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AbstractConstruction industry are facing trust and transparency issue that has caused loose collaboration among stakeholders. Blockchain technology is found as one of the disrupting digital technology that can response to the problems faced. Recent paper reviews on blockchain application in construction industry are still lacking concrete and not up to state-of-the-art applications. The aim of the paper was therefore to discover how blockchain technology can disrupt construction industry. Two research objectives were established to identify the potential areas blockchain could disrupt construction industry and to identify future research direction of blockchain in construction industry. This study presented systematic mapping study and content analysis of 57 papers from three high quality scientific databases and google scholar. The findings identified six potential areas for blockchain application in construction industry, where supply chain management, building information modelling and contract management are the 3 major aspects highly focussed. Future research may concentrate on developing simulation models, conduct case studies on the real life blockchain applications in construction project, and focus on the blockchain application on the existing systems that are currently in use in construction industry. Other recommendations can be found at discussion of the study.

We describe a laboratory model of an upwelling front in a two-layer stratification. In the model the interface between the two layers slopes upwards toward a vertical boundary (or coastline) and can intersect the free surface to produce a front. Fluid motion in each layer is density driven and, in the undisturbed state, is in quasi-geostrophic balance. The front is observed to be unstable to (ageostrophic) disturbances with an along-front wavelength proportional to the Rossby radius of deformation. At very large amplitudes these unstable waves form closed circulations. However, in contrast to the behaviour of fronts far from vertical boundaries, where cyclone-anticyclone vortex pairs are formed, the presence of the coastline inhibits formation of anticyclonic eddies in the upper layer and enhances cyclonic rings of upper layer fluid which lie above cyclonic eddies in the lower layer. The cyclones move away from the vertical boundary and (as is also the case when no vertical boundary is present) they appear at the surface as eddies containing lower layer fluid on the seaward side of the mean frontal position.

The cephalic sensory organ in the veliger larva of Rostanga pulchra is situated dorsally between the rhinophores, emerging as a tuft of cilia. This organ is made up of three types of sensory cells, and based on their morphology have been termed ampullary, parampullary and ciliary tuft cells. The cell bodies of the organ originate in the cerebral commissure, and their dendrites pass to the epidermis as three tracts. Dendrites terminate in the epidermis to form a sectorial field. Axons of these cells run into the mass of neurites in the cerebral commissure but no synapses were observed in this area. Morphological evidence suggests that the cephalic sensory organ may function in chemoreception and mechanoreception related to substrate selection at settlement, feeding, or other behaviors.

A technique was developed to dissociate and culture identified sensory neurons and interneurons from the anterolateral propodial ganglia of metamorphically competent veligers of the nudibranch, Onchidoris bilamellata. Receptor cells have been represented as receiving an environmental cue that initiates the settlement response. The ganglionic cells, along with other cell-types from the propodial region housing the ganglia, were excised with a large-bore micropipette, and dissociated by mild trypsin incubation and trituration. Cells and tissues were plated in poly-L-lysine-coated plastic culture dishes containing modified Aplysia medium and survived for up to four days. The different cell-types possess diagnostic features, so they can be recognized under culture conditions. Sensory cells were bipolar in profile, with one end of the cell being thickened, representing the receptor apparatus. Interneurons are unipolar or bipolar in shape, and bear thin neurites. Other cell-types, including myocytes, ciliated epidermal cells, nonciliated epidermal cells, and gland cells were identified. Identifications of living cells were corroborated through electron microscopical analysis.

The two statocysts of the veliger larva of Rostanga pulchra are positioned within the base of the foot. They are spherical, fluid-filled capsule that contain a large, calcareous statolith and several smaller concretions. The epithelium of the statocyst is composed of 10 ciliated sensory cells (hair cells) and 11 accessory cells. The latter group stains darkly and includes 2 microvillous cells, 7 supporting cells, and 2 glial cells. The hair cells stain lightly and each gives rise to an axon; two types can be distinguished. The first type, in which a minimum of 3 cilia are randomly positioned on the apical cell membrane, is restricted to the upper portion of the statocyst. The second type, in which 9 to 11 cilia are arranged in a slightly curved row, is found exclusively around the base of the statocyst. Each statocyst is connected dorso-laterally to the ipsilateral cerebral ganglion by a short static nerve, formed by axons arising from the hair cells. Ganglionic neurons synapse with these axons as the static nerve enters the cerebral ganglion. The lumen of the statocyst is continuous with a blind constricted canal located beneath the static nerve.

Determining fertilization success of free spawning organisms in the field requires knowledge of how eggs and sperm interact under varying encounter frequencies and durations. In the laboratory, we investigated the relative influence of sperm concentration, egg concentration, sperm-egg contact time, and sperm age on fertilization in the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus franciscanus. Our results indicated that sperm concentration, sperm-egg contact time, sperm age, and individual variability were sequentially the most important factors influencing fertilization success. Egg concentration was not significant over the range tested. A theoretical model of fertilization (Vogel-Czihak-Chang-Wolf model) was used to estimate the two rate constants of fertilization kinetics: the rate constant of sperm-egg encounter and rate constant of fertilization. This model explained 91% of the variation in fertilization success, provided estimates of the rate constants involved in fertilization, and indicated the proportion (3%) of sperm-egg contacts that result in fertilization. Estimates of sperm swimming velocity and egg diameter were used to independently calculate the rate of sperm-egg encounter and confirm the predictions of the model. This model also predicts the non-significant effect of egg concentration on fertilization success found empirically.

Ptilosarcus (Leioptilus) guerneyi (Gray) maintained in the laboratory, were observed to spawn in late March, 1972. Gametes, developed in the leaf proper, discharged through the mouths of feeding polyps and were fertilized externally in the sea water. The sea pen's eggs are 500 to 600 µ in diameter; a large female is capable of producing over 200,000 eggs in one season. A pear-shaped and free-swimming planula larva developed 4 days after fertilization, at a temperature of 12 °C. The larvae were ready to settle and metamorphose when 7 days old if favorable substratum was available, but would remain as planulae for at least 30 days if kept in glass dishes only. The 30-day-old larvae would metamorphose if a suitable substratum (coarse sand, for example) was presented. The larvae do not feed and, hence, development is lecithotrophic. Studies of histogenesis showed that metamorphosis greatly enhanced the rate of cellular differentiation. The high fecundity, lecithotrophic development, and the ability of substratum selection by the larvae explain the success of this species in maintaining a high-density population in many areas of sandy substratum in the shallow waters of Puget Sound (USA), despite the fact that it is preyed upon by 7 species of predators.