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An Ni–P alloy coating was obtained by electrodeposition on a 45 carbon steel substrate. The surface appearance of the coating was characterised by Hitachi S-4800 scanning electron microscope. The electrodeposition behaviour was investigated using electrochemical methods. The results showed that the Ni–P alloy coating was dense and smooth. The electrodeposition of the Ni–P alloy followed the mechanism of three-dimensional nucleation and subsequent grain growth. The main deposition process changed from heterogeneous nucleation/growth of Ni onto the 45 carbon steel substrate to heterogeneous nucleation/growth of Ni–P onto Ni film. There was low frequency scatter on electrochemical impedance spectroscopy plots, which can be attributed to the production of gas. With increasing negative bias voltage, the low frequency scatter became more obvious, and the charge transfer resistances Rctand Rpincreased.

Real-time measurement of river flow velocity below the ice in winter is a tough problem. An experimental apparatus of a new thrust flow transducer based on the properties of particle phase is proposed in this paper. The traction cable's pull force which is given by the floating ball in the fluid can be measured by the experimental apparatus. Then the force values of the rigid floating ball are used to calculate fluid thrust on the floating ball. Finally, the velocity can be evaluated by an empirical formula between the fluid velocity and fluid thrust on the floating ball. Such a new thrust flow transducer is simple and requires only low costs. It can not only be used for measuring the surface velocity of rivers, water channels, lakes, and oceans, but can also be used for automatic measuring the velocity of water including frazil slush which is found below the ice sheets of rivers, water channels, lakes, and oceans in freezing conditions.