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Health and productivity in a heterogeneous urban labor market have been studied by analysis of household data of Conakry, Guinea. The study was to consider impacts of several indicators of health or nutritional status. Better physical condition seems to have a positive effect on the labor market. Impact on earnings varies according to gender and sector, however. Height is predictive of earnings for men, but not for women. Investments in the health of children and adults would be repaid both directly in well-being and indirectly in labor income., The effects of changes in various health indicators on hourly earnings in different sectors of the labour market are examined using survey data from Conakry, Guinea. Greater height, which is [...]

The cultural moderation of gender stereotypes hypothesis argues that societies assign the most culturally valued traits to men, the dominant group. Thus, in line with cultural ideals, collectivistic societies should assign men more communality, whereas individualistic societies should assign men more individualism. Using archival data, Cuddy et al. found evidence for cultural moderation in descriptive stereotypes. We argue, however, that cultural moderation should be tested using prescriptive stereotypes, which more directly reflect cultural ideals about how men and women should be. We also provide a more robust test using contemporary data from 62 countries from the Towards Gender Harmony project (N= 27,391), allowing multilevel modeling techniques. We found evidence for cultural moderation for communal (though not agentic) traits: Collectivistic (compared to individualistic) nations prescribed relatively more communal traits to men. Thus, we show that prescriptions for men gravitate more toward core cultural values than prescriptions for women.

Two common perceptions about voluntary counseling and testing (VCT) in Africa are assessed. The difficulty of inferring program outcomes from existing evaluations of VCT efficacy in Africa when potential uptake or acceptability is not known and behavioral responses at the margin may change significantly as the availability of VCT increases is emphasized.

ABSTRACTData from Reuters/Ipsos polls (6116 respondents) conducted shortly before and after the 2016 presidential election (from 4 to 17 November 2016) were used to test whether: (1) women and men differed in favorability toward Hillary Clinton versus Donald Trump, (2) sexism (either hostile or benevolent) predicted favorability ratings toward each candidate. Overall, men and women rated Clinton similarly, but men favored Trump significantly more than women did. Hostile sexist attitudes were second only to general political orientation in predicting positive attitudes toward Trump; however, hostile sexism predicted disfavoring Clinton only among women and not among men. By contrast, benevolent sexism weakly, but significantly predicted greater favorability toward Clinton but was unrelated to Trump favorability ratings. Thus, hostile sexist attitudes among voters significantly helped Trump, whereas benevolent sexism yielded only a weak protective effect toward Clinton.

The article focuses behavior of leaders towards COVID-19 safety precautions. Topics include U.S. Vice President Mike Pence violated COVID-19 safety protocols at the Mayo Clinic in Minnesota refusing to don a mask, President of Brazil Jair Bolsonaro dismissed the COVID-19 pandemic after which social distancing decreased, and U.S. Vice President Donald Trump's tweet has encouraged resistance to lockdown.

Two studies examine whether the workplace motherhood penalty and fatherhood bonus are better conceived, respectively, as a caregiver penalty and breadwinner bonus. Participants acting as employers structured offers for married female or male job candidates with children. In Study 1, participants assumed “mother = caregiver” and “father = breadwinner.” These assumptions moderated significantly higher salary offers to fathers and more (explicitly career-dampening) flexible schedules to mothers. Study 2 manipulated family roles (nonparent, parent-unspecified role, parent-breadwinner, and parent-caregiver). Supporting a breadwinner bonus, the female candidate fared best in salary and leadership training offers when labeled a breadwinner (vs. caregiver and unspecified role), equaling a male breadwinner’s offer. A caregiver penalty decreased salary for caregivers of both sexes and leadership training for women (compared to breadwinners) but not men. Thus, the motherhood penalty can become a breadwinner bonus if mothers present themselves as family breadwinners.

To examine the relationships between blindness, the intervention of cataract surgery and all-cause mortality in a rural Ethiopian population.

ResumenEn los países occidentales las formas tradicionales de sexismo son cada vez más minoritarias, de manera que sólo un sector muy reducido de la población manifiesta una actitud basada en la supuesta inferioridad de las mujeres como grupo. Sin embargo, diversos índices sugieren que la igualdad entre hombres y mujeres dista mucho de ser una realidad. Esta situación contradictoria ha llevado a formular la existencia de formas más sutiles o encubiertas de sexismo. Según Glick y Fiske (1996), el sexismo ambivalente conjuga las formas tradicionales con formas “benévolas”, que si bien tienen un componente afectivo y conductual positivo siguen considerando a la mujer de forma estereotipada y limitada a ciertos roles.En esta investigación se presentan datos de 1110 varones, de diferentes edades, niveles educativos, estado civil, etc. que contestaron la versión española del Ambivalent Sexism Inventory (ASI), así como otras medidas de sexismo tradicional y de amenaza a los intereses de los varones. Los resultados muestran que la versión española del ASI cumple satisfactoriamente los requisitos de fiabilidad y validez. Los resultados se discuten a la luz de las relaciones intergrupales entre hombres y mujeres, así como de las formulaciones sobre las nuevas formas de prejuicio.

Skeptics' and astrology believers acceptance of generalized personality descriptions of the self was explored. Descriptions were varied in two ways: (a) They were attributed to astrology or were said to be a set of statements that might or might not be self-descriptive, and (b) they were socially desirable or undesirable. Overall, believers were more likely than skeptics to accept descriptions as accurate. Favorable descriptions were generally seen as more accurate than unfavorable descriptions, with one exception -believers accepted a negative astrological description as much as a positive one. Skeptics as well as believers rated astrological descriptions as more accurate than identical non-astrological descriptions. Finally, skeptics who received favorable horoscopes, in contrast to all other groups, became significantly more positive in their opinions toward astrology. Implications for the popularity of belief in astrology are discussed.

Self-monitoring differences in the manner in which people assess the compatibility of couples as romantic partners were explored. On the basis of previous research, we hypothesized that high, in contrast to low, self-monitoring individuals focus relatively more on the match between the levels of physical attractiveness of a couple when assessing compatibility. Low, in contrast to high, self-monitors were expected to focus relatively more on the similarity between the personality traits and interests of a couple when assessing compatibility. High -and low-self-monitoring participants were given photographs and personality information about 5 men and 5 women. Participants indicated the five couples they felt were most compatible by using the 10 targets to create five couple pairings. As predicted, high, relative to low, self-monitors created matches in which targets were more similar in ratings of physical attractiveness while low, relative to high, self-monitors created matches in which targets were more similar in personality traits and interests. Implications of these results for previous research on self-monitoring and dating relationships are discussed.

The pursuit of individualism and self-realization has led to a loss in the balance between acceptance of social responsibility and desire for personal freedom

In the scientific literature, violence in Palestinian young people seems to be interrelated with complex factors including the continuous political violence, economic hardship, and mounting stress. This qualitative study was done to provide primary data on the different types of violence and factors contributing to violence that affect young people in the West Bank and East Jerusalem.

BackgroundLittle is known about the health-risk behaviours of young people in the Middle East, particularly the occupied Palestinian territory (oPt). Our aim in this study was to gain insights into the prevalence and patterns of risk-taking behaviours of Palestinian youth.