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Parkinson's disease (PD) causes impairments in cortical structures leading to motor and cognitive symptoms. While common disease management and treatment strategies mainly depend on the subjective assessment of clinical scales and patients' diaries, research in recent years has focused on advances in automatic and objective tools to help with diagnosing PD and determining its severity. Due to the link between brain structure deficits and physical symptoms in PD, objective brain activity and body motion assessment of patients have been studied in the literature. This study aimed to explore the relationship between brain activity and body motion measures of people with PD to look at the feasibility of diagnosis or assessment of PD using these measures. In this study, we summarised the findings of 24 selected papers from the complete literature review using the Scopus database. Selected studies used both brain activity recording using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) and motion assessment using sensors for people with PD in their experiments. Results include 1) the most common study protocol is a combination of single tasks. 2) Prefrontal cortex is mostly studied region of interest in the literature. 3) Oxygenated haemoglobin (HbO$_{2}$) concentration is the predominant metric utilised in fNIRS, compared to deoxygenated haemoglobin (HHb). 4) Motion assessment in people with PD is mostly done with inertial measurement units (IMUs) and electronic walkway. 5) The relationship between brain activity and body motion measures is an important factor that has been neglected in the literature.

Background: The chaperone activity of α-crystallin (α-Cry) plays an important role in maintenance of eye lens transparency. Various mutations in the α-Cry genes have been indicated to cause cataract diseases in human. Also, the calcium imbalance has been shown to induce aggregation in α-Cry. We investigated the impact of calcium ion on structure, chaperone activity of the recombinant wild-type and mutant R12C αA-Cry. We suggested that the raise of calcium level in eye lens is an additional contributory factor accelerating the development of cataract diseases in patients with R12C mutation. Objectives: The main objective of this study was to investigate the impact of calcium ion on structure, chaperone activity and amyloidogenic properties of the recombinant wild-type and mutant R12C αA-Cry, in a comparative study. Methods: The mutagenesis was performed on confirmed αA-Cry cDNA in pET-28b (+) which applied as a template to generate R12C mutant, using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and a Quick Change Lightning Multi Site-Directed Mutagenesis kit (Stratgene). Both wild-type and mutant plasmids were chemically transformed into E.coli BL21 (DE3) and the respective recombinant proteins over-expressed in LB broth. The protein purification was done using Q-Sepharose anion exchange and Sephacryl S-300 gel filtration chromatography. The purified αA-Cry samples were incubated with different concentrations of calcium ion (0-40 mM) at 37 °C for 1 week. The secondary and tertiary structural analyses of each protein were performed by far-UV CD and Try/Trp and ANS fluorescence assessments, respectively. The assessment of chaperone activity was done spectrophotometrically in both thermal and chemical-induced aggregation systems using γ-Cry and bovine pancreatic insulin as the substrate proteins, respectively. Also, the amyloidogenic properties of proteins was investigated by CR absorption and ThT fluorescence measurements. Results: The results of fluorescence and CD assessments suggested the significant secondary and tertiary structural alterations upon R12C mutation. R12C mutant αA-Cry demonstrated preserved secondary and tertiary structures in the presence of calcium. The chaperone activity of wild-type and mutant R12C αA-Cry was reduced in the presence of calcium. Also, the extent of chaperone activity reduction was significantly higher for R12C αA-Cry. Both wild-type and mutant R12C αA-Cry revealed slight amount of aggregation when incubated with different calcium concentrations for 1 week, at 37 °C. However, the susceptibility of both proteins for aggregation was significantly increased in the presence of 40 mM calcium, at the elevated temperature (60 °C). Also, the mutant protein exhibited extensive disulfide bridge cross-linking as indicated by gel electrophoresis. Moreover, the mutant R12C αA-Cry significantly resists against amyloid fibril formation in the presence of calcium ion compared to the wild-type protein as indicated by CR and ThT assessments. Conclusion: Our data suggested that αA-Cry conformational changes occurring upon R12C mutation and further functional damages induced by calcium may play an important role in the pathomechanism of the cataract development by this mutant protein.

The simple aggregation of insulin under various chemical and physical stresses is still an important challenge for both pharmaceutical production and clinical formulation. In the storage form, this protein is subjected to various chemical modifications which alter its physicochemical and aggregation properties. Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) which is the most widely used medicine worldwide has been indicated to acetylate a large number of proteins both in vitroand in vivo. In this study, as insulin treated with aspirin at 37°C, a significant level of acetylation was observed by flourescamine and o-phthalaldehyde assay. Also, different spectroscopic techniques, gel electrophoresis, and microscopic assessment were applied to compare the structural variation and aggregation/fibrillation propensity among acetylated and non-acetylated insulin samples. The results of spectroscopic assessments elucidate that acetylation induces insulin unfolding which is accompanied with the exposure of protein hydrophobic patches, a transition from alpha-helix to beta-sheet and increased propensity of the protein for aggregation. The kinetic studies propose that acetylation increases aggregation rate of insulin under both thermal and chemical stresses. Also, gel electrophoresis and dynamic light scattering experiments suggest that acetylation induces insulin oligomerization. Additionally, the results of Thioflavin T fluorescence study, Congo red absorption assessment, and microscopic analysis suggest that acetylation with aspirin enhances the process of insulin fibrillation. Overall, the increased susceptibility of acetylated insulin for aggregation may reflect the fact that this type of modification has significant structural destabilizing effect which finally makes the protein more vulnerable for pathogenic aggregation/fibrillation.