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Two novel plasma chemistries, BI3and BBr3, have been employed for dry etching of LaCaMnO3thin films. For both mixtures there is some chemical enhancement of etch rates at low halide compositions in the discharge, and the rates are a strong function of ion/neutral ratio. Maximum rates are obtained at ratios near 0.02. Etch yields are typically low (<0.3) under inductively-coupled plasma (CICP) conditions. Smoothdsurface morphologies are obtained over a wide range of conditions, with high-fidelity pattern transfer using SiO2or SiNxmasks.

MOD5, a nuclear gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, encodes two isozymic forms of a tRNA-modification enzyme. These enzymes modify both cytoplasmic and mitochondrial tRNAs. Two inframe ATGs of the MOD5 gene are used for initiation of translation, and the form of the protein translated from the first AUG is imported into mitochondria. Protein translated from the second AUG functions in the cytoplasm. Since all transcripts contain both of these translational start sites and two proteins are made, the question arises as to the factors that influence the translation start-site choice. Extending the 5' ends of the MOD5 mRNA to include leader sequences of the ADH1 (alcohol dehydrogenase defective) transcript produces significant changes in the choice of AUGs. This suggests that for wild-type MOD5 transcripts, the length or structure of the leader sequence plays a role in AUG choice. The nucleotides surrounding the first ATG of MOD5 also have an effect on translation initiation. Altering these nucleotides changes initiation choice and suggests that ribosomal bypass of a suboptimal AUG is another mechanism controlling the alternate use of two initiation codons. Our data support the model that at least one MOD5 transcript is able to produce two proteins with different N-terminal sequences.

The mod5-1 mutation is a nuclear mutation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae that reduces the biosynthesis of N6-(delta 2-isopentenyl)adenosine in both cytoplasmic and mitochondrial tRNAs to less than 1.5% of wild-type levels. The tRNA modification enzyme, delta 2-isopentenyl pyrophosphate:tRNA isopentenyl transferase, cannot be detected in vitro with extracts from mod5-1 cells. A characterization of the MOD5 gene would help to determine how the same enzyme activity in different cellular compartments can be abolished by a single nuclear mutation. To that end we have cloned the MOD5 gene and shown that it restores delta 2-isopentenyl pyrophosphate:tRNA isopentenyl transferase activity and N6-(delta 2-isopentenyl)adenosine to tRNA in both the mitochondria and the nucleus/cytoplasm compartments of mod5-1 yeast cells. That MOD5 sequences are expressed in Escherichia coli and can complement an N6-(delta 2-isopentenyl)-2-methylthioadenosine-deficient E. coli mutant leads us to conclude that MOD5 is the structural gene for delta 2-isopentenyl pyrophosphate:tRNA isopentenyl transferase.

MOD5, a gene responsible for the modification of A37 to isopentenyl A37 of both cytosolic and mitochondrial tRNAs, encodes two isozymes. Initiation of translation at the first AUG of the MOD5 open reading frame generates delta 2-isopentenyl pyrophosphate:tRNA isopentanyl transferase I (IPPT-I), which is located predominantly, but not exclusively, in the mitochondria. Initiation of translation at a second AUG generates IPPT-II, which modifies cytoplasmic tRNA. IPPT-II is unable to target to mitochondria. The N-terminal sequence present in IPPT-I and absent in IPPT-II is therefore necessary for mitochondrial targeting. In these studies, we fused MOD5 sequences encoding N-terminal regions to genes encoding passenger proteins, pseudomature COXIV and dihydrofolate reductase, and studied the ability of these chimeric proteins to be imported into mitochondria both in vivo and in vitro. We found that the sequences necessary for mitochondrial import, amino acids 1 to 11, are not sufficient for efficient mitochondrial targeting and that at least some of the amino acids shared by IPPT-I and IPPT-II comprise part of the mitochondrial targeting information. We used indirect immunofluorescence and cell fractionation to locate the MOD5 isozymes in yeast. IPPT-I was found in two subcellular compartments: mitochondria and the cytosol. We also found that IPPT-II had two subcellular locations: nuclei and the cytosol. The nuclear location of this protein is surprising because the A37-->isopentenyl A37 modification had been predicted to occur in the cytoplasm. MOD5 is one of the first genes reported to encode isozymes found in three subcellular compartments.

MOD5 is one of several genes that code for enzymes found in mitochondria and another cellular compartment. Like other such genes, it contains two in-frame ATGs that could be used to produce two proteins, differing from each other by an amino-terminal extension. Certain other genes produce heterogeneous mRNAs with some 5' ends falling upstream of the longest open reading frame and some 5' ends falling between the first and second ATGs. In these cases, selection of transcription start sites appears to play a significant role in translation start site selection. MOD5, in contrast, produces mRNAs with 5' ends that all fall upstream of both ATGs. To determine how MOD5 encodes isozymes that are located in different cellular compartments and to determine whether they differ in structure, we constructed MOD5 and MOD5-COXIV fusions with mutations of the first, second, or both ATGs. The effect of these alterations on protein production, tRNA modification, and cellular location was assessed. Both the first and second ATGs are used to produce MOD5 protein in vivo, but only the long form of the protein is imported into mitochondria. Thus, the first 11 amino acids present on the amino-terminal extended protein are necessary for mitochondrial import. Surprisingly, this extension does not promote complete import of the long form of the protein, but rather a functional pool of the extended protein remains in the cytoplasm. The amino-terminal extension is also unusual because it is probably not proteolytically removed upon import and therefore does not constitute part of a mitochondrial presequence.

The article focuses on a research performed in the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) Space Physics Simulation Chamber Laboratory with the use of a Space Chamber device aiming to examine the effect of near Earth space plasma on spacecraft systems, development of plasma sensors, and testing spacecraft hardware as of January 1, 2013. Topics include plasma parameter diagnostics, particle interaction in radiation belts, and observation of electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves.