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Tubular structures exist broadly in biological systems and exhibit important functions including mediating cellular communications. The construction of artificial analogues in living cells would provide a new strategy for chemotherapy. In this report, a kind of supramolecular channel has been constructed within intercellular gaps by mimicking the assembly process and structure of natural gap junctional channels, which consist of hydrophobic tubular modules located in the adjacent cell membranes and hydrophilic modules within the extracellular space. The assembly of the channels was driven by electrostatic interactions. The channels could inhibit tumor cell invasion by preventing cell migration.

The objectives of this study are to explore the effect of different forms of straw from the same source on the temperature sensitivity of soil organic carbon (SOC) mineralization in saline soils and to determine the practicability of granular straw addition to saline soils. Chopped wheat straw (CW), granular wheat straw (GW), and wheat straw biochar (BW) were used as exogenous SOC materials, and no straw was used as the CK. Through incubation experiments, the mineralization characteristics and temperature sensitivity of the three exogenous organic materials with equal amounts of added carbon were studied at different temperatures (10 °C, 20 °C, 30 °C) and different soil salinity levels (mild, moderate, severe). At equal carbon addition, the SOC content in the BW and GW treatments increased by 58.90% and 21.77%, respectively, compared with CW. At the end of incubation, the SOC mineralization rate and cumulative carbon mineralization increased significantly in CW and GW. Compared with that in BW, the cumulative carbon mineralization in CW and GW increased by 4.34 and 4.81 times, respectively. The Q10 value in BW, CW, and GW was significantly lower than that in CK. The Q10 value in GW was lower than that in CW and BW. With the same amount of carbon application, granular straw return is an effective soil carbon sequestration strategy, because it can compensate for the disadvantages of the conventional form of straw and biochar return. Granular straw return can significantly decrease the temperature sensitivity of SOC mineralization, especially at low temperatures.

Pure SiO2 aerogel has a strong light transmittance in the infrared wavebands from 3.0 to 8.0 µm, and an opacifier could efficiently reduce aerogel's radiative thermal conductivity (λr), especially at high temperatures (>400 K). Consequently, the ?r of different core@shell structured opacifiers is proposed, including micron hollow sphere opacifier (MHSOP), i.e., hollow carbon black/SiC/TiO2, and phase change material (PCM)@opacifier, i.e., VO2@SiO2, and Ge2Sb2Te5@SiC; further, their conductive ? model has also been established. The results showed that MHSOP could reduce MHSOPs-SiO2 aerogel composite's ? compared to traditional solid structure opacifiers; the effect of MHSOPs with a certain core-shell ratio on suppressing thermal radiation is equivalent to their solid structure opacifier at high-temperature. Adding SiC MHSOPs reduces aerogel composites' weight and thermal conductivity by 42.19 and 26.29%, while the shading effect of a core-shell ratio of over 0.75 is equivalent to the solid structure. Specifically, rutile-phased VO2@SiO2's ?r is smaller than TiO2 MHOSP, and crystalline Ge2Sb2Te5@SiC doped aerogel exhibits good thermal insulation. The proposed micron hollow sphere opacifier and PCM@opacifier provide a novelty, lightweight, and high-efficiency method to restrain aerogel's infrared radiation and improve insulation performance at high temperatures.

Combining wave energy converters (WECs) with floating offshore wind turbines proves a potential strategy to achieve better use of marine renewable energy. The full coupling investigation on the dynamic and power generation features of the hybrid systems under operational sea states is necessary but limited by numerical simulation tools. Here an aero-hydro-servo-elastic coupling numerical tool is developed and applied to investigate the motion, mooring tension, and energy conversion performance of a hybrid system consisting of a spar-type floating wind turbine and an annular wave energy converter. Results show that the addition of the WEC has no significant negative effect on the dynamic performance of the platform and even enhances the rotational stability of the platform. For surge and pitch motion, the peak of the spectra is originated from the dominating wave component, whereas for the heave motion, the peak of the spectrum is the superposed effect of the dominating wave component and the resonance of the system. The addition of the annular WEC can slightly improve the wind power by making the rotor to be in a better position to face the incoming wind and provide considerable wave energy production, which can compensate for the downtime of the offshore wind.

In this article, we propose a novel meta-learning approach for improving the sensing quality of free space optics (FSO)-based multichannel fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensor systems. Since it is difficult and time-consuming to collect large amounts of training data using real FBG sensor experiments, the proposed meta-learning can provide opportunities for reducing the amount of training data needed by learning from previous experience or knowledge. This makes our proposed meta-learning method suitable for scenarios, where a large amount of FBG sensor training data collection is challenging, limited, or expensive. Thus, we use a meta-learning approach to solve crosstalk problems and accurately predict the peak wavelength of each FBG sensor ( ${S}_{n}$ ) from the overlap spectra. The demonstrated results proved that using only a small amount of target data, the proposed meta-learning method can adapt more quickly and improve the central wavelength detection performance in the FBG sensor system than the traditional methods. Besides, the proposed FSO method addresses costs and topological limitations for the installation of fiber cables. Therefore, our proposed system is flexible, faster, cost-effective, adaptable, reduces the amount of training data needed, and can improve the accuracy of wavelength detection for FBG sensor systems.

Climate change has a significant impact on agriculture. However, the impact investigation is currently limited to the analysis of meteorological data, and there is a dearth of long-term monitoring of crop phenology and soil moisture associated with climate change. In this study, temperature and precipitation (1957–2020) were recorded, crop growth (1981–2019) data were collected, and field experiments were conducted at central and eastern Gansu and southern Ningxia, China. The mean temperature increased by 0.36°C, and precipitation decreased by 11.17 mm per decade. The average evapotranspiration (ET) of winter wheat in 39 years from 1981 to 2019 was 362.1 mm, demonstrating a 22.1-mm decrease every 10 years. However, the ET of spring maize was 405.5 mm over 35 years (1985–2019), which did not show a downward trend. Every 10 years, growth periods were shortened by 5.19 and 6.47 d, sowing dates were delayed by 3.56 and 1.68 d, and maturity dates advanced by 1.76 and 5.51 d, respectively, for wheat and maize. A film fully-mulched ridge–furrow (FMRF) system with a rain-harvesting efficiency of 65.7-92.7% promotes deep rainwater infiltration into the soil. This leads to double the soil moisture in-furrow, increasing the water satisfaction rate by 110-160%. A 15-year grain yield of maize increased by 19.87% with the FMRF compared with that of half-mulched flat planting. Grain yield and water use efficiency of maize increased by 20.6 and 17.4% when the density grew from 4.5×104to 6.75×104plants ha–1and improved by 12.0 and 12.7% when the density increased from 6.75×104to 9.0×104plants ha–1, respectively. Moreover, responses of maize yield to density and the corresponding density of the maximum yield varied highly in different rainfall areas. The density parameter suitable for water planting was 174 maize plants ha–1with 10 mm rainfall. Therefore, management strategies should focus on adjusting crop planting structure, FMRF water harvesting system, and water-suitable planting to mitigate the adverse effects of climate change and enhance sustainable production of maize in the drylands.

Selective aerobic epoxidation of alkenes without any additives is of great industrial importance but still challenging because the competitive side reactions including C═C bond cleavage and isomerization are difficult to avoid. Here, we show fabricating Cu(I) single sites in pristine multivariate metal–organic frameworks (known as CuCo-MOF-74) via partial reduction of Cu(II) to Cu(I) ions during solvothermal reaction. Impressively, CuCo-MOF-74 is characteristic with single Cu(I), Cu(II), and Co(II) sites, and they exhibit the substantially enhanced selectivity of styrene oxide up to 87.6% using air as an oxidant at almost complete conversion of styrene, ∼25.8% selectivity increased over Co-MOF-74, as well as good catalytic stability. Contrast experiments and theoretical calculation indicate that Cu(I) sites contribute to the substantially enhanced selectivity of epoxides catalyzed by Co(II) sites. The adsorption of two O2molecules on dual Co(II) and Cu(I) sites is favorable, and the projected density of state of the Co-3d orbital is closer to the Fermi level by modulating with Cu(I) sites for promoting the activation of O2compared with dual-site Cu(II) and Co(II) and Co(II) and Co(II), thus contributing to the epoxidation of the C═C bond. When other kinds of alkenes are used as substrates, the excellent selectivity of various epoxides is also achieved over CuCo-MOF-74. We also prove the universality of fabricating Cu(I) sites in other MOF-74 with various divalent metal nodes.

Development of highly thermally stable broadband near-infrared (NIR) luminescence materials is crucial for advancing the prolonged stable application of smart NIR light sources. In this study, a zero-thermal-quenching and reversible temperature-dependent broadband NIR-emitting Cs2NaAl3F12:Cr3+phosphor is demonstrated, benefiting from its stable polyhedron-cluster-building rigid structure. The excellent thermal stability of Cs2NaAl3F12:Cr3+is rooted in its stable [Al6Na4F45] cluster building unit, which provides a rigid structure with a weak electron–phonon coupling effect and a wide band gap with a huge thermal activated barrier. Such characteristics are well revealed by multiple studies on crystal structure, electronic structure, Huang–Rhys factor S, configuration coordinate model, and Debye temperature. The incorporation of Li or K instead of Na weakens the luminescence thermal stability, directly proving the importance of the stable [Al6Na4F45] cluster for stable Cr3+substitution and rigid structure construction. Furthermore, Cs2NaAl3F12:Cr3+presents much superior thermal stability compared to traditional rigid garnet-type fluorides Na3X2Li3F12:Cr3+(X = Al, Ga, In). A high-power NIR LED is presented, utilizing the high quantum efficiency (∼71%) and extremely thermally stable broadband NIR emission around 750 nm of Cs2NaAl3F12:Cr3+. It realizes clear vein and cartilage imaging in the human hand, demonstrating its potential in medical diagnosis applications. This result provides important insights for designing new-type rigid crystal structures using stable polyhedron clusters as basic units, advancing the development of highly thermally stable NIR-emitting phosphors.

Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is one of the effective therapeutic modalities in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, there is no proper method to evaluate the HCC response to RFA. This study aimed to establish and validate a clinical prediction model based on dual-energy computed tomography (DECT) quantitative-imaging parameters, clinical variables, and CT texture parameters.

Proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs) technology is rapidly developed as a novel and selective medicinal strategy for the degradation of cellular proteins in cancer therapy. However, the applications of PROTACs as heterobifunctional molecules are largely limited by high molecular weight, low bioavailability, poor permeability, insufficient targeting, and low efficacy in vivo. Herein, self‐assembling micelles of FA‐PEG‐PROTAC are designed for cancer cell selective targeting and reductive‐response proteolysis in tumor‐bearing mice. FA‐PEG‐PROTAC is prepared by conjugating folic acid (FA)‐PEG with EGFR‐targeting PROTAC via a disulfide bond. The FA‐PEG‐PROTAC micelles, formed by self‐assembling, are demonstrated to significantly improve tumor targeting efficacy and exhibit excellent anti‐tumor efficacy in the mouse xenograft model compared to the traditional PROTACs. The strategy of applying self‐assembled FA‐PEG‐PROTAC micelles in tumor therapy can not only improve targeted proteolysis efficiency but also broaden applications in the development of PROTAC‐based drugs. The Folate‐PEG‐PROTAC Micelles (MPRO) are designed to improve the tumor‐specific targeting and in vivo antitumor potency of conventional PROTACs. It provides an effective method to improve water solubility, enhance tumor targeting, and reduce the side effects of conventional PROTACs.

Novel double-shelled core-shell-type magnetic composites MgFexAl-LDO/LDO/γ-Fe2O3(x= 0, 0.1, and 0.5) were synthesized by a cost-effective two-step coprecipitation method followed by proper calcination. The composites are constructed by two layers of LDO nanosheets (∼80 × 10 nm) which shows vertically oriented relay growth on the surface of spherical γ-Fe2O3. The thickness of LDO shells is ca.220 ∼ 260 nm, providing a large number of effective adsorption sites and numerous open channels composed of adjacent LDO nanosheets. All the composites show excellent adsorption capacities for Congo Red (CR) and Cr(VI). Especially, the MgAl-LDO/LDO/γ-Fe2O3exhibits the maximum adsorption capacity (qmax= 123.4 mg g–1) for Cr(VI), which is due to the double-shelled morphology with a large Brunauer–Emmett–Teller area (219 m2g–1), the electrostatic attraction between the positive LDO shells and Cr(VI) oxyanions, and the adsorption-coupled reduction, with the adsorbed Cr(VI) anion reduced to Cr(III) by hydroxyl groups of the hydrated metal ions and reconstructed into layer double hydroxide layers by the “memory effect”. The MgAl-LDO/LDO/γ-Fe2O3and MgFe0.1Al-LDO/LDO/γ-Fe2O3show extraordinary adsorption efficiency for CR with very close qmaxvalues (3980 and 3832 mg g–1, respectively). The former can be attributed to its large SBETand strong LDO shells─CR anion electrostatic interaction, while the latter (99 m2g–1) can still be ascribed to the complexing function of a small amount of Fe3+species to CR. The MgAl-LDO/LDO/γ-Fe2O3composite can be conveniently separated and recovered from the aqueous solution after adsorption by an external magnet. The fourth cycle efficiency of up to 84% implies a promising application prospect.

Radiative cooling materials can cool terrestrial objects without any energy input but are susceptible to rain wetting and dust contamination, which affects badly their cooling characteristics. Herein, this work fabricated a radiative cooling porous film with superhydrophobic self-cleaning properties using poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP) and poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF). The PVDF-HFP/PVDF film consists of micropores with nanoparticles both inside and at the surface. The micro/nanostructures enhanced the scattering of solar light, which in combination with the infrared emissivity of both PVDF-HFP and PVDF polymers makes the film show excellent radiative cooling ability with a sub-ambient temperature drop of 16°C. The micro/nanostructures roughened the surface of the film, which in combination with the low surface energy property of both PVDF-HFP and PVDF polymers endows the film with superhydrophobic self-cleaning properties. The self-cleaning function defends the film from contamination and maintains sustainable radiative cooling for lasting applications. The integration of cooling and self-cleaning into a film paves the way for multifunctional and long-life radiative cooling materials.

Regulating Lewis acid sites with well-defined electronic state and steric environment is still challenging for achieving high catalytic efficiency. Here we show coordinating zirconium nodes in the typical metal-organic framework known as MOF-545 with the monocarboxylate modulators including trifluoroacetic acid(TFA) or benzoic acid(BA) over meso-tetra(4-carboxyphenyl)-porphine(H2TCPP), denoted as MOF-545-TFA or MOF-545-BA. Impressively, MOF-545-TFA shows the significantly enhanced performance for the catalytic ring-opening reaction of various epoxides with alcohols and good recyclability at 40 °C in respect with MOF-545-BA and ZrO2. This mainly originates from the stronger Lewis acidity and more active zirconium sites induced by the electron-withdrawing TFA, resulting in the increased ability for activation of epoxides. This modulation approach is promising for enlarging the toolbox to extend the MOFs-based Lewis acid catalysis.

Diclofenac sodium (DFS), a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, is frequently used in ophthalmology, but it causes negative effects on corneas. The mechanisms underlying the toxicities to corneas remains unclear. The present study was designed to assess the cytotoxicity of DFS to human corneal epithelial (HCEP) cells in vitroand further investigate its related mechanisms. The HCEP cells were treated with DFS at different concentrations ranging from 0.003 125% to 0.1%. DFS showed a dose- and time-dependent cytotoxicity to HCEP cells including abnormal morphology and declined viability. The 0.05% DFS-treated HCEP cells presented cell cycle arrest at S phase, reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction, and positive staining of phosphorylated H2AX, suggesting that DFS caused ROS-mediated DNA damage. The upregulation of p53 expression, formation of apoptotic body, phosphatidylserine externalization, and DNA ladder demonstrated that the p53-dependent apoptosis pathway was involved in the cytotoxicity of DFS. Furthermore, DFS activated caspase-8, caspase-9, and caspase-3 altered the expression levels of Bcl-2 family proteins including tBid, Bax, and Bcl-2, as well as increased poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) cleavage. DFS also induced ΔΨm disruption, resulting in the release of cytochrome c and apoptosis-inducing factor into the cytoplasm. Additionally, the DFS-induced apoptosis was alleviated by p53 inhibitor. Taken together, DFS triggered p53-dependent apoptosis in HCEP cells via ROS-mediated crosstalk between the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways.

Pneumonia is a common illness that continues to be the major killer of remaining to be a significant source of morbidity and mortality in the patient population. Many microorganisms cause pneumonia, and now concern is turning to the importance of the cause the new therapies for viral pneumonia. In the current study, we report the effect of andrographolide sulfonate, a water-soluble form of andrographolide (trade name: Xi-Yan-Ping Injection), on poly I: C-induced pneumonia. Andrographolide sulfonate was administrated through intraperitoneal injection to mice with poly I: C-induced pneumonia. Recruitment of airway inflammatory cells, alteration of lung histological induced by Poly I: C were significantly ameliorated by andrographolide sulfonate. The protein levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in bronchoalveolar fluid (BALF) and serum were reduced by andrographolide sulfonate treatment. The levels of MUC5AC and MUC5B in lung tissue were also suppressed. These results reveal that andrographolide sulfate remarkably alleviated pneumonia induced by poly I:C in mice. Moreover, andrographolide sulfonate markedly inhibited the activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB). Taken together, we demonstrated that andrographolide sulfonate ameliorated poly I: C-induced pneumonia in mice, suggesting the possible use of andrographolide sulfonate for virus-induced pneumonia in clinical.

Artificial aquaporins are synthetic molecules that mimic the structure and function of natural aquaporins (AQPs) in cell membranes. The development of artificial aquaporins would provide an alternative strategy for treatment of AQP-related diseases. In this report, an artificial aquaporin has been constructed from an amino-terminated tubular molecule, which operates in a unimolecular mechanism. The artificial channel can work in cell membranes with high water permeability and selectivity rivaling those of AQPs. Importantly, the channel can restore wound healing of the cells that contain function-lost AQPs.

The interaction of Cd and other heavy metals with soil colloidal particles controls the sequestration, mobility and bioavailability of Cd in soils. In this study, the binding (△Gbi) and adsorption (△Gad) energies of Cd on colloidal particles of 18 soils were determined by the Wien effect method. The binding energy of Cd on soil colloidal particles varied from 5.3 to 9.9 kJ mol−1, depending on the soil characteristics including pH, Mn‐oxide content and dissolved organic carbon in the soil. The Cd adsorption energy correlated positively with Mn‐oxide content and pH. In parallel, the extended X‐ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy was used to determine the speciation of Cd in Cd‐saturated soil samples, which revealed that the outer‐sphere Cd was the predominant species, accounting for 32.2–73.7% of the total adsorbed Cd, and positively correlated to the binding and adsorption energies. Humic acid‐Cd (10.4–42.2%) and montmorillonite‐Cd (2.5–51.2%) were also major species that were identified by EXAFS spectroscopy. The toxicity (log EC50) of Cd in soils to three organisms (earthworm, Collembola and Chinese cabbage) was found to correlate positively with the binding energies, indicating the predictive capability of using binding energies of Cd in different soils as an indicator for evaluating Cd bioavailability and toxicity in soils.

It is a challenge to synthesize all-in-one molecular networks that are autonomously self-healable over a wide temperature range (from subzero to high), transparent, stretchable, and conductive. Here we demonstrate the fabrication of self-healing, transparent, conductive, and highly stretchable elastomers by a photoinitiated copolymerization of two polymerizable deep eutectic solvent (PDES) monomers, acrylic amide (AAm)/choline chloride (ChCl) and maleic acid (MA)/ChCl type PDESs. Hydrogen bonds between binary building blocks of the poly(AAm/ChCl-co-MA/ChCl) system can readily break and reform, allowing such all organic designed elastomers to self-heal over a wide temperature ranging from −23 to 60 °C while keep a highly transparent appearance. The hypermolecular network elastomers showed a fast self-healing property (within 2 s) without any other external stimuli and excellent self-healing efficiency (up to 94%). The elastomers were highly transparent (an average transmittance of 95.1%), intrinsically conductive (an ionic conductivity of 4.0 × 10–4S cm–1), and stretchable (strains up to 450%) at room temperature. We hypothesize that this behavior will find their potential use in display and/or optically related fields of stretchable electronics in harsh environments.

In this work, a microchip was developed for the electroformation and collection of giant liposomes. On the chip, a reactor chamber array was expressly designed so that the influences of multiple parameters could be explored rapidly and efficiently to screen for a suitable condition. Furthermore, in order to overcome the difficulty in the collection of giant liposomes, a tailor-made collection chamber was also integrated on this chip.

In this paper, DFT calculations have been carried out to study the reaction mechanism of copper-catalyzed hydrocarboxylation of alkynes using CO2and hydrosilanes. In addition to hydrocarboxylation of alkynes, possible competitive reactions such as hydrosilylation of alkynes, hydrosilylation of CO2, and silacarboxylation of alkynes have also been investigated and compared. Through these DFT calculations, we are able to understand the reason only hydrocarboxylation of alkynes has been observed experimentally.

The performances of flexible piezoresistive sensors based on polymer nanocomposites are significantly affected by the environmental temperature; therefore, comprehensively investigating the temperature-dependent electromechanical response behaviors of conductive polymer nanocomposites is crucial for developing high-precision flexible piezoresistive sensors in a wide-temperature range. Herein, carbon nanotube (CNT)/polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) composites widely used for flexible piezoresistive sensors were prepared, and then the temperature-dependent electrical, mechanical, and electromechanical properties of the optimized CNT/PDMS composite in the temperature range from −150 to 150 °C were systematically investigated. At a low temperature of −150 °C, the CNT/PDMS composite becomes brittle with a compressive modulus of ∼1.2 MPa and loses its elasticity and reversible sensing capability. At a high temperature (above 90 °C), the CNT/PDMS composite softens, shows a fluid-like mechanical property, and loses its reversible sensing capability. In the temperature range from −60 to 90 °C, the CNT/PDMS composite exhibits good elasticity and reversible sensing behaviors and its modulus, resistivity, and sensing sensitivity decrease with an increasing temperature. At room temperature (30 °C), the CNT/PDMS composite exhibits better mechanical and piezoresistive stability than those at low and high temperatures. Given that environmental temperature changes have significant effects on the sensing performances of conductive polymer composites, the effect of ambient temperature changes must be considered when flexible piezoresistive sensors are designed and fabricated.

Bladder cancer (BC) occurrence and progression are accompanied by alterations in microRNAs (miRNAs) expression levels. Simultaneous detection of multiple miRNAs contributes to the accuracy and reliability of the BC diagnosis. In this work, wrinkled silica nanoparticles (WSNs) were applied as the microreactor for multiplex miRNAs analysis without enzymes or nucleic acid amplification. Conjugated on the surface of WSNs, the S9.6 antibody was adopted as the universal module for binding DNA/miRNA duplexes, regardless of their sequence. Furthermore, single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) was labeled with quantum dots (QDs) for identifying a given miRNA to form QDs-ssDNA/miRNA, which enabled the specific capture of the corresponding QDs on the wrinkled surface of WSNs. Based on the detection of fluorescence signals that were ultimately focused on WSNs, target miRNAs could be sensitively identified to a femtomolar level (5 fM) with a wide dynamic range of up to 6 orders of magnitude. The proposed strategy achieved high specificity to obviously distinguish single-base mutation sequences and possessed multiplex assay capability. Moreover, the assay exhibited excellent practicability in the multiplex detection of miRNAs in clinical serum specimens.

Nicotine dependence is the primary addictive stage of cigarette smoking. Although a lot of studies have been performed to explore the molecular mechanism underlying nicotine dependence, our understanding on this disorder is still far from complete. Over the past decades, an increasing number of candidate genes involved in nicotine dependence have been identified by different technical approaches, including the genetic association analysis. In this study, we performed a comprehensive collection of candidate genes reported to be genetically associated with nicotine dependence. Then, the biochemical pathways enriched in these genes were identified by considering the gene’s propensity to be related to nicotine dependence. One of the most widely used pathway enrichment analysis approach, over-representation analysis, ignores the function non-equivalence of genes in candidate gene set and may have low discriminative power in identifying some dysfunctional pathways. To overcome such drawbacks, we constructed a comprehensive human protein–protein interaction network, and then assigned a function weighting score to each candidate gene based on their network topological features. Evaluation indicated the function weighting score scheme was consistent with available evidence. Finally, the function weighting scores of the candidate genes were incorporated into pathway analysis to identify the dysfunctional pathways involved in nicotine dependence, and the interactions between pathways was detected by pathway crosstalk analysis. Compared to conventional over-representation-based pathway analysis tool, the modified method exhibited improved discriminative power and detected some novel pathways potentially underlying nicotine dependence. In summary, we conducted a comprehensive collection of genes associated with nicotine dependence and then detected the biochemical pathways enriched in these genes using a modified pathway enrichment analysis approach with function weighting score of candidate genes integrated. Our results may provide insight into the molecular mechanism underlying nicotine dependence.

Water oxidation is regarded as the bottleneck of the water splitting and the development of water oxidation catalysts is of importance in the view of reducing reaction barriers and promoting water oxidation efficiency. Recently, the Sun group has disclosed a family of highly active water oxidation catalysts, [Ru(bda)(L)2] (bda2–= 2,2′-bipyridine-6,6′-dicarboxylate; L = N-containing ligands). Herein, we replaced the bda2–ligand with a 2,2′-bipyridine-6,6′-dicarbothioate (bct2–) ligand and prepared a mononuclear ruthenium complex [Ru(bct)(pic)2] (Ru-bct, pic = 4-picoline). Less equatorial ligand distortion is observed for RuII-bctwhich displays improved stability than RuII-bda. The Ru-bctcomplex undergoes chemical–structural evolution during electrochemical and chemical oxidation, generating Ru-bdaas the intrinsic active species to afford water oxidation. This study provides an example to understand structure–stability–reactivity relationship of molecular water oxidation catalysts.

Core IdeasWien effect measurements assess adsorbed cations distribution over the Helmholtz planes of the electrical double layer.Assessing cation distributions in the electrical double layer improves bioavailability predictions for plant nutrients and pollutant metals.Most of the zinc adsorption takes place in the inner Helmholtz plane layer and occurs via chemical interactions. The classical electrical double layer (EDL) theory explains the interaction between ions and charged soil colloidal particles, playing an importance role in the bioavailability and toxicity of ions in soils, which are of agricultural and environmental concern. A new approach based on extrapolating measurements of suspension Wien effect is suggested to determine the adsorbed ions distribution in the different compartments of the EDL. The new approach was applied to assess Zn2+distribution in the EDL of Zn‐saturated soil colloids. The results showed that more than 84% of Zn2+was adsorbed via chemical interactions and located in the inner Helmholtz plane layer. The remaining Zn2+fraction was electrically adsorbed and distributed in the outer Helmholtz plane layer (0.3 to 2.1%) and in the Gouy–Chapman diffuse layer (7.4 to 15.0%). Independently, the results of linear combination fitting of extended x‐ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectra indicated that the contents of outer‐sphere Zn in one paddy soil and the boggy soil were consistent with the proportions of Zn2+electrostatically interacting with the soil colloids based on the extrapolation of the suspension Wien effect method, while the contents of outer‐sphere Zn in a second paddy soil, the yellow cinnamon soil, and the yellow brown soil was overestimated by the EXAFS method. The approach proposed in this paper to assess specific and electrostatic adsorption deepens our understanding of metal sorption processes in soils and reinforces the adequacy of the Grahame–Stern–Gouy–Chapman model of the EDL to describe the ion distribution in the solid‐water interface.

Hypoxia, acidosis and high level of glutathione (GSH) are characteristic abnormalities of the tumor microenvironment (TME), which promote tumor progression, metastasis, and resistance to therapies. Previous attempts to improve therapeutic efficacy were limited to modifying individual TME elements. In this study, we proposed a comprehensive TME modulation strategy that modifies multiple elements of the TME in order to enhance cisplatin anticancer efficacy. To do so, we prepared biocompatible lipid-coated CaO2/cisplatin nanoparticles (LipoCaO2/DDP) by the reverse microemulsion method. We imbued CaO2with the following reverse-TME properties: O2generation, increased pH value in tumor cells, and oxidation of intracellular glutathione. In vitroexperiments showed that LipoCaO2/DDP could deplete GSH for preventing the binding of GSH to cisplatin. Simultaneously, CaO2could significantly downregulate multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (MRP2) by O2-dependent hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) inactivation. Hence, the complete drug-efflux pathway was blocked, and the anticancer effect of cisplatin was enhanced both in vitroand in vivo. Herein, we not only demonstrated the GSH depletion capacity of CaO2for the first time, but also provided a new comprehensive therapeutic strategy to overcome therapeutic resistance caused by multiple factors in the TME.

To strengthen the antitumor efficacy and avoid toxicity to normal cells of cisplatin and triptolide, herein, an acid and glutathione (GSH) dual‐controlled nanoplatform for enhanced cancer treatment through the synergy of both “1+1” apoptosis and “1+1” ferroptosis is designed. Remarkably, ZIF8 in response to tumor microenvironment enhances drug targeting and protects drugs from premature degradation. Meanwhile, the PtIVcenter can be easily reduced to cisplatin because of the large amount of GSH, thus liberating the triptolide as the coordinated ligand. The released cisplatin and hemin in turn boost the tumor cell “1+1” apoptosis through chemotherapy and photodynamic therapy, respectively. Furthermore, GSH reduction through PtIVweakens the activation of glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) effectively. The released triptolide can inhibit the expressions of GSH by regulating nuclear factor E2 related factor 2 (Nrf2), further promoting membrane lipid peroxidation, thus “1+1” ferroptosis can be achieved. Both in vitro and in vivo results demonstrate that the nanosystem can not only perform superior specificity and therapeutic outcomes but also reduce the toxicity to normal cells/tissues of cisplatin and triptolide effectively. Overall, the prodrug‐based smart system provides an efficient therapeutic strategy for cancer treatment by virtue of the effect of enhanced “1+1” apoptosis and “1+1” ferroptosis therapies. An acid and glutathione dual‐switchable nanoplatform (HTC@ZIF8) is developed to enhance cancer treatment with low toxicity to normal cells/tissues through the synergy of both apoptosis and ferroptosis. Overall, the prodrug‐based smart system provides an efficient therapeutic strategy for cancer treatment by virtue of the synergistic effect of enhanced “1+1” apoptosis and “1+1” ferroptosis therapies (“2+2”).

Core IdeaspH, clay content, and FeDCB played direct roles in Zn adsorption.Zinc sorption on alkaline soils was higher than on acidic soils as a result of the formation of Zn‐precipitate.Clay content affected Zn sorption on soils via FeDCB and cation exchange capacity. Zinc accumulation in soils due to increasing industrial activities can change this plant nutrient into a pollutant. Soil properties significantly affect the sorption and bioavailability of Zn in soils. Twenty‐one soils with different characteristics were collected from the Jiangsu Province, China, to ascertain the effect of soil properties on Zn sorption. A combination of path analysis and x‐ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) was conducted to elucidate the sorption mechanism of Zn on soils. The results of XAS indicated that Zn sorption on alkaline soils was higher than on acidic soils because of the formation of a Zn‐precipitate [Zn‐Al layered double hydroxide (LDH), ZnCO3, and Zn(HO)2–2ZnCO3]. Although cation exchange is involved, it was not the primary mechanism of Zn sorption on soils. The correlation and path analysis indicated that pH, clay content, and dithionite‐citrate‐bicarbonate extractable Fe (FeDCB) played direct roles in Zn sorption, in which pH was the dominant factor. The clay content affected Zn sorption on soils measured via FeDCBand cation exchange capacity (CEC) based on the indirect coefficient. The high proportion of Zn‐clay minerals (Zn‐kaolinite, Zn‐illite, Zn‐montmorillonite, and Zn‐vermiculite) further illustrated that soil clay content was the primary factor affecting Zn sorption on soils.

Pediatric anal fistulae commonly result from recurrent perianal abscesses, of which nearly 50 per cent develop an anal fistula. The purpose of this study was to report the results of using fibrin glue to treat anal fistula in pediatric patients. Infants and children with recurrent perianal abscesses and anal fistulae were treated with either fistulectomy or fibrin glue. Demographic and clinical characteristics and outcomes were compared between the groups. A total of 34 children were included; 27 received fistulectomy (median age eight months) and seven received fibrin glue treatment (median age 14 months). No significant differences in demographic or clinical characteristics were found between the two groups (all, P > 0.05). Median follow-up duration was significantly higher in the fibrin glue group compared with that in the fistulectomy group (five months vs one month, P = 0.003). There was one recurrence in the fistulectomy group, and no recurrences in the fibrin glue group (P = 1.0). No complications occurred in either group. Fibrin glue treatment is a simple and effective treatment alternative in the management of anal fistula in children, offering the advantage of sphincter muscle-sparing and reduced risk of fecal incontinence.

Lung cancer in never-smokers (LCINS) presents clinicopathological and molecular features distinct from that in smokers. Tumor microenvironment (TME) plays important roles in cancer progression and therapeutic response. To decipher the difference in TME between never-smoker and smoker lung cancers, we conduct single-cell RNA sequencing on 165,753 cells from 22 treatment-naive lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) patients. We find that the dysfunction of alveolar cells induced by cigarette smoking contributes more to the aggressiveness of smoker LUADs, while the immunosuppressive microenvironment exerts more effects on never-smoker LUADs’ aggressiveness. Moreover, the SPP1hipro macrophage is identified to be another independent source of monocyte-derived macrophage. Importantly, higher expression of immune checkpoint CD47 and lower expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-I in cancer cells of never-smoker LUADs imply that CD47 may be a better immunotherapy target for LCINS. Therefore, this study reveals the difference of tumorigenesis between never-smoker and smoker LUADs and provides a potential immunotherapy strategy for LCINS.

This review reports a series of mechanistic studies on Pd-catalyzed C−C cross-coupling reactions via density functional theory (DFT) calculations. A brief introduction of fundamental steps involved in these reactions is given, including oxidative addition, transmetallation and reductive elimination. We aim to provide an important review of recent progress on theoretical studies of palladium-catalyzed carbon–carbon cross-coupling reactions, including the C−C bond formation via C−H bond activation, decarboxylation, Pd(II)/Pd(IV) catalytic cycle and double palladiums catalysis.

In this work, a polysilicon-ferroelectric gate capacitor is proposed to be stacked on the Ge-MOSFET to simultaneously maintain the stability and the potential amplification in the sub-threshold region of a Negative Capacitance Field Effect Transistor. Hence, the non-hysteresis ID-VG characteristics with sub-60mV/dec subthreshold slope can be designed. A simple capacitance model including the effects of gate-to-source/drain overlap, interface trap states at oxide/Ge, and polysilicon/FE/metal is presented to analyze the subthreshold behavior. The optimized SS is further improved when the direct S/D overlap with floating metal of Ge-MOSFET increases. The polysilicon doping concentration causes the trade-off between subthreshold swing and hysteresis-free maximum voltage. The impact of the interface traps at the FE/poly interface on the device performance and the optimization approach are also discussed.

Proparacaine (PPC) is a widely used topical anaesthetic in the eye clinic; its abuse may damage the cornea and result in impairment of vision. Although PPC has been reported to be cytotoxic to human keratocytes, there is no scientific report about its toxic mechanisms in human corneal stroma. Here, we evaluated the cytotoxicity of PPC to corneal stroma in an in vitromodel of human corneal stromal (HCS) cells and an in vivomodel of cat corneas. To postulate the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in PPC toxicity, changes in the hallmarks of apoptosis as well as in pro-apoptotic signaling pathways were investigated. Our results showed that PPC at concentrations varying from 5.0 to 0.15625 g L−1induced dose- and time-dependent cell atrophy, vacuolation, cytopathic effects, and viability decline in vitro. Moreover, PPC induced G1phase arrest, plasma membrane permeability elevation, phosphatidylserine externalization, DNA fragmentation, chromatin condensation, and apoptotic body formation of HCS cells. Furthermore, PPC could induce caspase-2, -3 and -9 activation, and mitochondrial transmembrane potential disruption. Expression of Bcl-xL and Bax were downregulated and upregulated, respectively, and cytoplasmic cytochrome c and apoptosis inducing factor were upregulated remarkably after PPC treatment. The cytotoxicity and pro-apoptotic effects of PPC were also proven by induced corneal edema, apoptotic-like ultrastructural alterations and DNA fragmentation of keratocytes in cat corneas in vivo. These results suggest that PPC above 1/32 of its clinical dosage has remarkable cytotoxicity to corneal stromal cells, which is achieved by inducing death receptor-mediated mitochondria-dependent apoptosis of HCS cells.

ABSTRACTBackgroundA quadrivalent split influenza vaccine IIV4-W against both influenza A and B viruses is urgently needed.MethodsTo evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of IIV4-W in people aged 3–60 years, 2400 participants recruited in a double-blind phase III trial and were randomly assigned to the IIV4-W, TIV1 and TIV2 groups. The immunogenicity indicators were measured at 28 days postvaccination and for 180 days for safety follow-up.ResultsAdverse events (AEs) occurred in 162 (20.28%), 116 (14.55%) and 123 (15.41%) participants in the IIV4-W, TIV1 and TIV2 groups, respectively. All these AEs were mild and self-limiting, and no serious AEs related to the vaccines were observed. IIV4-W elicited a non-inferior immune response for matched strains (the lower limit of 95% CI for GMT ratio >0.67, for SCR and SPR difference >-10%) and superior immune response for the additional B strains (the lower limit of 95% CI for GMT ratio >1.5, for SCR difference >10%) versus TIVs. The lower limit of the 95% confidence interval of the GMT increase fold, the seroconversion rate and the seroprotection rate exceeded 2.5, 40% and 70% for the four strains in IIV4-W respectively.ConclusionsIIV4-W was noninferior to the TIV-matched strains and was superior to the additional B strain. IIV4-W was safe in the participants and elicited high antibody titers.

Wien effect measurements were used to study the effect of organic matter on the interactions between divalent cations and soil clay particles of two black soil samples containing organic matter (OM) at 54.4 and 12.3 g kg−1in the top (0–20‐cm) and bottom (100–120‐cm) horizons, respectively, and a sample of OM‐free black soil, all saturated with Cd2+, Cu2+, Pb2+, and with Ca2+as a reference cation. The weak‐field electrical conductivities of suspensions of the top and bottom horizons and OM‐free black soil samples were 0.021 to 0.033, 0.011 to 0.021, and 0.0065 to 0.0082 mS cm−1, respectively. The mean free binding energies of the cations in the same soil sample suspensions were 5.5 to 7.3, 7.3 to 9.3, and 9.6 to 10 kJ mol−1, respectively. The mean free adsorption energies of all cations increased with field strength and were in the order OM‐free > bottom horizon > top horizon. At field strengths >100 kV cm−1, in the top‐horizon soil, the adsorption energies of Ca were 0.21 to 0.72 kJ mol−1, those of Cd and Cu were similar to one another at 0.01 to 0.25 kJ mol−1, and those of Pb were close to zero, while in the bottom horizon soil, the adsorption energies of the various cations were in descending order: Ca > Cd > Pb > Cu, and in the OM‐free soil the order of the adsorption energies of the various cations were Cd ≈ Cu ≈ Ca > Pb. The humus basically increased the negative electrokinetic potentials of the clay‐size‐fraction particles of the three black soil samples saturated with Ca, Cd, Cu, or Pb.

A newly designed 3D oxide nanosheet array catalyst, CoMgAlO-array, with small-sized active Co3O4species (5.7 nm) highly dispersed on a Mg/Al-oxide matrix was obtained by calcining the hierarchical structured array-like CoMgAl-layered double hydroxide (LDH)/graphene hybrid prepared by a modified coprecipitation method. The superior redox property of CoMgAlO-array contributes to its much higher NOxstorage capacity (NSC) and catalytic soot combustion activity than CoMgAlO. For NOxstorage, the highly dispersed Co3O4phases of CoMgAlO-array efficiently facilitate the adsorption of gaseous NO and then oxidation to chelating bidentate nitrate and bridging bidentate nitrate as the major adsorbed species at 300 °C with NSC of 8.8 mg g−1, while at 100 °C (NSC: 10.4 mg g−1), despite the larger amounts of nitrites and nitrates formed, CoMgAlO-array with higher oxidation ability can rapidly convert initially formed bridging bidentate nitrite to the much more stable monodentate nitrate. More remarkably, the formed nitrates over CoMgAlO-array can be rapidly reduced within 1 min in 0.7% H2/N2at 300 °C and the catalyst exhibits excellently recyclable NOxstorage/reduction abilities. For soot combustion, on one hand, CoMgAlO-array possesses stronger NO oxidation ability due to the small-sized Co3O4phase; on the other hand, the unique hierarchical structure of the catalyst with larger external surface area can provide much more contact sites with gaseous NO and solid soot, thus greatly improving the catalytic activity with lower characteristic temperature (Tm) for maximal soot conversion and activation energy than CoMgAlO in both tight contact and loose contact modes. The NOxstorage/soot combustion mechanism and the function of Co in 3D oxide nanosheet array catalyst are proposed and discussed on the basis of these observations.

In this paper, the far field of GaN based laser diode is discussed by using numerical simulation method. Results show that, the divergence angle θ⊥ of far field increased with the thickness of the waveguide layer as exponential decay and the divergence angle θ// of far field increased with the thickness of the waveguide layer. The aspect ratio of far field distribution increased with increasing the thickness of the waveguide layer as exponential decay.

Novel hierarchical core@shell structured salicylate (SA) intercalated ZnAl-LDH (layered double hydroxides) magnetic nanovehicles were obtained via a special double-drop coprecipitation strategy assembling organo-ZnAl-LDH nanocrystals onto the surface of Fe3O4submicrospheres (∼480 nm) from cheap aspirin and Zn- and Al-nitrates in alkaline solutions. The obtained Fe3O4@SA-LDH-rnanovehicles exhibit varied morphologies with hexagonal LDH ab-face horizontal, vertical, and vertical/slant/horizontal to the surfaces of Fe3O4upon proper mass ratio (r) of Zn-salt to Fe3O4from 1.93 to 7.71 in a low supersaturation system and possess moderate drug loadings and strong superparamagnetism. An in vitrorelease study reveals that under “no MF” mode (without external magnetic field) the SA release exhibits the higher accumulated release amount and smaller half-life (t0.5) for Fe3O4@SA-LDH-3.85 (41.2%, 1.63 min) and Fe3O4@SA-LDH-7.71 (51.1%, 1.66 min) probably owing to their mainly vertical LDH orientations, while the dramatically reduced SA release (10.0%) and greatly elongated t0.5(25.6 min) for Fe3O4@SA-LDH-1.93 may be due to its relatively stronger host–guest interaction and compact horizontally oriented LDH shell stack. Under “MF on” mode, all the magnetic samples show a detectable reduced SA release owing to the particle–particle interactions among the magnetic nanovehicles. The kinetic fittings show that the release processes of all the samples involve the bulk and surface diffusion. The SA release from Fe3O4@SA-LDH-1.93 is mainly determined by the interparticle diffusion among the horizontally oriented LDH shell nanocrystals while those of Fe3O4@SA-LDH-3.85 and Fe3O4@SA-LDH-7.71 mainly involve the interlayer intraparticle diffusion between LDHs layers due to their largely vertical LDH shell nanocrystals.

The strain existed in different quantum well structures was analyzed by XRD. By Omega/2Theta scanning,we got the satellite peaks of different samples. Analysis of the samples of these two quantum well about the level strain, vertical strain and the Quartet distortion. By Contrasting the ternary InGaN / GaN MQW samples with the quaternary InGaN/AlInGaN MQW samples,found that the level strain, vertical strain and the quartet distortion of ternary MQW samples are higher than the InGaN / AlInGaN quantum well samples about 0.03%, 0.09 % and 0.12% respectively. Analysis shows that the InGaN/AlInGaN quantum well structure can be better to release their internal stress.

Long fiber component of poplar CMP is modified by ozone to improve the paper physical performance in this paper. The condition of modification is studied by the orthogonal test method. The results show that the optimum conditions are: 2.5% ozone, pH 4,consistency 0.5%. The softness, length, swelling properties and hydrophilcity of long fibers are improved after modification. The crystallinity of fiber is improved and the lignin content is reduced. The better performance in tear index and tensile index was attained compared with unmodified CMP holo-pulp to some extent: tensile index increased from 35.8N·m·g-1 to 44.6N·m·g-1, tear index increased from 4.58 mN·m2·g-1 to 8.16 mN·m2·g-1, brightness had a slightly increase.

With the improvement of environmental protection requirements, paper-making enterprises are imperative to eliminate pollution directly in production. This paper aims to adopt environment-friendly bleaching method, yield good quality pulp products. Op-Pa-P bleaching process of reed displacement cooking pulp is studied in this paper (O-oxygen, P-hydrogen peroxide, Pa-peracetic acid ). The experimental conditions of Op and Pa stage were optimized respectively. It included oxygen pressure, temperature, time in Op stage and charge of peracetic acid, temperature, time in Pa stage. The results show that the optimal technological conditions of Op are: 0.9Mpa, 100°C, 70min, Op stage can make brightness increase by 57.3%, viscosity decrease by 25% and KMnO4 number reduce to 2.6. Pa stage optimal conditions are Pa charge 1.5%, 70°C, 75min, brightness reached to 79.1 %ISO, KMnO4 number to 1.0, viscosity to 631mL.g-1. The brightness of P bleached pulp reached to 84.8%ISO, viscosity 601 mL.g-1, KMnO4 number 0.8.

On the 11th of March, 2011, a subduction earthquake of magnitude Mw9.0 happened at the northeast of Japan, generating a tsunami which resulted in huge damage in Japan. Okada’s elastic fault model is used to generate the deformation of the sea bottom based on USGS sources and UCSB sources respectively. The shallow water equations are solved by the adaptively refined finite volume methods so that it can compute the propagation of tsunami in the Pacific Ocean efficiently. The computed time series of the surface elevation are compared with the measured data from NOAA real-time tsunami monitoring systems for model validation, and UCSB sources derive better results than USGS sources. Furthermore, one nested domain with fine grid and higher topography resolution is combined to compute numerically this tsunami spreading in the Bohai Sea, Yellow Sea, East China Sea, and North of South China Sea. The impacts on China Coast and seas are analyzed and discussed. The results show that the tsunami has almost no impact in the Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea. It has some kind impact on the East China Sea and South China Sea. However, maximum wave height on China Coast is smaller than 0.5 m. It is thus concluded that the 2011 Tohoku tsunami did not generate a significant influence on China Coast.

ABSTRACTDysregulated immune responses to commensal intestinal bacteria, including Escherichia coli, contribute to the development of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) and experimental colitis. Reciprocally, E. coliresponds to chronic intestinal inflammation by upregulating expression of stress response genes, including gadAand gadB. GadAB encode glutamate decarboxylase and protect E. colifrom the toxic effects of low pH and fermentation acids, factors present in the intestinal lumen in patients with active IBDs. We hypothesized that E. coliupregulates gadABduring inflammation to enhance its survival and virulence. Using real-time PCR, we determined gadABexpression in luminal E. colifrom ex-germfree wild-type (WT) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) knockout (KO) (IL-10-/-) mice selectively colonized with a commensal E. coliisolate (NC101) that causes colitis in KO mice in isolation or in combination with 7 other commensal intestinal bacterial strains. E. colisurvival and host inflammatory responses were measured in WT and KO mice colonized with NC101 or a mutant lacking the gadABgenes (NC101?gadAB). The susceptibility of NC101 and NC101?gadABto killing by host antimicrobial peptides and their translocation across intestinal epithelial cells were evaluated using bacterial killing assays and transwell experiments, respectively. We show that expression of gadABin luminal E. coliincreases proportionately with intestinal inflammation in KO mice and enhances the susceptibility of NC101 to killing by the host antimicrobial peptide cryptdin-4 but decreases bacterial transmigration across intestinal epithelial cells, colonic inflammation, and mucosal immune responses. Chronic intestinal inflammation upregulates acid tolerance pathways in commensal E. coliisolates, which, contrary to our original hypothesis, limits their survival and colitogenic potential. Further investigation of microbial adaptation to immune-mediated inflammation may provide novel insights into the pathogenesis and treatment of IBDs.

The emissions trading has significant environmental, economic and social benefits, and so far, China already has the foundation for implementation. Combied with the development of the current information technology and application level, this paper proposes a set of Emission Trading System and Functional Analysis of design ideas. The system starts from Platform Analysis, selects a reasonable and effective advanced technology solutions (.Net + Mysql + GPRS), owns a detail design of the data flow and emissions trading program. It also layouts a number of subsystems in function, which focus on emissions trading functions. Finally, it provides a better systematic implementation of emissions trading platform and strong support for the implementation of security.

To help meet the challenge of 1-Deoxynojirmiycin (DNJ) manufacture from microbial fermentation, optimal condition for the fermentation has attracted substantial research interest. In the case, mix strategy was carried out to cultivate mulberry rhizosphere Bacillus Subtilis BJ-B121 (DNJ producing strain), Rhizopus spp.BJ-F13 and Aspergillus niger BJ-F8 according to the plate dual culture assay and inhibitory activity assay in vitro. We characterized mixed cultivation of Bacillus Subtilis BJ-B121 and mulberry rhizosphere microorganisms on the basis of biochemical data. Rhizosphere soil microorganisms may interact with each other and lead to improvement of DNJ production. Campared with mono culture, the glucose consumption and DNJ production were efficient. DNJ production was improved by 26-32% in mixed cultivation, 100 μg/mL and 308 μg/mL extra DNJ production were obtained. In addition, DNJ did not affect the growth of the mixed cells.

Distributed artificial intelligence is an important branch of the artificial intelligence， Agent and Multi-agent system are important aspects of distributed artificial intelligence research. This paper mainly introduce some research and exiting problems about Agent and Multi-agent system in recent years, including the Agent concept, characteristics and structure, Multi-agent system concept, structure and the coordination problem. Finally, I look forward to the development trend of Agent and Multi-agent system.

When induction motor is directly driven by PWM power converter, high-frequency common-mode current will be generated inside the motor due to the high-frequency common-mode voltage load. So in this paper, on the basis of the analysis of the coupling effect of the parasitic elements on high-frequency current which include elements between induction motor windings, between the winding and the stator and between the winding and the rotor, According to the structural characteristics of the motor, it is obtained that the parasitic element between the first turns of the stator winding coil and ground can provide low impedance flow path for high frequency common mode current, most of the high-frequency common mode current drain into ground through this path, and the motor stator winding has the uniform transmission line characteristics. The correctness of the conclusions is verified by the experimental results of two different induction motor.

The methanogen medium, supplemented with malate, succinate and glutamate, was used as substrates for high biogas yield by M. soehngenii YH. The fermentation medium was optimized by response surface methodology. First, more compatible concentrations of malate, succinate and glutamate were ensured. In the second step, the concentrations of the three supplemental nutrients above were further optimized using a Box–Behnken design. The average biogas yield (450 mL), 61% higher than those of the control in five independent samples, was obtained on the laboratory scale with optimized initial additions of malate, succinate and glutamate corresponding to 0.52 g/L, 1.06 g/L and 0.33 g/L, respectively. These would lay a foundation for increasing the efficiency of biogas synthesis and exploring a late-model culture technics of M. soehngenii.

Biocompatible MgAl-CO3-LDH-derived layered double oxide (LDO) as the host and bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a model protein have been chosen to fabricate a novel bioinorganic nanohybrid (BSA-LDO). The structure, morphology and physicochemical properties of the obtained nanohybrids are investigated by XRD, FT-IR, SEM and UV-vis methods and the interaction between LDO and BSA molecules has been discussed. The application of these nanohybrids as drug carrier is primarily studied by examining the adsorption behaviors of three drugs.

Rice stalk were pretreated using low concentration alkali and ultrasound combination pretreatment, biogas anaerobic fermentation were used to estimate the pretreatment. The results showed that daily mean biogas production using combined pretreatment stalk was 35.32-48.42% higher than that merely using low concentration alkali pretreatment stalk, 67.79-76.65% higher than that of unpretreated stalk. pH of fermentation broth showed no difference using different pretreatment methods. The content of lignin in lignocellulose were remarkably decreased when low concentration alkali and ultrasound combination pretreatment was used to deal with stalk, almost 41.01% lignin in stalk degraded.