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The article discusses the rise of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, viruses, and fungi, also known as superbugs, and the challenges they pose to human health. It explains that antimicrobial resistance (AMR) occurs when microorganisms become resistant to the effects of antimicrobial medicine, particularly antibiotics. The article highlights the causes of AMR, including the misuse and overuse of antibiotics, and the potential consequences, such as increased difficulty in treating infections and higher healthcare costs. It also explores various strategies to combat superbugs, including the use of artificial intelligence to discover new antibiotics, vaccines, antimicrobial peptides, genetic engineering, and drug repurposing. The article emphasizes the importance of personal hygiene, vaccination, and responsible antibiotic use in preventing the spread of superbugs. Finally, it mentions phage therapy as a promising approach to combating AMR. [Extracted from the article]

The article focuses on the risk of clinically significant infections in patients with confirmed colonization of multi-drug resistant organisms (MDRO) at a hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Topics include the screening methods used for MDRO detection, the correlation between colonization and infection risk, and the specific infections associated with different types of MDRO colonization.

Artificial intelligence (AI) has been used to discover a new class of antibiotics that can effectively treat infections caused by drug-resistant bacteria. Researchers at the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard tested over 39,000 compounds on Staphylococcus aureus and human cells to train AI models to predict antibacterial activity and potential toxicity. The AI models then analyzed 12 million compounds through computer simulations and identified 3646 with ideal drug-like properties. Two non-toxic compounds were found to be potential treatments for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus. This discovery is significant as only a few new classes of antibiotics have been found to work against both MRSA and vancomycin-resistant Enterococci. [Extracted from the article]

A study conducted at Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University investigated the effects of Enterococcus faecalis supplementation on growth performance, hepatic lipid metabolism, and mRNA expression related to lipid metabolism in geese. The research found that E. faecalis supplementation led to improved growth performance, reduced blood lipid levels, alleviated hepatic lipid accumulation, and enhanced intestinal flora diversity in geese. The study suggests that E. faecalis could be a promising probiotic candidate for development as a feed additive. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers at the Medical University of Sofia in Bulgaria have conducted a study on Enterococcus faecalis, a Gram-positive bacterium. The study focused on the detection and genomic characterization of linezolid-resistant clinical isolates of Enterococcus faecalis in Bulgaria. The research identified specific resistance mechanisms and genetic characteristics of these isolates, highlighting the emergence of linezolid-resistant enterococci as a potential public health concern. The findings provide valuable insights into the genetic diversity and resistance patterns of Enterococcus faecalis strains in Bulgaria. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers at the University of the Witwatersrand in Johannesburg, South Africa, have identified potential inhibitors for Enterococcus faecium nicotinate nucleotide adenylyltransferase (EfNNAT) through computational modeling and fluorescence methods. The study screened a library of compounds and found that quercetin 3-O-beta-d-glucose-7-O-beta-d-gentiobioside (QGG) showed promise as a top inhibitor for EfNNAT. The research suggests that further exploration of compound libraries may lead to the discovery of inhibitors with enhanced affinity for EfNNAT, offering insights for the development of new leads in drug development. [Extracted from the article]

A study conducted at Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna focused on optimizing teicoplanin exposure for treating secondary bloodstream infections caused by Enterococcus faecium. The research utilized a therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM)-guided approach to enhance the efficacy of teicoplanin treatment. Results showed that targeted TDM-guided teicoplanin therapy, combined with effective source control, led to microbiological eradication in the majority of cases, suggesting a promising strategy for managing glycopeptide-susceptible Enterococcus faecium secondary BSIs. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers from the University Institute of Health Sciences have conducted a study on the efficacy of curcumin-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) against Enterococcus faecalis in endodontic infections. The SLNs showed significant antimicrobial activity against E. faecalis and good cytocompatibility with human fibroblasts, suggesting their potential as an effective adjunct therapy in endodontic treatments. The study concluded that curcumin-loaded SLNs could be a promising antimicrobial strategy in combating Enterococcus faecalis infections. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers from Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals in Tamil Nadu, India, conducted a study on Enterococcus faecalis, a bacterium causing various infections. The study aimed to identify potential vaccine candidates by predicting immunodominant epitopes from the EfbA protein of E. faecalis. Through in-vitro and in-silico analyses, researchers identified two promising epitopes for further evaluation and potential vaccine synthesis. The study concluded that one of the epitopes, LLLSAHPSY, showed significant immune-dominant properties, warranting further research. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted in Wroclaw, Poland, focused on the antibiotic resistance of Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Enterococcus faecalis in clinical isolates over a six-year period. The research found that MRSA strains were responsible for 18-28% of infections, with MSSA strains outnumbering MRSA strains each year. The study highlighted significant sensitivity of MRSA strains to various antibiotic groups, such as aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, and vancomycin, while also noting an increase in infections caused by Enterococcus strains. The findings aim to improve empirical therapy in hospitals and promote the judicious use of antibiotics to combat multidrug-resistant strains. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by the Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences focused on Enterococcus faecium and its role in acute pancreatitis (AP). The research found that patients with AP had a decrease in alpha diversity and higher levels of Enterococcus faecium compared to healthy controls. The study also identified other dominant species in patients with AP, such as Klebsiella grimontii. This research contributes to understanding the gut microbiota in patients with AP and provides insights for future studies on sample processing methods. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers at the Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences conducted a study on the potential benefits of a probiotic strain, Enterococcus durans NPL 1334, in rats with diet-induced hypercholesterolemia. The strain showed promising results in lowering cholesterol, triglyceride, and LDL levels in rats, while also promoting the growth of beneficial bacteria in the intestine without harming the liver. The study suggests that E. durans could be a natural therapeutic option for managing hypercholesterolemia and improving anti-cholesterolemic therapies. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers at Nazarbayev University conducted a study on the relationship between gut microbiome composition and vitamin D deficiency-associated memory impairments. The study found that an increase in Enterococcus bacteria in the gut was correlated with vitamin D deficiency and subsequent memory impairments. The research highlights the importance of understanding and modulating gut microbiome composition to optimize vitamin D status and cognitive function. This study provides valuable insights for future preventive and therapeutic strategies to address vitamin D deficiency-related memory impairments. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers at Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST) conducted a study on the desulfurization capabilities of indigenous bacteria isolates for enhanced sulfur removal in crude oil. The study identified 132 microbial isolates, with the most potent ones being Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterococcus faecalis. The highest level of desulfurization achieved was 73.5% by Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. The research suggests that Enterococcus faecalis, which has not been widely explored for its sulfur removal potential, could be a promising candidate for further investigation. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by researchers at Kansas State University focused on Candida albicans, a fungus that poses a threat to individuals with weakened immune systems. The study utilized a mouse model to demonstrate how immunosuppression can lead to the formation of oral Candida albicans biofilms, bacterial dysbiosis, and the dissemination of infection to various organs. The research highlighted the interaction between Candida albicans and Enterococcus faecalis, emphasizing the importance of understanding these dynamics in immunocompromised individuals. For more information, the study can be accessed in Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers from the University of Baghdad conducted a study on Enterococcus faecalis isolates from various sources, finding that the most common sites of infection were the root canal and urinary tract. The study also revealed that females had a higher prevalence of Enterococcus faecalis isolates in urine, root canal, and vaginal samples. Antibiotic susceptibility tests showed resistance to certain antibiotics but susceptibility to others. The PCR technique identified the presence of specific genes in the isolates. The research was published in the Ibn Al-Haitham Journal for Pure and Applied Sciences. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study from Tanta University in Egypt explored the antimicrobial activity of red dye derived from Monascus purpureus against Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli, and Enterococcus faecalis. The research found that the red dye extract showed significant antibacterial effects, particularly against S. typhimurium, with promising potential as an alternative to conventional antibiotics in combating antimicrobial resistance. The study's findings suggest that this natural extract could serve as a novel therapeutic agent in addressing the global challenge of antimicrobial-resistant microorganisms. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers at the University of Minnesota have conducted a study on Enterococcus faecalis, a Gram-Positive Bacteria commonly found in the gastrointestinal tract of animals, including humans. The research highlights the microbe's ability to cause opportunistic infections in compromised immune systems, leading to challenges in treatment due to its resistance to antimicrobial drugs. The study explores the history of enterococcal research, recent genetic and genomic tools developed, and potential targets for future vaccines and therapies to combat infections. This peer-reviewed research provides insights into the ecology, pathogenesis, and biofilm formation of Enterococcus faecalis. [Extracted from the article]

A recent veterinary research study conducted by the University of Naples Federico II focused on antimicrobial resistance in wild game mammals. The study found that antibiotic-resistant bacteria were prevalent in wild game species, with an overall pooled prevalence of 59.8% and multidrug resistance at 17.2%. The research highlighted the need for increased surveillance and prevention measures to address the transmission of antimicrobial resistance from wild game meat to humans, especially in areas with high anthropogenic pressures. The findings underscore the importance of implementing strategies to mitigate the contamination of wild habitats with antibiotic-resistant bacteria. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted at the University of Notre Dame focused on the interaction between the bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterococcus faecalis. The research found that E. faecalis can survive culturing with P. aeruginosa, leading to a unique mutualistic interaction between the two species. The study concluded that metabolites produced by E. faecalis can dampen the competitive response of P. aeruginosa, shedding light on how pathogens persist in polymicrobial infections. This research was supported by various organizations including the National Science Foundation. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study from Shaanxi University of Science and Technology explores the antimicrobial potential of Enterococcus faecalis in inhibiting Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC), a common cause of diarrhea in infants and travelers. The research suggests that certain strains of E. faecalis, particularly LX39, show promise in inhibiting ETEC growth, virulence gene expression, and biofilm formation. These findings indicate that E. faecalis LX39 could be a valuable probiotic candidate for managing intestinal pathogen infections. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted in West Bengal, India, focused on the prevalence of Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE) in a rural medical college hospital. The study found that VRE, particularly Enterococcus faecium, is a significant cause of nosocomial infections, posing challenges for treatment due to high-level resistance to various antibiotics. The research emphasized the importance of implementing strict infection control measures, antimicrobial policies, and surveillance to address VRE infections effectively and reduce mortality and morbidity rates. The study was conducted at the Department of Microbiology of Tamralipto Government Medical College and Hospital, with findings published in the Asian Journal of Medical Sciences. [Extracted from the article]

A study conducted at Universitas Pattimura in Indonesia explored the antibacterial potential of endemic medicinal plants from the Maluku Islands, specifically clove, cinnamon, and eucalyptus, against urinary tract infection (UTI) pathogens. The research found that ethanol extracts from these plants could inhibit pathogenic bacteria responsible for UTIs, suggesting their potential for UTI medication development. Further investigation is needed to understand the mechanisms of action and bioactive compounds in these plants for treating human pathogens. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences explored the potential anti-obesity effects of Enterococcus faecalis EF-1. The research found that EF-1 demonstrated promising results in combating obesity by regulating gut microbiota and enhancing the production of short-chain fatty acids. These findings suggest that EF-1 could be a valuable candidate for anti-obesity therapeutics or functional foods. For more information, the full article can be accessed through the publisher MDPI AG. [Extracted from the article]

The patent application titled "Novel Methods Of Using Adeno-Associated Virus 11 (AAV11)" discusses the development of AAV-based vaccines for eliciting immune responses against various infections and cancers. The inventors propose an optimized AAV11 vector containing capsid proteins and nucleic acids encoding immunogenic polypeptides, with potential applications in viral, bacterial, parasitic, fungal, and cancer antigens. The patent application emphasizes the need for more effective vaccines that can be administered with reduced dosing and improved potency, particularly in response to emerging variants of concern. The Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary in Boston, Massachusetts, United States, is the assignee for this patent application. [Extracted from the article]

A study conducted by researchers from the University of Valencia in Spain focused on tracking the prevalence of antibiotic resistance in Enterococcus species within the Spanish poultry industry from 2017 to 2023. The study found that Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium were the predominant species isolated from broilers, with high resistance rates to tetracyclines and streptogramins. However, resistance to vancomycin and tigecycline was low, and there was a significant reduction in tetracycline resistance over the study period. The researchers emphasized the need for targeted surveillance and intervention strategies in poultry production to address the risks posed by multidrug-resistant Enterococcus to public health. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers at Shanghai Ocean University conducted a study on Enterococcus faecalis, a probiotic used in animal and human food supplements. By treating E. faecalis with ARTP, they obtained mutant strains with increased digestive enzyme activity, stability, and other beneficial characteristics. The study concluded that these mutant strains could serve as efficient microbial resources, providing potential benefits in various applications. For more information, the study was published in Microorganisms and can be accessed for free online. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers from Kayseri City Training and Research Hospital conducted a study on the prevention of a possible vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus spp. outbreak caused by infants transferred due to earthquake-trauma. The study involved screening cultures from infants and patients, isolating VRE strains, and analyzing them using various methods. The research emphasized the importance of infection control measures after major disasters to prevent outbreaks and secondary damage. The study was published in the Journal of Global Antimicrobial Resistance in 2024. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers from Universidad Autonoma de Madrid have conducted a study on Enterococcus faecium, a Gram-positive bacterium known for its resistance to antibiotics, particularly vancomycin-resistant strains. The study explores the potential of bacteriophage therapy as an alternative treatment for antibiotic-resistant E. faecium infections, highlighting the efficacy of phage therapy in various models and clinical settings. The research emphasizes the need for further investigations to enhance the clinical applications of phage therapy in managing multidrug-resistant E. faecium infections. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers from the University of California San Diego conducted a study on Enterococcus faecium, a Gram-Positive Bacteria, to explore the potential synergistic interactions between bacteriophages and antibiotics in treating antibiotic-resistant infections. The study found that phages, when combined with antibiotics like linezolid, ampicillin, and vancomycin, showed promising results in eradicating both vancomycin-resistant and vancomycin-susceptible isolates of Enterococcus faecium. The research suggests that using phages alongside antibiotics could be an effective strategy in resensitizing multidrug-resistant clinical isolates of Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis, offering a new approach to combat vancomycin-resistant infections. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers at Ankara Bilkent City Hospital conducted a study on antimicrobial resistance, specifically investigating the presence of vanA and vanB genes in vancomycin-susceptible enterococcal strains. The study found that while enterococci with these genes were detected at a low prevalence, it is crucial to identify VVE isolates to combat antimicrobial resistance. The research utilized molecular methods to detect these resistance genes and determine clonal relationships among the isolates. This study provides valuable insights into the importance of monitoring and addressing antimicrobial resistance in healthcare settings. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers from Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine conducted a retrospective study on the distribution and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of pathogens in patients with esophageal cancer from 2013 to 2022. The study identified a total of 2322 pathogens, with the most common being Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. The research highlighted the importance of rational antibiotic use based on pathogen resistance patterns to effectively manage infections in patients with esophageal cancer. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) focused on the prevalence of Vancomycin-variable enterococci (VVE) in Korea from 2017 to 2022. The research highlighted the importance of VVE in the treatment and prevention of Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE). The study found that while VRE incidence has decreased in Korea, VVE incidence is on the rise, emphasizing the need for continuous surveillance and evaluation of Enterococcus species for phenotypic vancomycin resistance. The study concluded that monitoring VVE is crucial due to the potential evolution into VRE. [Extracted from the article]

A report from the Gause Institute of New Antibiotics in Moscow, Russia, discusses the development of a new generation of antibiotics to combat resistant Gram-positive bacteria. The research focuses on the chemical modification of natural antibiotics to create anti-infective drugs, with hydrophobic glycopeptide analogues showing promise in treating infections caused by resistant strains. The study highlights the importance of understanding the mechanisms of action of these modified glycopeptides for designing effective compounds. This peer-reviewed research provides valuable insights into overcoming antibiotic resistance in pathogens. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers from the University of Groningen conducted a study on Enterococcus faecium bacteraemias in the Dutch-German cross-border region over a ten-year period. The study found a rising incidence of enterococcal bacteraemia, particularly vancomycin-resistant E. faecium (VREfm), in Europe. Significant differences were observed in the incidence and characteristics of bacteraemias between the two hospitals, highlighting the need for localized surveillance and tailored infection control strategies, especially in immunocompromised patients in Haematology/Oncology wards. Enhanced cross-border collaboration and data sharing are crucial for effective infection control in this interconnected region. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted at Virginia Tech examined the survival and recovery of aerosolized Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecium on various food contact surfaces. The research found that factors such as humidity levels, contact time, and airflow presence influenced the recovery of E. coli, while E. faecium recovery remained consistent across different conditions. These findings have implications for understanding bacterial transmission to food products and highlight the importance of hygiene practices on food contact surfaces. The study was supported by the Virginia Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services and has been peer-reviewed. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers from Shanghai Jiao Tong University conducted a study on the proinflammatory effects of membrane vesicles derived from Enterococcus faecalis at neutral and alkaline pH levels. The study involved proteomic analyses of the components of E. faecalis membrane vesicles and their impact on inflammatory cytokines. The research concluded that E. faecalis membrane vesicles obtained under alkaline conditions had a stronger proinflammatory effect, promoting inflammation both in vitro and in vivo. This peer-reviewed study was funded by the Ninth People's Hospital affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine. [Extracted from the article]

The article discusses the challenges of nosocomial infections caused by Enterococcus faecalis and the potential of nucleotide analogues as inhibitors of the enzyme APH(3')-IIIa. Pharmacophore modeling and ensemble-docking were used to identify promising ligands that interact with key amino acids in the nucleotide-binding site of the enzyme. The study suggests that nucleotide analogues could be a promising structure for inhibiting EfAPH(3')-IIIa, but further analysis is needed. This preprint has not yet undergone peer review and more information can be found at biorxiv.org. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted at Osaka University in Japan focused on Enterococcus faecium, a Gram-Positive Bacteria that is a major nosocomial pathogen. The study introduced a new multilocus sequence typing (MLST) scheme called the Bezdićek scheme, which proved to be a valuable tool for analyzing nosocomial VREfm transmission. The research concluded that the Bezdićek scheme offers high discriminatory power comparable to traditional methods and is globally available, making it a practical tool for controlling nosocomial VREfm infections in clinical laboratories. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study from Menoufia University examined the impact of sub-inhibitory antibiotic concentrations on biofilm formation among nosocomial isolates of Enterococcus species. The research found that Enterococcus faecium showed higher antibiotic resistance and lower biofilm formation compared to Enterococcus faecalis. The study concluded that appropriate antibiotic use is crucial to reduce the risk of resistant bacteria selection. For more information, the full article can be accessed for free at https://doi.org/10.21608/mid.2024.273911.1832. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers from Ain Shams University in Cairo, Egypt, conducted a study on clinically relevant non-diphtheriae Corynebacterium species (NDC spp.). The research aimed to compare different methods for identifying NDC spp. and determining their antimicrobial susceptibility for proper patient management. The study found that Corynebacterium striatum was the most commonly isolated species, with high resistance to certain antibiotics but susceptibility to vancomycin and linezolid. The researchers emphasized the importance of timely identification and appropriate treatment for favorable outcomes, particularly in immunosuppressed patients. [Extracted from the article]

A study conducted at the All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) in Jodhpur, India, focused on nosocomial bloodstream infections in intensive care units. The research found that gram-negative bacteria and Candida were the main causes of these infections, with high rates of antimicrobial resistance. Factors such as early appropriate treatment and infection prevention were highlighted as crucial for improving patient outcomes and reducing mortality rates. The study emphasized the importance of addressing multidrug-resistant organisms in critical care settings to enhance patient survival. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted at the University of North Carolina has found that palmitoleic acid, when combined with vancomycin, can sensitize vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus to the antibiotic by outpacing the expression of resistance genes. This discovery could potentially help in reversing antibiotic resistance, which is a growing concern in the treatment of bacterial infections. The research, supported by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, highlights the importance of exploring adjuvants as a promising therapeutic strategy in combating antibiotic resistance. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers from Sohag University conducted a study on peritonitis, focusing on cirrhotic patients with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP). The study aimed to identify the causative bacteria and their susceptibility to antimicrobial agents. Findings showed that Staph epidermidis and Escherichia coli were the most common bacteria, with high rates of multidrug resistance among Gram-positive bacteria. The research emphasized the importance of accurate detection of organisms causing peritonitis to guide appropriate antibiotic treatment and reduce morbidity and mortality. [Extracted from the article]

A recent study conducted at Nanjing Medical University in China focused on a case report of a diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) caused by Enterococcus avium infection. The patient, a 56-year-old man, underwent multiple debridement procedures and targeted antibiotic treatment to control the infection. The research emphasizes the importance of adjusting antibiotics and surgical measures based on the pathogens responsible for wound infections in DFU patients to reduce mortality and prevent amputations. For more information, readers can refer to the article "Identification and treatment of Enterococcus avium-induced diabetic foot ulcer: a case report and microbiome analysis" published in Frontiers in Medicine. [Extracted from the article]

Researchers at Hong Kong Baptist University conducted a study on Enterococcus faecalis, focusing on the impact of irinotecan chemotherapy-induced diarrhea. They found that dehydrodiisoeugenol (DDIE) from nutmeg can alleviate intestinal mucositis and enhance the antitumor effect of irinotecan by improving various intestinal functions. The study highlighted the role of gut microbiota, particularly Enterococcus faecalis, in chemotoxicity and mucositis, proposing a potential target for mitigating irinotecan side effects. The findings suggest a microbiota-driven approach to relieving chemotherapy-induced gastrointestinal issues. [Extracted from the article]

A study conducted at Manipal Academy of Higher Education in India focused on developing a new antimicrobial polymer to combat multidrug-resistant pathogens such as Acinetobacter baumannii and Staphylococcus aureus. The polymer, polyethyleneimine-ricinoleic acid-based (PEIRA), showed efficient activity against these pathogens, with significant inhibition rates. The research suggests that the synthesized PEIRA polymer has promising applications in the biomedical sector and in addressing hospital-acquired infections. [Extracted from the article]

The article discusses the role of sortase-assembled Ebp pili in Enterococcus faecalis adhesion to iron oxides and its impact on extracellular electron transfer. The study suggests that Ebp pili play a crucial role in E. faecalis biofilm metabolism and adhesion to iron oxides, affecting extracellular electron transfer. The findings indicate that Ebp pili influence E. faecalis metabolic fitness and colonization in the gastrointestinal environment, raising questions about their role in microbial pathogenesis. The preprint has not been peer-reviewed, and further research is needed to explore the implications of Ebp pili in E. faecalis interactions with environmental ecosystems. [Extracted from the article]