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This study investigated the relationship between MiPs, antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), and water quality in the Red River Delta. MiPs were collected from water samples at four locations: Hanoi, Ha Nam, Nam Dinh, and Cat Ba Island. Bacteria isolated from MiPs and the surrounding water were analyzed for β-lactamase genes. Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polytridecanolactone (PTDL) exhibited notable correlations with coefficients with microbial abundance on MiPs. Aeromonas(99.2 % of all isolates) were the most common bacteria isolated from MiPs, with a fewer Escherichia coli(0.83 %). Of 207 bacterial strains isolated from microplastic, 23 (~11 % of total) were found to carry antibiotic resistance genes, mostly blaTEM(13/23; 56.5 %), blaSHV(9/23; 39.1 %) and blaCTXM-9 (1/23; 4.3 %). All seven environmental factors measured were found to affect the distribution of ARGs and ARBs on MiP surfaces. Chlorophyll-a showed a strong positive correlation with ARB abundance, suggesting a potential link between primary productivity and bacterial colonization. This study is one of the first to report the association of MPs with antibiotic-resistant microbiota and genes. The presence of ARGs on MiPs in areas with high human population highlights the need for effective pollution management strategies to mitigate the risks associated with AMR.

Background: Both in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that calcitriol, the active form of vitamin D, is involved in hematopoiesis. Vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene has been suggested as one of the candidate genes for anemia. Objective: Investigate relationship between anemia and the commonly studied polymorphisms of VDR gene (FokI, BsmI, ApaI and TaqI) in terms of genotype and haplotype in Vietnamese. Methods: A case-control study including 132 postmenopausal women without chronic kidney diseases was designed to investigate the relationship between VDR polymorphism and anemia. Four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) FokI (rs2228570), BsmI (rs1544410), ApaI (rs7975232), and TaqI (rs731236) were typed by polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism method. Results: Genotype distributions of four SNPs were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in both anemia and control groups. The SNPs at the 3’end of the VDR gene (BsmI, ApaI and TaqI) exhibited a strong linkage disequilibrium. There was no significant association between anemia and VDR polymorphism in terms of allele, genotype, and haplotype in the analyses unadjusted or adjusted for the covariates (age, body mass index, educational level, serum ferritin, iron and albumin). Conclusion: VDR gene did not influence anemia in postmenopausal women without chronic kidney disease. For further study on the association between VDR gene and anemia, the use of larger sample size, a prospective study design, and additional markers would enhance the reliability and validity of findings.