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ABSTRACTIntroductionThere is a need for investment in manufacturing for vaccine microarray patches (vMAPs) to accelerate vMAP development and access. vMAPs could transform vaccines deployment and reach to everyone, everywhere.Areas coveredWe outline vMAPs’ potential benefits for epidemic preparedness and for outreach in low- and lower-middle-income countries (LMICs), share lessons learned from pandemic response, and highlight that investment in manufacturing-at-risk could accelerate vMAP development.Expert opinionPilot manufacturing capabilities are needed to produce clinical trial material and enable emergency response. Funding vMAP manufacturing scale-up in parallel to clinical proof-of-concept studies could accelerate vMAP approval and availability. Incentives could mitigate the risks of establishing multi-vMAP manufacturing facilities early.

Various long-awaited efficacy studies of vaccines and broadly neutralising antibodies for prevention of HIV are now well underway in highly endemic settings. One broadly neutralising monoclonal antibody is being assessed for proof of concept, and combinations are in the pipeline. Two multicomponent prime-and-boost vaccine regimens are being evaluated, one of which is designed for global coverage. These multicomponent vaccines present a new level of complexity that will challenge health delivery systems. We recommend that while awaiting the results, which will appear in 2020–22, the target product profiles and full public value proposition for both categories of products should be defined, and the regulatory, policy, and implementation pathways should be prepared. Economic and health benefits, cost of goods, administrative complexity, and user perspectives will be key considerations for the roll-out of effective products. Investments in manufacturing capacity and public-sector delivery systems will be needed to prepare for product introduction and scale-up. We propose a prioritisation of activities on the basis of a broad stakeholder consultation organised by WHO and UNAIDS.

When liposomes are used to present haptens and T-independent antigens to the immune system the response is primarily of the IgM type. This response can be switched to a potent IgG type by the incorporation within the liposomal structure of either exogenous T-epitopes, immunostimulants, or both.The capability of liposomes to co-present separate B-and T-epitopes and immunostimulants, without the necessity for covalent conjugation, thus makes them ideal candidates as carriers for vaccines where the immune response is limited to recognition of T-epitopes within the antigen.