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Andreas Natsch, Head of In Vitro Molecular Screening at Givaudan Schweiz, details a new breakthrough at OECD level Allergic reactions to ingredients are probably the most frequent side-effects of the [...]

Chloroazaphosphatranes, the corresponding halogenophosphonium cations of the Verkade superbases, were evaluated as a new motif for halogen bonding (XB). Their modulable synthesis allowed for synthetizing chloroazaphosphatranes with various substituents on the nitrogen atoms. The binding constants determined from NMR titration experiments for Cl–, Br–, I–, AcO–, and CN–anions are comparable to those obtained with conventional iodine-based monodentate XB receptors. Remarkably, the protonated azaphosphatrane counterparts display no affinity for anions under the same conditions. The strength of the XB interaction is, to some extent, related to the basicity of the corresponding Verkade superbase. The halogen bonding abilities of this new class of halogen donor motif were also revealed by the Δδ(31P) NMR shift observed in CD2Cl2solution in the presence of triethylphosphine oxide (TEPO). Thus, chloroazaphosphatranes constitute a new class of halogen bond donors, expanding the repertory of XB motifs mainly based on CAr–I bonds.

NOSO-502 is a preclinical antibiotic candidate of the odilorhabdin class. This compound exhibits activity against Enterobacteriaceaepathogens, including carbapenemase-producing bacteria and most of the colistin (CST)-resistant strains.

Objective: Determine the frequency of granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) associated with non-identified ANCA (non-MPO, non-PR3 ANCA) and secondarily compare their clinic with GPA associated with MPO-positive or PR3-positive ANCA.Methods:In a monocentric retrospective observational study, clinical data of 398 patients with non-identified ANCA (titer of ANCA at least 1/80 by immunofluorescence on ethanol fixed PMN) was gathered over a period of 6 years. GPA patients from this population were compared with GPA patients with identified ANCA on the basis of clinical, biological, immunological and histological features.Results:The most common diseases associated with non-identified ANCA were inflammatory bowel diseases accounting for 17% of diseases. GPA accounted for only 1.8% of cases. There were no significant differences in terms of clinical and histological characteristics between GPA with non-identified ANCA and GPA with identified ANCA, but significantly higher CRP levels were observed in GPA patients with identified ANCA (p = 0.005). Localized disease (ear, nose and throat and/or lung involvement without any other systemic involvement) was more frequent in the group of GPA with nonidentified ANCA (p = 0.047) as compared to GPA with identified ANCA. This explains that the former group of patients was less frequently treated by cyclophosphamide than the latter (p = 0.016).Conclusion:GPA with non-MPO, non-PR3 ANCAs is relatively rare. Our study suggests that GPA with nonidentified ANCA differs from GPA with identified ANCA by the frequency of localized forms.

Estudiar los cambios endoteliales y el grosor central de la córnea (CCE) que presentan los pacientes operados de catarata con el método convencional de facoemulsificación y el asistido con láser de femtosegundos.

The article provides information on compounds of the formulae I and II. The said compounds may comprise one or more chiral centres and may also exist as a mixture of stereoisomers. It mentions that the compounds are useful in all manner of consumable compositions which mean any solid or liquid composition that is consumed for at least one of nourishment and pleasure. Consumable compositions include foodstuffs, confectionery, baked goods, sweet goods, dairy products and beverages.

The article focuses on the oral care applications of a new generation of sensate compounds that impart an increased level of sensation and/or a longer lasting sensation. The compounds can also be used with known cooling compounds such as menthone and isopulegol. It is therefore preferred to incorporate the compounds into products in a way so that they remain stably distributed throughout the products.

The article focuses on the development of a new generation of sensate compounds which impart an increased level of sensation and/or a longer lasting sensation. It notes that sensate compounds have been used to impart a warming, cooling and/or a tingling sensation. It mentions that the new compounds may also be blended with known natural sensate compounds such as jambu and galangal. It cites the reported cosmetics and toiletries categories in which the compound can be used.

Pathogens can evolve inside their host, and the importance of this mutation-fueled process is increasingly recognized. A disease outcome may indeed depend in part on pathogen adaptations that emerge during infection. It is therefore important to document these adaptations and the conditions that drive them. In our study, we took advantage of the possibility to monitor within-host evolution in the insect pathogen X. nematophila. We demonstrated that selection occurring in aged infection favors lrpdefective mutants, because these metabolic mutants benefit from a growth advantage in stationary phase (GASP). We also demonstrated that these mutants have reduced virulence and impaired transmission, modifying the infection outcome. Beyond the specific case of X. nematophila, we propose that metabolic mutants are to be found in other bacterial pathogens that stay for many generations inside their host.

The article presents a study on the effect of flavour and aroma on consumer perception. The study involved adding flavours including parsley herb oil and/or chamomile oil to peppermint, spearmint or peppermint/spearmint to toothpastes and mouthwashes. The study found that the addition of chamomile and parsley to a peppermint/spearmint blend has resulted to a higher consumer liking.

The article discusses a study on the potential use of the compound 4-(2,2,3-trimethylcyclopentyl)butanoic acid (TMCBA), that was discovered to effectively block undesirable notes elicited by artificial sweeteners such as saccharin, aspartame and acesulphame K, in improving the overall taste profile of a mouthwash containing cetyl pyridinium chloride (CPC). It says the compound is known for altering a taste for use in combination with artificially sweetened applications. An outline of two initial tests that were carried out under the study is provided.

Background The phenotypic consequences of large genomic architecture modifications within a clonal bacterial population are rarely evaluated because of the difficulties associated with using molecular approaches in a mixed population. Bacterial variants frequently arise among Photorhabdus luminescens, a nematode-symbiotic and insect-pathogenic bacterium. We therefore studied genome plasticity within Photorhabdus variants.Results We used a combination of macrorestriction and DNA microarray experiments to perform a comparative genomic study of different P. luminescens TT01 variants. Prolonged culturing of TT01 strain and a genomic variant, collected from the laboratory-maintained symbiotic nematode, generated bacterial lineages composed of primary and secondary phenotypic variants and colonial variants. The primary phenotypic variants exhibit several characteristics that are absent from the secondary forms. We identify substantial plasticity of the genome architecture of some variants, mediated mainly by deletions in the 'flexible' gene pool of the TT01 reference genome and also by genomic amplification. We show that the primary or secondary phenotypic variant status is independent from global genomic architecture and that the bacterial lineages are genomic lineages. We focused on two unusual genomic changes: a deletion at a new recombination hotspot composed of long approximate repeats; and a 275 kilobase single block duplication belonging to a new class of genomic duplications.Conclusion Our findings demonstrate that major genomic variations occur in Photorhabdus clonal populations. The phenotypic consequences of these genomic changes are cryptic. This study provides insight into the field of bacterial genome architecture and further elucidates the role played by clonal genomic variation in bacterial genome evolution.

Discusses the challenges in the cosmetics industry with regard to developing new fragrance molecules. Information on the new scent concepts; Expectation of consumers with regards to cosmetic delivery systems; Skin benefits of cosmetics that consumers want.

In non-motile forms of Azospirillum lipoferum isolated from the rhizosphere of rice, polyphenol oxidase activity was observed which correlated with production of a dark-brown pigment. Using a combination of substrate/inhibitor specificity tests, intracellular enzyme extracts of non-motile strains were clearly demonstrated to have a laccase activity by oxidising various o- and p-diphenols. This work is the first report on laccase activity in Azospirillum.

The reliability of Tn 5 as labelling tool was investigated in soil microcosm. The occurence of a selective in soil microcosm. The occurence of resistances encoded by Tn 5 nptII gene was assesed by kanamycin and neomycin amendment. The bioassay developed to monitor the persistence of the soil-added kanamycin did not detect the antibiotic activity in soil extract. A nptII-engineered Escherichia coli strain showed no enhanced survival in aminoglycoside amended soil. Tn 5-marker properties were investigated within indigenous bacteria to determine the specificity of labelling to follow the fate of recombinant DNA. Kanamycin and neomycin resistant population levels made Tn 5 aminoglycoside-resistance phenotype non-sensitive enough to select a soil dissemination of the labelled DNA. The unexpected occurrence of homologous sequences among soil organisms also prevented Tn 5 from being a specific DNA marker. By contrast, colony hybridization did not reveal homology to nptII suggesting its use as a reliable gene transfer indicator.

The nitrogen-fixing bacteria, Azospirillum lipoferum and Azospirillum brasilense, contain several large plasmids. Cryptic plasmids of about 150 MDa have only been detected in A. lipoferum strains. The 150 MDa plasmid of A. lipoferum 4B used as probe hybridized with plasmids of comparable size in all A. lipoferum strains. Total DNA of six A. lipoferum strains were digested and hybridized with the p150 probe. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) patterns differ from that of strain 4B except for one strain isolated from the same rhizosphere. However, a high number of hybridizing bands in each strain was close to 150 MDa, showing a high degree of similarity between 150 MDa plasmids. This strongly suggests that A. lipoferum 150 MDa plasmids, though not identical, have evolved from a common ancestor and likely constitute a family of plasmids sharing unidentified common functions.