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This study assessed whether sleep and physical activity impact mental health and life satisfaction across the transition to parenthood. This study assessed the impact of parenthood on mental health of new parents and parents expecting their second child, and whether change in mental health occurred dyadically across couples.

The present study examined the relationship between exercise imagery and exercise dependence, building on the limitations of previous work that has considered exercise dependence as a single factor construct. Examining the relationship between imagery and separate exercise dependence symptoms is vital to expand what is known about exercise dependence, but also to inform interventions to address exercise dependence. A total of 339 male (n = 99) and female (n = 240) adults completed measures of exercise dependence and imagery. Structural equation modelling revealed that different types of imagery were related to different exercise dependence symptoms. Appearance and health imagery were positively associated with tolerance, reduction in other activities, and lack of control symptoms. Routines imagery was positively associated with intention effects, whereas technique imagery was negatively associated with intention effects. Feelings imagery was positively associated with withdrawal symptoms of exercise dependence. These differential effects highlight the importance of considering exercise dependence multidimensionally; in particular, patterns of exercise imagery use may have important implications for interventions aimed at reducing/preventing exercise dependence.

There is a need to develop effective physical activity interventions for children, given the growing concerns about physical inactivity and the related health issues (Colley et al., 2011). The Task Force on Community Preventive Services (2002) strongly recommends that school-based physical activity interventions could be an effective way to increase physical activity levels by modifying the social environment and the behaviours that take place within it. PE is not only an important source of physical activity (Sallis & McKenzie, 1991); it also provides important benefits regarding children’s psychosocial and motor skill outcomes, making them more likely to engage in physical activity into adolescence and adulthood (Sallis et al., 2012). We know that mental skills such as imagery have been shown to influence motivation, participation, and performance in motor learning, sport, and exercise (Hall, 2001). Therefore, the use of imagery in a PE context seems to be a natural extension of its traditional use in sport and exercise settings. The purpose of this review paper is to discuss factors to consider when designing and implementing an imagery intervention in a school-based PE setting. The recommendations will be discussed within three main categories: (a) the specific school context in which the intervention would be administered, (b) the design of contextually-appropriate and feasible methodology, and (c) individualizing imagery prompts to be sample- and situation-appropriate for the developmental level of the students as well as the PE context through which they would be delivered. Limitations as well as recommendations for future research or interventions conducted in PE settings will also be discussed.