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This study aims to explore the potential of existing digital solutions to improve the quality and safety of healthcare and analyse the emerging trend of digital medicine. Systematic Literature Review (SLR) of the period 1973–2018. To select articles, a prioritization index is proposed, aggregating the characteristics of the score of journals (2017 basis), number of article citations and year of publication, through the Simple Multi-attribute Rating Technique Exploiting Ranks (SMARTER) method. Of the 749 articles listed, 53 were selected and analysed. The majority of research in digital medicine has been focused on integrated management, electronic medical records and medical images, but a research trend is observed in new areas such as virtual service, the use of portable devices as instruments for monitoring the patient and concern about the privacy of medical documents. Categorization in seven areas was carried out, focusing on integrated management of information technology in health, medical images, electronic medical records, development of portable, mobile devices in health, access to e-health, telemedicine and privacy of medical data. Longitudinal analysis of systematized studies, keeping the focus on digital technological developments in health is a trend to extend researchers’ vision, by providing important indications for further study. Suggestions for future investigations are formulated for each identified category. This study reveals great possibilities for SLR with the use of Simple Multi-attribute Rating Technique Exploiting Ranks (SMARTER).

Ethical leadership can lead to preparing the ground for employee voice, highlighting employees’ creativity, and encouraging knowledge-sharing behavior in the organization. Thus, this study examines the impact of ethical leadership on organizational identity with the mediating role of employee voice in digital startups. However, previous studies investigating the relationship between ethical leadership and organizational identity disregarded the intervening role of employee voice in this relationship. A cross-sectional design using a sample of 137 managers of digital startups in science parks. Through the PLS3 software, the results show that employees tend to discuss their work-related opinions and concerns more often if they consider their leaders trustworthy, and this can lead to competitive advantage and quick responses to environmental crises. According to the findings of this study, ethical leadership can prepare the ground for employee voice, highlight employees’ creativity, and encourage knowledge-sharing behavior in the organization. Hence, we suggest that leaders demonstrate personal integrity, openly receive employees’ ideas and recommendations, treat employees impartially, and attempt to maximize the benefits to their employees.

The literature on university–industry relations suggests the need for greater clarification and deeper systematization of the University–Industry cooperation process. This study aims, using a systematic review of the literature to deepen the University–Industry state of the artand identify the main research trends. ISI's Web of Sciencewas the database used, and a Bibliographic Coupling bibliometric analysiswas performed. Based on the outcomes of the literature review, we could identify four clusters: (1) motivations and barriers to cooperation, (2) determinant factors, (3) government measures, and (4) Intersector technological cooperation. This article reveals that industries are willing and motivated to engage in cooperation agreements with universities due to knowledge and technology transfer, however, some barriers will have to be overcome. Based on the existing literature, an agenda for further research was laid out.

Purpose: This study examines how emerging market multinational enterprises operating in the service sector manage knowledge and team members in their overseas subsidiaries and what role expatriates play in their operations. Design/methodology/approach: The authors use a multiple case study design and interview 20 senior managers representing 16 Indian IT firm's subsidiaries in Australia. The onsite-offshore concept and the SECI model are used to explain the knowledge management process. Findings: The findings show that Indian IT firms mostly transfer knowledge from their headquarters in the parent country to their subsidiaries in the host country using the onsite-offshore model where work is divided and coordinated between team members situated between the two locations. Furthermore, the host country subsidiaries have limited independence in decision-making due to a forward, one-way diffusion of knowledge, thus limiting a two-way interaction between the HQ and the subsidiary for opportunities to create and exchange new knowledge. Originality/value: The study is one of the few to investigate the onsite-offshore phenomenon in service-based emerging market multinational enterprises.

Purpose: This paper aims to verify co-creation behavior and understand a relationship between perception of service quality, loyalty and co-creation, from Starbucks customers' perspective. Design/methodology/approach: A quantitative methodology was carried out, operationalized by applying a questionnaire to a sample of 385 respondents. Findings: The results showed that service quality has a positive impact on loyalty and co-creation behavior in all its aspects; loyalty can be considered an important attribute in the intention of co-creation by customers. Originality/value: This research extends the current knowledge on the subject and examines the associations between other attributes discussed. The implications of the study suggest strategic directions for using the clients' co-creation as a competitive alternative and generating value.

AbstractThis paper examines developments in the research on immigrant entrepreneurship and strategy based on a systematic literature review of the Web of Science and Scopus databases. This aims to recognise the issues around strategy approached by academic research on immigrant entrepreneurship and furthermore identify the strategies applied by immigrant entrepreneurs in the creation, survival, and growth of their businesses. The results demonstrate how seven themes span the core of the 67 selected studies: i) Opportunity recognition and business creation processes, ii) Adaptation and survival strategies, iii) Ethnicity influences on immigrant entrepreneur strategies, iv) Multicultural and breaking-out strategies, v) Internationalisation strategies and transnational business, vi) Differences between immigrants and non-immigrants as entrepreneurs, and vii) Governmental and support organisation policies. Our key findings reveal that the competitive advantage of immigrant entrepreneurs derives from their ability, firstly, to gain benefits from their communities (the ethnic enclave strategy), before then integrating with the mainstream market in their host country (break-out strategy) and, finally, expanding to other countries, mainly through transnational business dealings (internationalisation strategies).

This study seeks to identify the variables that foster informal entrepreneurship and analyses the effects of the financial crisis and subsequent recession and earnings inequalities within the European context for this type of entrepreneurship. To this end, we made recourse to a diverse range of international databases and, following the application of multiple regression econometric modelling for panel data, we are able to demonstrate how individual sociodemographic characteristics generate a positive effect on informal entrepreneurship. Furthermore, the financial crisis and recession returned a mediating effect between the sociodemographic characteristics and informal entrepreneurship. We thus contribute towards deepening the knowledge in the literature on informal entrepreneurship.

This study aimed to bibliometrically analyse entrepreneurship from the resource-based view perspective applying the value, rarity, imitability and organisation (VRIO) model as a strategic tool. A systematic literature review, thorough bibliometric analysis, was performed through the articles obtained from the web of science (WoS) database in the period spanned ranged from 1990 to 2018. We classified the literature into five groups: (i) strategic entrepreneurship and sustainable competitiveness advantage; (ii) firm performance and internationalisation; (iii) entrepreneurial activities at university; (iv) enterprise dynamic capability and (v) strategic management processes. The literature includes no studies linking entrepreneurship and resource-based view (RBV). Furthermore, this proposes a research agenda able to serve as a basis for future research in the entrepreneurial strategy field.

This study sought to analyse the impact of the creation and acquisition of knowledge in company coopetition and innovation, as well as the effect of coopetition and innovation on internationalisation. The analysis used variables included in the database of the Community Innovation Survey - CIS 2012, to which multivariate statistical tests were applied. The results reveal that the creation process, including knowledge creation, has an impact on company innovation and coopetition. In addition, innovation has a positive impact on the internationalisation of enterprises. Thus, companies that promote knowledge creation and acquisition and that implement coopetition strategies innovate significantly more, thereby promoting internationalisation. This study's results contribute to validating the importance of investment in knowledge - supported by coopetition strategies -as a way to understand trends and to plan and define innovation strategies that contribute to companies' entry into the global market.

Despite its growing relevance, research on strategic entrepreneurship has been dispersed and fragmented. This study attempts to fill this gap and analyze the state-of-the-art of strategic entrepreneurship, identifying, and systematizing the main themes found in the literature and pointing to future research paths that researchers in the future can explore. To build a solid foundation and facilitate the development of this field, we reviewed and synthesized 85 key articles published to date with resources on bibliometric techniques. Our study provides a comprehensive field mapping and grouping of the literature into four main themes: entrepreneurship and strategic management, entrepreneurial orientation, corporate entrepreneurship, and exploitation and exploration. In addition, we identify key research gaps and promising areas for future research.

This study analyses the potential influences of entrepreneurial framework conditions on the economic growth of OECD countries. We correspondingly divided these countries into groups according to their income level (high- and upper-middle-income economies) with the data, structured into an unbalanced dynamic longitudinal panel (2000–2020), obtained from the National Expert Survey, Global Monitor Entrepreneurship and the World Bank. After applying the generalised method of moments, we may report that commercial, professional, physical and service infrastructures, government support and policies, R&D transfers, cultural and social norms and financing entrepreneurs positively affect economic growth independently of the national income level. Basic entrepreneurial education does not attain significance in explaining the economic growth of high-income economies and post-education is not significant in explaining the economic growth of upper-middle-income economies. Furthermore, government programmes generate negative effects on the economic growth of OECD countries when considered jointly and individually in high-income economies but with a positive effect on upper-middle-income economies that display an inverse behaviour in the case of the effects of taxes and bureaucracy. The upper-middle-income economies also registered a negative effect in terms of internal market dynamics and openness even while this factor returned positive effects in high-income economies.

There is an ongoing scholarly debate regarding the compatibility of sustained high levels of firm-level growth with today's environmental sustainability goals, which include targets for limiting carbon emissions and avoiding further biodiversity loss. In this study, we aim to explore this issue through a quantitative analysis of the relationship between firm-level growth and sustainable innovation (i.e., all innovations with benefits for the environment) within an international sample of small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). To accomplish this, we utilise micro-data from the Community Innovation Survey, based on the conceptual framework provided by the Oslo Manual. By employing econometric models, we demonstrate that sustainable innovations promote SME growth. Specifically, we find that SMEs implementing sustainable innovations experience higher growth compared to those that do not practice them. Our research not only contributes to the existing literature in economics and management by providing more extensive knowledge but it also identifies several policy and management implications. Furthermore, we seek to offer novel insights into the importance of sustainable innovations adopted by growth-oriented SMEs.

Purpose: There has been a diverse range of research on the factors enabling informal entrepreneurship as well as the means to avoid or to eradicate its incidence. However, the authors may also identify how a significant proportion of research on this field of study centres around developing economies and correspondingly justifying the application of such analysis to countries with different levels of economic development as is the case of Europe. The purpose of this paper is to depict the ways in which economic and political institutions influence informal entrepreneurship. Design/methodology/approach: To this end, the authors apply aggregate data at the national level collected from different sources, in particular the World Bank, the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor and Freedom House, for the years between 2006 and 2015 and for 23 European countries amounting to a total of 229 observations (unbalanced panel). Findings: Through recourse to econometric estimations, based upon multiple regression model methodologies for panel data, the authors may report that the greater the quality of economic and political institutions, the lower the level of informal entrepreneurship. Originality/value: The authors thus seek to contribute towards a better understanding of the influence of institutions and the policies that may feasibly influence informal entrepreneurship.

Purpose: This paper aims to study the effects of cross-border psychological determinants among students of two Iberian universities (Portugal and Spain) on entrepreneurial intentions. Design/methodology/approach: Based on previous literature, the studies do not include any model that simultaneously uses self-efficacy, risk-taking propensity and proactive personality as psychological determinants of entrepreneurial intentions. Here, the authors try to fill this gap by developing an integrative psychological model about the formation of entrepreneurial intentions, including all these variables as the main preceding factors to entrepreneurial initiative and their influence on intentions for self-employment. Taking a sample of 293 university students from both countries, the authors empirically test regression models to analyse hold influence over the preference expressed in terms of becoming an entrepreneur. Findings: The results show differences between two countries regarding to entrepreneurial intentions. In terms of the motivations present for launching a business, the higher they are the greater the preference over the option to work for third parties. Originality/value: In addition, and in terms of the variable perceived ease of launching a company, the higher this rises, the lower the level of preference for working for third party entities. Furthermore, the greater the level of perception in terms of the social value of entrepreneurship, the greater the preference for becoming an entrepreneur.

Purpose: Environmental-related technology transfer is increasingly being viewed as a policy issue and a business goal to be pursued by countries in order to increase their global competitiveness. Despite this policy importance, the research analysing environmental-related technology transfer comparing international rates of participation is limited. The paper aims to discuss this issue. Design/methodology/approach: The authors analyse the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) data using econometric analysis to compare environmental-related technology patents between Portugal and Australia in terms of environmental management, water-related adaptation, and climate change mitigation. Findings: The results suggest that environmental-related patents, in turn, are always registered in greater numbers by Australia than by Portugal but with both countries outpaced by the OECD average. Research limitations/implications: The research implications are that Australia has more international cooperation around the development of environmental-related technology patents than Portugal. Practical implications: The authors find that overall these patents do not have any statistically significant effect on predicting gross domestic product growth but there has been a higher number of patents for Australia focusing on water-related adaptation technology than for Portugal, which may be a result of policies aimed at increasing effective use of water in Australia. Originality/value: The results of the analysis suggest that the OECD member state cooperation increases the number of environmental-related technology patents and serves as a mechanism to facilitate internationalisation.

This study established a broad theoretical framework combining agency theory and resource and capacity theory. We sought evidence of these theories' implications for corporate entrepreneurship (CE) and an understanding of how corporate entrepreneurship affects performance. To identify relationships between these theories and concepts, we designed a research model and tested it using data from a questionnaire to 114 multinational firms. Findings provide general support for this theory, indicating that CE is positively associated with principal management-based incentives and capabilities on performance.

AbstractUnderstanding customer loyalty has been a growing concern for the services industry. In a context of increasing competitive pressures, such loyalty is seen as a key element in service companies’ success. Maintaining customer loyalty and identifying its underlying factors, however, are recognizably difficult to do. Grounded on the use of cognitive mapping techniques, this paper proposes a knowledge-based framework for the identification of the key determinants of customer loyalty, and the relationships among them. A step-by-step guide to the development of such a framework is presented, and illustrated through a practical application in the banking context. The resulting findings are supportive of the applicability of such methods for understanding customer loyalty, and the improvement of long-term relationships with customers. They are furthermore indicative of new ways in which knowledge can be incorporated into management activities to improve service outcomes. Some managerial implications of our contribution and avenues for future research are also reported.

The Balkans is a geographic region comprising a number of transition economies, which are becoming increasingly important in the international business environment. This paper uses data from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (2009 to 2013) to test a series of models aimed at understanding the reasons individuals start new businesses. The literature about entrepreneurship in transition economies and the role of knowledge dissemination is stated, highlighting the role of internal and external knowledge sources. The analysis indicates that in the Balkans intrinsic knowledge in the form of individual capabilities for launching an enterprise and the required skills to start a business. In addition, our analysis shows that internal and external knowledge continue to confer advantages in starting formal businesses in the Balkans region. The findings suggest that the Balkans area is growing in entrepreneurial capability and this is important for future policy directions at the European regional level and country perspective. Suggestions for future research about Balkans entrepreneurship are stated together with implications for managers and public policy planners.

Entrepreneurial universities can bridge innovation and the entrepreneurial ecosystems to emerge as knowledge providers and capability aggregators that catalyse regional and national economic and social development. Given their prominent role in society, this study seeks to understand how entrepreneurial teaching and learning, preparing and supporting entrepreneurs, and digital transformation and capabilities (HEInnovate dimensions) influence the development of graduates' entrepreneurial activities.

This research aims to identify the factors which influence the location of technology-based firms. For this purpose, a conceptual research model on the location of firms, based on the neoclassical, behavioural and institutional views is developed. In order to reach these objectives, an empirical study was developed based on a questionnaire filled by 203 technology-based firms located in the Beira Interior region (Portugal). The resulting data was subject to two types of statistical analyses: bivariate and multivariate analyses. It was possible to identify crucial factors that mostly influence the location of these firms. These factors were: founder’s wish to live in a particular locality, employees’ wish to live in that particular locality; proximity to the residence of the founder; birthplace of the founder; and the level of economic activity in the region.

This study analyzes the predictive factors influencing the entrepreneurial intentions of students at higher education institutions (HEIs) in a peripheral European region. The study includes a sample of 594 students and uses structural equation models for data analysis. The results show that the attitude to behavior and perceived behavioral control positively influence entrepreneurial intention. Furthermore, subjective norms positively impact the attitude to behavior and perceived behavioral control. ‘Closer’ valuation (i.e., of family, friends, etc) influences attitude to behavior and social valuation positively impacts subjective norms. This research contributes to the literature on entrepreneurial intention as it complements the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) with two environmental factors: closer valuation and social valuation. This is important because it provides evidence of whether the environment of the country in question influences entrepreneurial intention and indicates the need for investment in entrepreneurship education. Consequently, the study contributes to the literature by identifying educational factors that may influence students to become entrepreneurs in a peripheral European region. Further, this paper tests the relationship between the attitude towards behavior and subjective norms, perceived behavioral control and subjective norms, something not proposed in the original TPB model.

This study aims to map and identify the characteristics, methodologies, and results of empirical studies on entrepreneurial orientation (EO) at higher education institutions (HEI). A systematic literature review (SLR) was carried out using the Scopus database to do this. The findings show few studies on EO in the HEI context. There is also a lack of studies exploring the interrelationships between the EO of HEIs, the EO of students, and the EO of outreach structures. This research proposes an EO structure for the HEI context, setting out the dimensions, antecedents, moderators, and results of this construct, enabling future studies to achieve broader and deeper reflection on the importance of EO within the HEI context.

Calls for more in-depth research on the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation (EO) and business performance have been dominant. Thus, this research explores whether the relationship between EO and the performance of small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) is conditioned (or affected) by some moderating factors. A framework is proposed which considers how networks, environmental conditions, entrepreneur’s experience, and entrepreneur’s level of education can moderate this relationship. From a sample of 204 SMEs, our study shows that not all factors, internal and external to the EO, have the same effect. Although the entrepreneur’s experience (as an internal factor) and the nature of the environment (external factor) have not been shown to influence the relationship between the EO and the performance of the SMEs, we found that both education and networks positively impact the EO and performance relationship.