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To authenticate to the full-text of this article, please visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2010.03140.x Byline: R. Turner Goins (*), S. Melinda Spencer ([dagger]), Srikanth Goli (*), Joan C. Rogers ([double dagger]) Keywords: assistive technology; American Indians; disability Abstract: The objectives of this study were to examine the prevalence of assistive technology (AT) use, type of assistance used for each activity of daily living (ADL) limitation, and correlates of AT use among Native Indian aged 55 and older. Data were collected as part of a cross-sectional study of disability with 505 members of a federally recognized tribe using in-person interviewer administered surveys. Participants who reported difficulty with ADLs, including bathing, dressing, eating, transferring, walking, toileting, grooming, and getting outside, were asked about AT use. Other measures were demographics, living arrangements, receipt of personal care, Medicare and Medicaid beneficiary status, number of chronic conditions, lower body function, and personal mastery. Results indicated that 22.3% of participants aged 55 and older and 26.0% aged 65 and older reported AT use. Toileting had the largest percentage of participants who relied on AT only and getting outside had the largest percentage of participants relying on a combination of AT and personal care. Multiple variable logistic regression analysis identified receipt of personal care, having more chronic conditions, and poorer lower body function as significantly associated with higher odds of AT use. The results suggest that there is greater AT use in this sample than in same-aged adults in national samples. This greater use may be reflective of a combination of higher disability rates, cultural factors, and greater access to AT. Clinicians can use this information to identify the activities with which their patients are experiencing the most difficulty and which ones can be addressed with AT versus personal care. Author Affiliation: (*)Department of Community Medicine, Center on Aging, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia ([dagger])Department of Health Promotion, Education, and Behavior and the Institute for Southern Studies, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina ([double dagger])Department of Occupational Therapy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Article note: Address correspondence to R. Turner Goins, West Virginia University, PO Box 9127, Morgantown, WV 26506. E-mail: rgoins@hsc.wvu.edu

This study presents a computational investigation of a flapping wing executing to and from horizontal motion with a fixed angle of attack or pitch orientation. The computational results compare well with the experimental results of Lua et al. (Exp Fluids 51(1):177–195, 2011). An attempt has been made to understand the effect of flapping frequency (f), Reynolds number (Re) and angle of attack (α) on flow features like vortex structures and wing–wake interaction. The present study is conducted for five different flapping frequencies, namely, f= 0.021, 0.21, 0.315, 0.42 and 2.1 Hz, four different chord-based Reynolds numbers, namely Re = 2000, 5000, 10,000 and 50,000 and two different angles of attack, namely α=45∘and α=60∘. Vorticity contours display variation of vortex structures with change in flapping frequency. The temporal history of resultant force coefficients show distinct characteristics like amplitude modulation, linear growth and decay, inflexional behavior, dual peak behavior, etc. Frequency spectrum of the lift coefficient reveals that the flapping frequency is most dominant and it is accompanied by several harmonics. At higher Reynolds number, the spectrum displays broadband character. The power content of the dominant frequency increases with increase in flapping frequency and decreases with increase in angle of attack. A short investigation on the effect of three-dimensionality of the flow is also presented in this study. Additionally, three-dimensional eddy resolving simulations were performed with IDDES.