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AbstractIn this paper, we aimed to determine the chromosomal features of Turkish endemic Rhaponticoidesspecies. The chromosome numbers and karyomorphology of five species were examined. The chromosomal counts confirmed the previous reports of 2n= 30 given for Rhaponticoidesspecies growing in different countries . Although R. iconiensishad a karyotype formula of 28m + 2sm, the remaining four species all had 26m + 4sm. Rhaponticoides aytachiiand R. hierroiwere especially similar in asymmetry indices. Rhaponticoides iconiensisand R. phytiaehad satellites in the fourth and second chromosome pairs, respectively. Having the most symmetrical chromosomes, R. amasiensisdisplayed an important relationship with R. iconiensisand R. phytiaein terms of total chromosome length (TCL). If we make an overall assessment in terms of chromosomal asymmetry, chromosomes indices continues in the low range for each species and this low asymmetry indeces indicate that the species have symmetric chromosomes as karyomorphology. In conclusion, this is the first report which describes the karyotypes and chromosomal asymmetry indices of Turkish endemic Rhaponticoidesspecies.

In this paper, four endemic Centaureaspecies were investigated in terms of their chromosome numbers and karyomorphology. The chromosomal counts confirmed the results of previous reports, that the genus Centaureahas different basic chromosome numbers. Centaurea yaltirikiiand Centaurea demiriziiare diploid taxa. Centaurea yaltirikiihas 2n= 18 chromosomes, and therefore has a basic chromosome number of nine, which is common in the genus Centaurea. A local endemic species, Centaurea demiriziihas 2n= 16 chromosomes and a different basic chromosome number of x =8, and this basic number is relatively rare for Centaurea. Centaurea leptophyllaand Centaurea salignaare tetraploid with 2n= 36 chromosomes. We found predominance of chromosomes being metacentric and submetacentric. The results increase our karyological knowledge of these species. Moreover, this paper gives short taxonomic and morphologic notes to complement the information provided by Flora of Turkey with regards to the studied species.

Based on sequence data of the nuclear ITS and plastid matK, trnL‐Fand psbA‐trnHmarkers of 162 species (169 accessions), the relationships and monophyly of tribe Hedysareae and its close relatives were assessed, with special reference to the infrageneric phylogeny of Hedysarum. The results showed that Hedysareae sensu Lock is not monophyletic, and its relationships with tribe Galegeae are unclear. Tribe Galegeae is polyphyletic. Hedysareae sensu Lock includes two strongly supported clades: the Caraganean clade and the Hedysaroid clade. Tribe Caraganeae Ranjbar was supported to be recognized based on the Caraganean clade, but it is herein suggested to be re‐circumscribed by excluding Chesneyaand Gueldenstaedtia. Our results support treating the Hedysaroid clade as tribe Hedysareae, comprising nine genera: Alhagi, Corethrodendron, Ebenus, Eversmannia, Greuteria, Hedysarum, Onobrychis, Sullaand Taverniera. Hedysarumas delimited here consists of three main clades: the first clade (the mesic group) corresponds to H. sect. Hedysarum; the second clade (the xeric group) is the re‐defined H. sect. Multicaulia, consisting of the core group of H. sect. Multicauliaplus the former genus Sartoria; and the third clade (the psychrophilic group) includes the monospecific H. sect. Stracheya(with H. tibeticum) and two species previously placed in H. sect. Multicaulia(H. kumaonense, H. lehmannianum).

In this study, 11 Viciataxa naturally distributed in Turkey were karyologically studied. Chromosome numbers, karyotypes and idiograms of five taxa that belong to section Craccaof the genus Vicia(Vicia craccasubsp. gerardii, V. craccasubsp. atroviolacea, V. craccasubsp. stenophylla, V. canescenssubsp. canescens, V. palaestina) and six taxa that belong to section Vicia(Vicia michauxiivar. stenophylla, V. pannonicavar. pannonica, V. hybrida, Vicia sativasubsp. nigravar. nigra, Vicia sativasubsp. nigravar. segetalis, Vicia sativasubsp. incisavar. cordata) were done. The chromosome numbers of these taxa were found as 2n = 10, 12, 14, 24. The chromosome numbers and karyotype analysis of five of these were reported for the first time and chromosome morphology of two taxa was identified for the first time. Also chromosome numbers of six taxa were verified. These results will contribute to the taxonomy of the genus Viciawhich has a high diversity in Turkey.

Nine chromosome counts in several genera of the tribe Hedysareae from Turkey, six species of Onobrychis, two species of Hedysarumand one species of Sartoria, were reported and all karyotypes were prepared. Six of them are new. One of the other three reports is a confirmation of polyploidy, another report is a confirmation of chromosome count and the last report is a confirmation of both chromosome count and karyotype morphology. Except for karyotype of O. altissima, all karyotypes were presented in this study first.

Silene kucukodukiiY. Bağcı & Uysal sp. nov. from the Hadim, (C4 Konya‐Turkey) is described and illustrated. It is closely related to S. sipyleaO. Schwarz from which it differs morphologically mainly by the indumentum, leaf and floral features. Diagnostic morphological characters are discussed and a key of related SileneL. species in Turkey is given. The geographical distribution of the new species and other related species is mapped. Notes are also presented on its ecology, biogeography and conservation status. A chromosome count on Silene kucukodukiihas been carried out and the chromosome number is 2n=24.