify channel morphology. These changes impact fish physical habitats and associated communities. Here, we synthesize the impacts of river damming on fish physical habitats, and review potential conservation measures that could be used to off‐set or mitigate the impacts of dams on fish habitats, populations and communities. Dam construction alters river hydro‐geomorphological conditions and hence influences fish habitat quality and quantityKnowledge of river hydrogeomorphology and reservoir properties can inform which conservation measures may benefit fish conservationLong‐term monitoring is needed to understand causal effects and synergies with climate change Dam construction alters river hydro‐geomorphological conditions and hence influences fish habitat quality and quantity Knowledge of river hydrogeomorphology and reservoir properties can inform which conservation measures may benefit fish conservation Long‐term monitoring is needed to understand causal effects and synergies with climate change

Detrimental vibration makes aircraft and spacecraft vulnerable to structural damage and payload instability. Traditional vibration isolator with sole resonant frequency risks to amplify vibrations whose frequencies are close to the resonant frequency of the vibration isolator, ending up in complex conundrums in the domain of aeronautics and astronautics. This research prompts to provide a universal solution to this conundrum by putting forward a vibration isolator capable of self-tuning its resonant frequency. The conception, design, and frequency tunability verification experiments were hence implemented in this research. Annular metal rubbers with different parameters were prepared and experimentally analyzed to determine the appropriate choice for resonant frequency tuning. It was discernible that both the increase of wire diameter and the relative density ratio of the metal rubbers could confer an augmentation of resonant frequency on the vibration isolator. The resonant frequency tuning was conducted by shape memory alloy actuators applying compressive loads to annular metal rubbers so as to change the stiffness of the isolator. The resonant frequency identification experiment demonstrated that the resonant frequency-tunable vibration isolator is versatile in resonant frequency tuning between 52 Hz and 113 Hz. The resonant frequency tunability ensures the avoidance of vibration amplification, improvising an ultimate solution to broad-banded vibration attenuation problems ranging from low frequency to high frequency vibration (e.g. 100 Hz) in aeronautical and astronautical environments.

The conception of aircraft morphing wings thrives in aeronautics since the appearance of shape memory alloys (SMAs). An aircraft morphing wing device, manipulated by an SMA actuator, inherits the intrinsic nonlinear hysteresis from the SMA actuator, ending up with control disadvantages. Conventionally, systems with SMA actuators are constrained to bi-stable states to bypass the hysteresis region. Rather than retreating a morphing wing device to bi-stable states, this paper is dedicated to transcend the morphing wing device beyond the customary limit. A methodology of discrete Preisach modeling, which identifies the hysteresis of the morphing wing device, is proposed herein. An array of discrete equal-distance points is applied to the Preisach plane in order to derive the Preisach density over the partitioned unit of the Preisach plane. Discrete Preisach modeling is fulfilled by the discrete first-order reversible curve (DFORC). By utilizing the discrete Preisach model, the aircraft morphing wing device is simulated; the validity and accuracy of discrete Preisach modeling are demonstrated by contrasting the simulated outcome with experimental data of the major hysteretic loop and the wingspan-wise displacement over time; a comparison between simulation and experimental results exhibits consistency. Afterwards, a hysteresis compensation strategy put forward in this paper is implemented for quasi-linear control of the aircraft morphing wing device, which manifests a compensated shrinking hysteresis loop and attains the initiative of extending the morphing range to the intrinsic hysteretic region.

Superelastic NiTi wires were prepared from a single cold worked wire by various electropulse heat treatments. The wires having a wide range of virgin microstructures were subjected to tensile tests until rupture and cyclic superelastic tensile testing in a wide temperature range. The results were complemented by TEM observation of lattice defects created by superelastic cycling. It appeared that the yield stress depends significantly on the wire microstructure and less on the test temperature. The upper plateau stress varies with the microstructure through its effect on the Ms temperature and increases with increasing temperature in accord with the Clausius–Clapeyron equation up to a maximum temperature characteristic for each microstructure. The upper plateau strains exhibit pronounced maxima (12–18%) at test temperatures and microstructures (pulse times), at which the upper plateau stress approaches the yield stress. The instability of cyclic superelastic deformation was found to be inversely related to the difference between the yield stress and upper plateau stress. Cyclic deformation introduces dislocation slip in the microstructure of the cycled wire from the 3rd cycle and promotes formation of {114} austenite twins upon later cycling. These observations were explained by the activation of deformation twinning in oriented martensite and the stress induced B2 ⇒ B19′ ⇒ B2Tmartensitic transformation in specific range of microstructures and temperatures. The ductility of the tested wires was observed to vary stepwise with microstructure from ~ 13 up to ~ 55% and gradually decreased with temperature increasing above 100 °C.

The aggregation of human islet amyloid polypeptide (hIAPP) is one of the triggering factors of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). hIAPP is cosynthesized, costored, and cosecreted with insulin in pancreatic β-cells, and insulin inhibits hIAPP aggregation. In T2DM patients, long-term hyperglycemia causes glycation of near 10% of total insulin. The glycation not only modifies insulin but also cross-links insulin into oligomers. However, the effect of glycated human insulin on hIAPP aggregation is unknown. In this study, four physiologically relevant monosaccharides, methylglyoxal, glucose, fructose, and ribose were used to glycate human insulin and two C-terminus truncated insulin analogues. Glycated insulin monomers or low molecular weight oligomers such as dimers significantly exacerbated the cytotoxicity of hIAPP. Notably, glycation-induced cross-linking of insulin inhibited the aggregation, membrane disruption, and cytotoxicity of hIAPP, which was corroborated by a control study using EGS-induced cross-linking of insulin or lysozyme. Removal of B29Lyson the C terminus of the insulin B chain not only abolished glycation-induced cross-linking but also attenuated the aggravation effect of glycated insulin on hIAPP cytotoxicity. Taken together, this study reveals a vicious cycle in T2DM, that hyperglycemia-driven insulin glycation exacerbates the cytotoxicity of hIAPP, which accelerates β-cells death and further deteriorates T2DM.

We previously showed that dileucine based peptides bind clathrin adapter protein complexes AP-1 and AP-2. Since four proteins present in GLUT4 vesicles have dileucine motifs within their cytoplasmic sequences (GLUT4 [...]

Dysmenorrhea is associated with breakfast skipping in young women, suggesting that fasting in the early active phase disrupts uterine functions.

Loss of neurons after brain injury and in neurodegenerative disease is often accompanied by reactive gliosis and scarring, which are difficult to reverse with existing treatment approaches. Here, we show that reactive glial cells in the cortex of stab-injured or Alzheimer’s disease (AD) model mice can be directly reprogrammed into functional neurons in vivo using retroviral expression of a single neural transcription factor, NeuroD1. Following expression of NeuroD1, astrocytes were reprogrammed into glutamatergic neurons, while NG2 cells were reprogrammed into glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons. Cortical slice recordings revealed both spontaneous and evoked synaptic responses in NeuroD1-converted neurons, suggesting that they integrated into local neural circuits. NeuroD1 expression was also able to reprogram cultured human cortical astrocytes into functional neurons. Our studies therefore suggest that direct reprogramming of reactive glial cells into functional neurons in vivo could provide an alternative approach for repair of injured or diseased brain.

Renewable and clean “green” electronics based on paper substrates is an emerging field with intensifying research and commercial interests, as the technology combines the unique properties of flexibility, cost efficiency, recyclability, and renewability with the lightweight nature of paper. Because of its excellent optical transmittance and low surface roughness, nanopaper can host many types of electronics that are not possible on regular paper. However, there can be tremendous challenges with integrating devices on nanopaper due to its shape stability during processing. Here we demonstrate for the first time that flexible organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) with high transparency can be fabricated on tailored nanopapers. Useful electrical characteristics and an excellent mechanical flexibility were observed. It is believed that the large binding energy between polymer dielectric and cellulose nanopaper, and the effective stress release from the fibrous substrate promote these beneficial properties. Only a 10% decrease in mobility was observed when the nanopaper transistors were bent and folded. The nanopaper transistor also showed excellent optical transmittance up to 83.5%. The device configuration can transform many semiconductor materials for use in flexible green electronics.

Screening of co-formers for a specific active pharmaceutical ingredient is challenging during the development of multi-component crystals. Taking minoxidil (MIN) as a model drug, this study aims to examine the predictivity of the Cambridge Structural Database (CSD), Hansen solubility parameter (HSP), and the conductor-like screening model for real solvents (COSMO-RS) methods. First, CSD analysis based on a supramolecular approach was employed. Then, HSP and COSMO-RS methods were used to predict the cocrystallization possibility between MIN and 27 co-formers, where 10 candidate cases were reported. Based on the predicted results, eight aromatic carboxylic acids formed new solid forms with MIN experimentally, which met the criteria of Δδt< 7 MPa0.5and ΔHex< −2.00 kcal mol–1, respectively, and four single crystals of these were successfully obtained. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction and Hirshfeld surface analysis indicated that the proton transferred from co-formers to MIN, and seven new MIN multi-component crystals showed rapid release in the first 30 min (1.52- to 2.91-fold) with improved solubility. This study confirms the efficiency of the CSD method and demonstrates that the COSMO-RS method performs much better than the HSP method.

Laspartomycin C (1), a lipopeptide antibiotic related to amphomycin, consists of a cyclic peptide core and an aspartic acid unit external to the core and linking this to a C15-2,3-unsaturated fatty acid. This was reported initially to be active against Staphylococcus aureus, and more recent studies have shown that it is active against VRE, VISA, and MRSA isolates. The enzymatic cleavage of the fatty acid tail was accomplished with a deacylase produced by Actinoplanes utahensisand resulted in two peptides, designated Peptide 1 and Peptide 2. Semisynthetic derivatives of both peptides have been made, and the principal requirement for biological activity appears to be the presence of an acylaspartic acid.

Bacillusspp. have been widely reported with the ability to control plant diseases. In this work, we analyzed the whole genome of LJBS06, which was isolated from grapevine rhizosphere soil. In view of physiological and biochemical characteristics, genome data, and phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA, LJBS06 was affiliated with Bacillus stercoris. LJBS06 showed antagonistic activities against a variety of plant pathogens. The inhibition rate of Magnaporthe oryzaewas up to 75.05% and the inhibition rates of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Coniothyrium diplodiella, and Botrytis cinereawere all above 50% in the plate assays. The genome of LJBS06 had a 4,154,362-bp circular chromosome, with an average GC content of 43.96%, containing an 82,935-bp plasmid with a GC content of 35.18%. The circular chromosome of LJBS06 contained 4231 protein-coding genes, 30 rRNA genes, and 87 tRNA genes, including genes related to the synthesis of plant defense-related enzymes and the promotion of plant growth. Meanwhile, 11 gene clusters involved in biosynthesis of secondary metabolites were present in the genome of LJBS06. In conclusion, our findings indicated that LJBS06 strain had the necessary genetic machinery to control plant pathogens and provided insights for future studies of the biocontrol mechanisms of B. stercorisLJBS06.

yki-induced gut tumors in Drosophilaare associated with host wasting, including muscle dysfunction, lipid loss, and hyperglycemia, a condition reminiscent of human cancer cachexia. We previously used this model to identify tumor-derived ligands that contribute to host wasting. To identify additional molecular networks involved in host-tumor interactions, we develop PathON, a web-based tool analyzing the major signaling pathways in Drosophila, and uncover the Upd3/Jak/Stat axis as an important modulator. We find that yki-gut tumors secrete Upd3 to promote self-overproliferation and enhance Jak/Stat signaling in host organs to cause wasting, including muscle dysfunction, lipid loss, and hyperglycemia. We further reveal that Upd3/Jak/Stat signaling in the host organs directly triggers the expression of ImpL2, an antagonistic binding protein for insulin-like peptides, to impair insulin signaling and energy balance. Altogether, our results demonstrate that yki-gut tumors produce a Jak/Stat pathway ligand, Upd3, that regulates both self-growth and host wasting.

In dammed rivers, sediment accumulation creates potential methane emission hotspots, which have been extensively studied at sediments deposited on the riverbed. However, methane emissions from sediment deposited riparian zones at the land‐water interface remain poorly understood. We investigated the spatial pattern of diffusive methane emissions from a riparian zone on a sediment‐deposited island in the heavily dammed Upper Mekong River. High diffusive methane emissions (maximum 10.4 mg h−1 m−2) were observed at the island center, while low‐to‐negative diffusive methane emission was found around the island periphery, whose flux varied between −0.2 and 1.6 mg h−1 m−2. The low‐to‐negative diffusive methane emission zone accounted for 89.1% of the island area, of which 9.1% was a methane sink zone. Microbial processes in the riparian zone, affected by hydrological variations, were responsible for the low methane flux in this area. Under reservoir operation, the water level in the reservoir frequently fluctuated with a maximum oscillation of 2.54 m, which enhanced hyporheic exchange and created dissolved oxygen (DO) gradients along the hyporheic flow path. From the island periphery to the island center, there was a decrease in DO (from 4.8 to 0.43 mg L−1) in hyporheic water, an increase in sediment methanogen abundance for methane production and a decrease in sediment methanotroph abundance for methane oxidation. This study adds to our understanding of methane emissions from dammed rivers and helps to evaluate their contributions to global methane emissions from inland waters. Greenhouse gas emissions from reservoirs can undermine the green credentials of hydropower. In dammed rivers, sediment accumulation can create potential methane emission hotspots to the atmosphere. Extensive research has been conducted on methane emissions from sediments deposited on the riverbed, but little is known about methane emissions from sediment deposited riparian zones, at the land‐water interface. We investigated methane emissions from sediments deposited in the riparian zone of a reservoir island and found low‐to‐negative diffusive methane emissions around the island periphery, likely due to the effects of hyporheic exchange between the reservoir and island on microbial processes. Frequent water level fluctuations in the reservoir enhanced hyporheic exchange, introducing oxygen‐rich water from the reservoir to the island, and thus regulating microbes responsible for methane production and consumption. Understanding of methane emissions in dammed rivers is important to evaluate their contributions to globally important greenhouse gas emissions from inland waters. Low‐to‐negative diffusive methane emissions occurred at the edge of the riparian zoneDissolved oxygen gradients were measured between hyporheic and river water at the edge of the riparian zoneDissolved oxygen gradients appeared to regulate microbial processing of methane emissions Low‐to‐negative diffusive methane emissions occurred at the edge of the riparian zone Dissolved oxygen gradients were measured between hyporheic and river water at the edge of the riparian zone Dissolved oxygen gradients appeared to regulate microbial processing of methane emissions