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While Latin America's parties suffer from notoriously incongruent relations between legislators and voters, we use mass and legislator-level surveys to show that many parties’ voters and/or legislators coalesce around a singular view about the United States and China. The data indicate frequent congruence between the two levels, and in most of those cases, attitudes towards both countries are positive. Presuming that policies towards the superpowers are not valence issues, this suggests that attitudes towards the powers do help to structure party politics, although the rivalry between the powers is seldom salient. In explaining the correlates of intra-partisan agreement, we focus on ideology, party system structuration, and economic ties. Among the findings is that because attitudes towards the United States are more likely to polarize the left and right, China has extra potential for growing its support. A warning, however, is that legislators in several rightist parties do share a negative perspective about China.

As a kind of micro-nano energy collection device, triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) converts low-frequency mechanical energy into electrical energy, paving the way to micro-nano power sources, self-powered sensors and blue energy. The mechanism of TENG has been incisive explored through vast investigations to enhance their power density and decrease impedance. The external output voltage/current of the TENG results from the opposite charge generated by its electrode layer induced dielectric layer. The addition of doped materials with high dielectric constant enhances the capacitance of the dielectric layer, resulting in an increase in the amount of opposite charge induced by the electrode layer. Consequently, as a method with simple process and high cost-performance, dielectric layer doping technology makes it possible to improve the performance and large-scale application of TENG. This review provides a detailed analysis of the impact mechanism of various doped materials (metal, inorganic non-metal, organic polymer and two-dimensional materials) embedded in dielectric layers on TENG output performance, based on TENG and dielectric layer doping theory. Moreover, the extension of dielectric layer doping methods to TENG functionalization or application is also discussed, and the existing and potential dielectric layer doping methods are summarized. Finally, we analyze the emerging challenges and opportunities in dielectric layer doping from multiple perspectives.

Abstract:The ideology of Jihadi-Salafism seeks to suspend the dialectic through the positing of an ahistorical state which exists under an unmediated divine sovereignty, through the full exclusion of the “other”. Thus the period of the salaf is understood as a golden age, which can be revived without regard to historical context. The “Islamic State” is considered as existing directly under the rule (hakimiyya) of God by way of the shari’ a code. There is an attempt to sever oneself from apostates by exercising al-walawa’ l-bara and the practice of takfir. The reaching of the perfect end state, however, necessarily entails an activist pursuit of violent change whereby all opposition elements are forcibly removed. Despite its ahistorical pretension, the Islamist ideology developed through distinct stages in Islamic history. The present essay depicts the historical formation of the Jihadi-Salafi ideological principles by tracing back the trajectory. Through attention to the deductive logic implied in the principles, the paper reveals an absolute standpoint precluding the possibility for any form of mediation that has come to be formed. With the delineation of the reasoning underlying Jihadi-Salafi concepts, the basis for the rejection of dialectical development is demonstrated, as well as the implications of the absolutist standpoint for the intensification of extremism culminating in the “Islamic State”.