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Mobility as a service (MaaS) is a newly emerging concept that is mainly focused on user mobility needs. MaaS is expected to reshape the way people travel and improve future urban mobility. However, research shows that there is neither a consensus on an unequivocal MaaS definition nor a universal best way to evaluate and compare MaaS schemes. Thus, given the large differences between MaaS packages, this research provides new insights into what is offered in a variety of MaaS platforms with special concerns related to functionalities and information types, customisation, and possible integration of specific societal goals. For that purpose, various European MaaS providers/platforms were explored under the PriMaaS partnership, composed of heterogeneous regions. Data were aggregated and analysed applying cross-tabulation and clustering techniques. The proposed approach led to relevant factors, such as Payment, Customisation, and Trip Planning. Relationships between platform characteristics and societal goals suggest these can be used as a conceptual foundation. Our study provides a baseline for establishing a conceptual framework to develop sustainable MaaS indicators, which would help citizens using MaaS more efficiently and support MaaS providers and operators in developing sustainable business models.

The concept of MaaS has been described as a new way of managing urban and regional Mobility and facilitating the reduction of dependence on the individual vehicle. MaaS systems have been characterized through a single indicator so far, just providing information about the services available to the users or the level of technology used. However, to facilitate the comparison between various platforms by the potential users and facilitate the discussion between stakeholders, it is essential to provide a broader set of measures to evaluate each platform. In this work, we propose a multidimensional system based on three dimensions (coverage, functionality, and sustainability) based on pairs of indicators (geographical coverage and multimodality level; services and technology; contribution to social cohesion and the environment). The analysis of a dozen of mobility services in several European countries confirmed the notion that the MaaS is still in the preliminary development phase, and there is still a considerable margin of progress given the effective penetration in the market of large-scale systems, with advanced integration levels and effective demonstration of societal impacts.