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ABSTRACTHeat-killed pathogenic Leptospira interrogansserovar rachmati induced the production of gamma interferon (IFN-?) and the IFN-?-inducing cytokines interleukin-12p40 (IL-12p40) and tumor necrosis factor alpha in human whole blood in vitro. The production of IFN-? was largely dependent on IL-12. These data establish that pathogenic leptospires can stimulate the production of type I cytokines involved in cellular immunity.

The article discusses the motivations behind the pilot system that has been set up to study the feasibility of extracting and treating brackish groundwater for potable supplies in Zevenbergen, the Netherlands, in 2011. It says that studying the use of brackish groundwater offers new opportunities for areas where fresh groundwater is scarce. The author adds that the project showed how permits can be obtained for the infiltration of brackish groundwater concentrate.