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The growing interest in human-grade total body positron emission tomography (PET) systems has also application in small animal research. Due to the existing limitations in human-based studies involving drug development and novel treatment monitoring, animal-based research became a necessary step for testing and protocol preparation. In this simulation-based study two unconventional, cost-effective small animal total body PET scanners (for mouse and rat studies) have been investigated in order to inspect their feasibility for preclinical research. They were designed with the novel technology explored by the Jagiellonian-PET (J-PET) Collaboration. Two main PET characteristics: sensitivity and spatial resolution were mainly inspected to evaluate their performance. Moreover, the impact of the scintillator dimension and time-of-flight on the latter parameter was examined in order to design the most efficient tomographs. The presented results show that for mouse TB J-PET the achievable system sensitivity is equal to 2.35% and volumetric spatial resolution to 9.46 ± 0.54 mm3, while for rat TB J-PET they are equal to 2.6% and 14.11 ± 0.80 mm3, respectively. Furthermore, it was shown that the designed tomographs are almost parallax-free systems, hence, they resolve the problem of the acceptance criterion tradeoff between enhancing spatial resolution and reducing sensitivity.

We report a study of the original image reconstruction algorithm based on the time-of-flight maximum-likelihood expectation–maximization (TOF MLEM), developed for the total-body (TB) Jagiellonian PET (J-PET) scanners. The method is applicable to generic cylindrical or modular multilayer layouts and is extendable to multiphoton imaging. The system response matrix (SRM) is represented as a set of analytical functions, uniquely defined for each pair of plastic scintillator strips used for the detection. A realistic resolution model (RM) in detector space is derived from fitting the Monte Carlo simulated emissions and detections of annihilation photons on oblique transverse planes. Additional kernels embedded in SRM account for time-of-flight (TOF), parallax effect, and axial smearing. The algorithm was tested on datasets, simulated in GATE for the NEMA IEC and static extended cardiac-torso phantoms inside a 24-module 2-layer TB J-PET. Compared to the reference TOF MLEM with none or a shift-invariant RM, an improvement was observed, as evaluated by the analysis of image quality, difference images, and ground-truth metrics. We also reconstructed the data with additive contributions, prefiltered geometrically and with non-TOF scatter correction applied. Despite some deterioration, the obtained results still capitalize on the realistic RM with better edge preservation and superior ground-truth metrics. The envisioned prospects of the TOF MLEM with analytical SRM include its application in multiphoton imaging and further upgrade to account for the noncollinearity, positron range, and other factors.

In this article, a new method for the reconstruction of hit-position and hit-time of photons in long scintillator detectors is investigated. This article is motivated by the recent development of the positron emission tomography scanners based on plastic scintillators. The proposed method constitutes a new way of signal processing in multivoltage-technique. It is based on the determination of the degree of similarity between the registered signals and the synchronized model signals stored in a library. The library was established for a set of well-defined hit-positions along the length of the scintillator. The Mahalanobis distance was used as a measure of similarity between the two compared signals. The method was validated on the experimental data measured using two-strips J-PET prototype with dimensions of $5\times 9\times 300$ mm3. The obtained time-of-flight (TOF) and spatial resolutions amount to 325 ps (FWHM) and 25 mm (FWHM), respectively. The TOF resolution was also compared to the results of an analogous study done using the linear fitting method. The best TOF resolution was obtained with this method at four predefined threshold levels which was comparable to the resolution achieved from the Mahalanobis distance at two predefined threshold levels. Although the algorithm of the linear fitting method is much simpler to apply than the Mahalanobis method, the application of the Mahalanobis distance requires a lower number of applied threshold levels and, hence, decreases the costs of electronics used in PET scanner.

A series of rat 13762NF mammary adenocarcinoma cell sublines and clones of various spontaneous pulmonary metastatic potentials from the mammary fat pads of syngeneic rats were examined for their intercellular junctional communication. Using the scrape-loading dye-transfer technique to introduce Lucifer yellow (Mr 457) into cells, we measured the abilities of 13762NF cells to transfer dye to adjacent cells. There was an excellent correlation between loss of Lucifer yellow dye transfer and spontaneous metastatic potential (average total volume of lung metastases inversely correlated to % cells coupled, r = 0.93; average total number of lung metastases inversely correlated to % cells coupled, r = 0.91). The data suggest that high metastatic potentials are closely correlated with loss of intercellular junctional communication in these malignant mammary tumor cells.