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The WHO Mental Health Gap Action Programme (mhGAP) guideline update reflects 15 years of investment in reducing the treatment gap and scaling up care for people with mental, neurological, and substance use (MNS) conditions. It was produced by a guideline development group and steering group, with support from topic experts, using quantitative and qualitative evidence and a systematic review of use of mhGAP. 90 recommendations from the 2015 guideline update were validated and endorsed for use in their current format. These are joined by 30 revised recommendations and 18 new recommendations, including a new module on anxiety. Psychological interventions are emphasised as treatments and digitally delivered interventions feature across many modules, as well as updated recommendations for psychotropic medicines. Research gaps identified include the need for evidence from low-resource settings and on the views of people with lived experience of MNS conditions. The revised recommendations ensure that mhGAP continues to offer high-quality, timely, transparent, and evidence-based guidance to support non-specialist health workers in low-income and middle-income countries in providing care to individuals with MNS conditions.

Entrepreneurial intention has been considered one of the primary antecedents of entrepreneurship that fosters self-employment and job-creation. Since it is worth observing how one's entrepreneurial intention is shaped; therefore, this paper aims to investigate the influence of self-efficacy on entrepreneurial intention among final year students of the three business colleges at the Royal University of Bhutan. To measure the self-efficacy of students, Bandura's self-efficacy theory was used. The data were collected from 262 final year students of three business colleges in Bhutan through an online survey. Multiple regression analysis was conducted to test the hypotheses. The results revealed that all four factors have a significant influence on entrepreneurial intention. Of which emotional arousal had the highest influence on entrepreneurial intention of students, followed by mastery experiences. Whereas verbal persuasion has the least influence on entrepreneurial intentions. The findings have clear inferences for policymakers in framing policies to address the youth entrepreneurial intention.

Recently, extra-pulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) has been increasingly reported in Bhutan, rising from 26% in 2001 to 39% in 2010. In 2016, almost half (49%) of all reported TB cases were classified as EPTB. Thus, this study was conducted to understand the epidemiology and identify risk factors contributing to increasing notification of EPTB in Bhutan.

A number of soils are described in the literature as having andic and spodic soil properties, but have developed in nonvolcanic and nonallophanic materials and lack typical Podzol eluvial and illuvial horizons. They cover a wide range of parent materials and different types of climate. They have always been regarded as restricted to small areas. They were assigned to Andisols/Andosols, Podzols/Spodosols, or andic Inceptisols in the WRB and Soil Taxonomy and sometimes also named Cryptopodzols or Lockerbraunerden. Recent soil surveys in Bhutan, E Himalayas, show these soils are widespread at altitudes between 2200–3500 m asl and are spanning several bioclimatic zones. The aim of this study is the detailed characterization of specific properties and processes of formation by physical and chemical analyses, NMR spectroscopy, column experiments, SEM, XRD, and 14C dating in one of these soils in E central Bhutan. The results indicate advanced soil development with high amounts of oxidic Fe and Al compounds, low bulk densities (partly <0.5 g cm–3), P retention >85%, and a dominance of Al-hydroxy-interlayered phyllosilicates. Scanning electron microscopy of sand fractions indicate microaggregates highly resistant to dispersion. Column experiments show podzolization with mobilization and translocation of DOM, Fe, and Al. Nuclear-magnetic resonance spectroscopy and 14C ages of 16,000 BP indicate stabilization of DOM. Applying classification criteria, these soils appear to have andic and spodic features, but are neither Andosols nor Podzols senso strictu. Especially the role of Fe seems to be underestimated with regard to the specific soil-forming processes. Because of their widespread occurrence and distinct properties, we suggest either a simplification of the criteria for existing soil types or a clearly defined separation of volcanic and nonvolcanic/nonallophanic Andosols.

In Zentralbhutan, 10 km nördlich von Jakhar, wurden Böden aus fluvialen Ablagerungen untersucht. Ziel war es, sie erstmals ausführlich zu charakterisieren und ihre Entstehung in Bezug zur Landschaftsgeschichte zu erhellen. Bei Geländearbeiten in den Jahren 2000 und 2002 wurde ein System aus 28 Flussterrassen registriert, das sich bis fast 300 m über dem rezenten Flussniveau erstreckt. Die gut erhaltene Hauptterrasse des Systems ist spätpleistozänen Alters. Der polygenetische Bodenaufbau und fossile A-Horizonte deuten darauf hin, dass die Bodenbildung unter periglazialen Bedingungen mehrfach gestört wurde. Mit Hilfe von Radiokohlenstoffmessungen an organischem Bodenmaterial konnten wir derartige Überprägungen für die Zeiträume um 10.175, 8.710, 4.055 und 1.715 Jahre vor heute identifizieren. Unsere pedochemischen Analysen zeigten, dass es sich meist um mäßig verwitterte Böden handelt, die als Cambisole angesprochen werden können. XRD-Analysen der Tonfraktionen konnten vor allem für den oberen Bereich die Bildung von pedogenem Chlorit aus Iliit nachweisen. Profilmittelwerte von Körnung, spezifischer Oberfläche, pedogenen Fe-Oxiden und Verwitterungsindizes zeigen deutliche Trends innerhalb des Terrassensystems auf und belegen, dass der Grad der Verwitterungsintensität und Bodenentwicklung mit ansteigender relativer Höhe über dem Flussniveau nahezu kontinuierlich zunimmt.

Bactrocera minax (Enderlein) (Diptera: Tephritidae) is a major pest of citrus fruit in the region from Nepal through to southwestern China. In tests on wild adult populations of B. minax in a mandarin, Citrus reticulata Blanco, orchard in western Bhutan, both males and females were more attracted to 50-mm-diameter spheres than to 50-mm discs of the same color. Furthermore, they were more attracted to spheres colored with orange or green–yellow mixtures than to similar spheres colored red, yellow, green, blue, black, or white. The UV reflectance from the orange (600–650 nm) and yellow–green mixtures (530 nm) was similar to that proposed byProkopy (1977) as eliciting strong attractant responses in other species of Tephritidae.