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Aim: To investigate the association between presence of caries in anterior teeth and bullying victimization in schoolchildren. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Brazil with a sample of 387 schoolchildren aged 6 to 10 years. The presence of moderate/extensive dental caries was assessed using the International System for the Evaluation and Detection of Dental Caries (ICDAS-II). The children answered the “Olweus Bullying” (QBO). Descriptive analyses were performed, and the associations between bullying victimization and independent variables collected were determined by univariate and multivariate Poisson regression. Results: The prevalence of bullying victimization was 66.4%. Bullying victimization was higher among children who had moderate/extensive caries in some anterior teeth (p= 0.010). 8-year-old (p= 0.048), 9-year-old (p= 0.001), and 10-year-old (p= 0.002) children reported greater bullying victimization when compared to 6-year-olds. Conclusion: The presence of moderate/extensive dental caries in anterior teeth is associated with bullying victimization in schoolchildren.

Purpose: This cross-sectional study aimed at evaluating the factors associated with flossing by caregivers in Brazilian young children. Methods: Its sample consisted of 305 children aged 1–3 and their mothers from the Brazilian city of Diamantina. They were selected through the Municipal Health Department from a list of registered children who had recently used the public health services. Data collection was done by means of the mothers answering a questionnaire which addressed economic and socio-demographic factors and also the mother and child characteristics and habits. In addition, an oral clinical examination was performed in order to assess Baume arch type and caries occurrence. Descriptive statistical analysis, chi-square test and Poisson regression were performed. Results: It was found that the sample presented a prevalent flossing habit in 20.3% of the subjects. The flossing habit in the children was associated with the mothers' own habit of flossing daily (PR 2.32; 95% CI 1.12–4.82) and with the frequent children’s tooth brushing by the mother (PR 2.85; 95% CI 1.05–7.76). Conclusion: A higher prevalence of flossing by caregivers in young children is associated with the mothers’ own habit of flossing daily and with the frequent children’s tooth brushing by the mother.

The proper management of construction and demolition waste (CDW) from the construction industry is an issue that has gained relevance over the last years and, in this context, research on the potential of using CDW in concrete construction has stood out. This work analysed the durability of concrete with CDW when exposed to aggressive agents. Prismatic and cylindrical samples were prepared using four mixtures: one reference (R) and three with 15%, 25%, and 50% of CDW, respectively. The experimental campaign included the measurement of the corrosion potential, compressive strength, water absorption by capillarity and immersion, and X-ray diffraction test. The results showed that the mixture with 50% CDW presented 16% higher compressive strength than the reference concrete. The mixtures with 25% and 50% CDW presented better results in the corrosion potential tests by the penetration of chloride ions. The results of the acceleration test of CO2, at the end of 28 days of exposure, showed that only the mixture with 50% CDW presented higher electronegative corrosion potential, -369.74 mV, and 9 mm of carbonation depth.

ABSTRACTOphiocordycepsspecies infecting ants are globally distributed, with diversity concentrated in the tropics and decreasing with increasing latitude. Among these myrmecophilous species, the ones exhibiting the ability to manipulate host behavior, the so-called “zombie-ant fungi” of the O. unilateralisclade, have been studied progressively over the last decade. However, we know very little about other myrmecophilous groups, such as species within the Ophiocordycepssubgenus Neocordyceps. Species within this group exhibit Hymenostilbeasexual morphs with the ascospores readily breaking into part-spores and regularly kill their hosts on the forest floor, with few records of behavioral manipulation. Here, we describe five new species of Ophiocordycepsbelonging to the subgenus Neocordycepsinfecting ants in the rainforests of the Brazilian Amazon and Ghana and analyze their ability to manipulate host behavior. We also propose a new status for a species previously described as a variety, providing its phylogenetic placement for the first time. The species proposed herein can readily be separated using classic taxonomic criteria, and this is further supported by ecological and molecular multiloci data.

Purpose: To evaluate the perceived impact of dental pain on oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) among children aged 1–3 years and their families. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 306 randomly selected preschool and day care children in the city of Diamantina, Brazil. Parents/caregivers answered a questionnaire on socio-demographic information, the Brazilian version of the Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale, their child’s general/oral health and the Brazilian version of the Dental Discomfort Questionnaire. The children underwent an oral examination. Descriptive statistics, Spearman’s correlations, the Kruskal–Wallis test, Mann–Whitney test and Poisson regression were used to determine associations between the variables (prevalence ratio [PR], α= 5%). Results: The prevalence of dental caries and dental pain was 43.1% and 40.2%, respectively. Dental pain (PR: 1.96, 95% CI 1.52–2.54; p< 0.001), monthly household income (PR: 1.38, 95% CI 1.04–1.83; p= 0.026) and dental caries (PR: 1.06, 95% CI 1.03–1.10; p< 0.001) were significantly associated with the perceived impact on OHRQoL. Conclusions: Dental pain, household income and dental caries were associated with a negative impact on the OHRQoL of children aged 1–3 years and their families.

To analyse the maternal identification of different stages of dental caries in children aged 1–3 years. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 274 children and their mothers. The mothers answered a questionnaire on the occurrence of dental caries in their children and completed questions addressing their demographic/socio-economic status. The oral examination of the children was performed using the International Caries Detection and Assessment System. Descriptive, Chi square test and Poisson regression statistical analyses were performed. The prevalence of initial and established/severe dental caries lesions by age were: 1 year (23.2 and 24.2%), 2 years (17.9 and 55.7%) and 3 years (23.3 and 60.3%) respectively. Significant associations between clinical examinations and the mothers' reports were observed among children aged 1 year old who had initial stage caries lesions (p = 0.006) and in children aged 1, 2 and 3 years old who had established/severe stage caries lesions (p < 0.001). After adjustment for confounding variables it was found that mothers were more able to identify dental caries both at initial (PR 4.01, 95% CI 1.35–11.94) and established/severe stages (PR 9.14, 95% CI 2.49–33.56) in children aged 1 year old. In children aged 2 and 3 years, this identification was more evident in the established/severe stage (2 years, PR 2.98, 95% CI 1.42–6.26; 3 years, PR 2.75, 95% CI 1.09–6.93). Mothers of children aged 1 year old identified dental caries at initial and established/severe stages. Mothers of children aged 2 and 3 years identified dental caries only at established/severe stages.

Aims. We report the first study of the peculiar ring galaxy HRG 54103which was previously classified as a Saturn-like type galaxy.

To determine whether malocclusion influences adolescents’ perception when judging their colleagues from the aspects of athletics, social and health status, leadership and academic skills. Front view photographs of the smile of eight adolescent volunteers (non-ideal smile) were altered to create an image with aligned teeth (ideal smile). Two parallel groups were programmed with the subjects’ photographs. When the image of an ideal smile of one of the subjects appeared in one of the groups, the image of the non-ideal appeared in the other. Two hundred adolescents were evaluators, half of the students being from private and half from public schools. They classified the group images indicating their social perception with respect to skills in sports, leadership, academic activities, popularity and the health conditions of each subject. The majority of photographs of subjects with an ideal smile were evaluated as being better when compared with photographs of the non-ideal smile. The differences in the evaluations between the ideal and non-ideal smiles were significant for the perception of popularity, intelligence, leadership capability and health, differently from the performance in sports, as this aspect did not attain statistical relevance. Malocclusion has influence on the perception of adolescents of different social levels when judging youngsters with or without malocclusion from the aspects of athletics, social and health status, leadership and academic skills.

Aims. We report the first study of the peculiar ring galaxy HRG?54103 which was previously classified as a Saturn-like type galaxy.Methods. The study is based on low resolution spectroscopy and photometric observations in the optical band to highlight the characteristics of this almost isolated galaxy. The colour distribution of HRG?54103 was examined through direct CCD BVRI Kron-Cousins system imagery. Color?color diagrams of the bulge and ring are displayed and further compared with the star-forming ring galaxy HRG 2302.Results. The results of image enhancement of the morphological structure of this galaxy are discussed. The nuclear emission-line spectrum resembles that of a Seyfert2/LINER object, with z = 0.022 and heliocentric V = 6483 ? 18?km?s-1, in agreement with the literature. The nuclear, bulge and ring section radial velocities along the ring major axis show a peculiar distribution, which together with the [N?ii]/H? and [S?ii]/H? ratios and image enhancement suggest an offset nucleus and an internal tilted ring or shell.Conclusions. HRG?54103 is a peculiar galaxy with an intermediate activity region, probably due to a residual excitation effect through the central AGN phenomenon. The individual sections of the color?color map are redder than a typical star-forming ring galaxy, in agreement with the behavior of the [S?ii]/H? versus [N?ii]/H? diagnostic diagram. The two bulge satellites, the plume-like appendix, and the disk-ring asymmetry suggest a possible merger event in the recent past of this object, which could also have caused its formation.

The International System for Education and Qualification of Welding Personnel has been implemented based on the harmonised European System for education and qualification of welding personnel. This paper gives an overview of the International System focusing on the training guidelines and the quality assurance system developed. Systems for harmonisation of Certification of Welding Personnel and for supporting companies using welding to implement ISO 3834 have been developed by EWF and are presently being transferred to IIW in line with the EWF/IIW agreement established in 2000.

A PCR assay with an internal amplification control was developed for Listeria monocytogenes. The assay has a 99% detection probability of seven cells per reaction. When tested against 38 L. monocytogenesstrains and 52 nontarget strains, the PCR assay was 100% inclusive (positive signal from target) and 100% exclusive (no positive signal from nontarget). The assay was then evaluated in a collaborative trial involving 12 European laboratories, where it was tested against an additional 14 target and 14 nontarget strains. In that trial, the inclusivity was 100% and the exclusivity was 99.4%, and both the accordance (repeatability) and the concordance (reproducibility) were 99.4%. The assay was incorporated within a method for the detection of L. monocytogenesin raw milk, which involves 24 h of enrichment in half-Fraser broth followed by 16 h of enrichment in a medium that can be added directly into the PCR. The performance characteristics of the PCR-based method were evaluated in a collaborative trial involving 13 European laboratories. In that trial, a specificity value (percentage of correct identification of blank samples) of 81.8% was obtained; the accordance was 87.9%, and the concordance was 68.1%. The sensitivity (correct identification of milk samples inoculated with 20 to 200 L. monocytogenescells per 25 ml) was 89.4%, the accordance was 81.2%, and the concordance was 80.7%. This method provides a basis for the application of routine PCR-based analysis to dairy products and other foodstuffs and should be appropriate for international standardization.

Members of the nuclear receptor superfamily of ligand-regulated transcription factors are targets of a wide range of lipophilic signaling molecules as well as several drugs and xenobiotics that modulate many aspects of physiology and metabolism. Agonist binding to receptors is associated with recruitment of coactivators, which are essential for activation of target gene transcription. However, several biochemical and molecular genetic studies have shown that a full understanding of the function of agonist-bound receptors must also accommodate the recruitment of corepressors. These factors may attenuate agonist-induced transactivation, act more transiently as part of a cycle of cofactors recruited to target promoters by ligand-bound receptors, or function in hormone-dependent repression of target gene expression.

Lachesis muta mutaand Bothrops atroxsnakes are responsible for most accidents occurring in the Amazon. The clinical features of the accidents are similar; however, there are still controversies about the efficacy of Bothropsantivenoms for treating L. m. mutaaccidents. In this work, we evaluated the antigenic cross-reactivity between these venoms using polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies and the efficacy of B. atroxand L. m. mutaexperimental antivenoms in cross-neutralizing the main toxic activities of each venom. Electrophoretic patterns differed consistently between the species. However, antigenic cross-reactivity was extensive except for a few bands. Several species-specific monoclonal antibodies were obtained by immunization of Balb/c mice with L. m. mutawhole venom or B. atroxand L. m. mutaspecific antigens. The monoclonal antibodies specific to L. m. mutarecognized different bands of this venom and the antibodies specific to B. atroxrecognized a complex pattern on whole venom by Western blotting. These antibodies are important tools for developing an immunoassay able to discriminate patients bitten by these snakes. The experiments involving cross-neutralization of the main activities of the venoms showed that hemorrhage and blood incoagulability induced by B. atroxvenom were similarly neutralized by both B. atroxand L. m. mutaantivenoms. However, B. atroxantivenom partially neutralized the hemorrhage and completely failed in neutralizing coagulopathy induced by L. m. mutavenom. Therefore, antigenic variation between B. atroxand L. m. mutavenoms does occur and the use of specific antivenom is suggested for patients bitten by Lachesissnakes.

The antarctic fish Notothenia coriiceps neglecta synthesizes eight antifreeze glycopeptides (AFGP 1-8; Mr 2600-34,000) to avoid freezing in its ice-laden freezing habitat. We report here the sequence of one of its AFGP genes. The structural gene contains 46 tandemly repeated segments, each encoding one AFGP peptide plus a 3-amino acid spacer. Most of the repeats (44/46) code for peptides of AFGP 8; the remaining 2 code for peptides of AFGP 7. At least 2 of the 3 amino acids in the spacers could act as substrate for chymotrypsin-like proteases. The nucleotide sequence between the translation initiation codon (ATG) and the first AFGP-coding segment is G + T-rich and encodes a presumptive 37-residue signal peptide of unusual sequence. Primer extension establishes the transcription start site at nucleotide 43 upstream from ATG. CAAT and TATA boxes begin at nucleotides 53 and 49, respectively, upstream from the transcription start site. The polyadenylylation signal, AATAAA, is located approximately 240 nucleotides downstream from the termination codon. A mRNA (approximately 3 kilobases) was found that matches the size of this AFGP gene. Thus, this AFGP gene encodes a secreted, high-copy-number polyprotein that is processed posttranslationally to produce active AFGPs.

In the title compound, C5H14N3+·H2PO4−, the cation has a central guanidinium fragment with a planar geometry, as expected for a central Csp2atom with a small charge delocalization along the three C—N bonds. The crystal packing is governed by hydrogen bonds so that the phosphate anions are linked head to tail, forming chains running parallel to the cdirection. These chains in turn are interconnected by hydrogen bonds to intermediate tetra­methyl­guanidinium cations forming hydrogen‐bonded molecular layers stacked parallel to the bccrystal planes.