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It is often easy to assume that all young people have access to, and the skills to use, digital devices. Recent research results bust this myth and remind us of [...]

Given increasing rates of fatal overdoses in the United States and the rapidly changing drug supply, overdose prevention centers (OPCs; also known as safe consumption sites) have been identified as a vital, evidence-based strategy that provide people who use drugs (PWUD) the opportunity to use drugs safely and receive immediate, life-saving overdose support from trained personnel. In addition to providing a safe, supervised space to use drugs, OPCs can house further essential harm reduction drop-in services such as sterile supplies, social services, and medical care. There are established national and international data demonstrating the lifesaving services provided by OPCs, inspiring a groundswell of advocacy efforts to expand these programs in the United States. Thus, the Association for Multidisciplinary Education and Research in Substance Use and Addiction (AMERSA) endorses OPCs, in addition to other harm reduction strategies that protect PWUD. Ultimately, it is imperative to increase access to OPCs across the United States and support key policy changes at the local, state, and federal levels that would facilitate urgent expansion.

WHAT YOU CAN SEE FROM HEREBy Mariana LekyTranslated by Tess Lewis Everyone's heard of the kiss that turns a frog into a prince. But the Brothers Grimm story ''The Frog [...]

Purpose: Research concerning eating disorders among adolescent and young adult male athletes is limited compared with female counterparts, but increasing evidence indicates that they may be at unique risk for unhealthy exercise and eating behavior. The current study aimed to characterize unhealthy exercise and eating behavior according to competitive athlete status, as well as per sport type. Method: Collegiate male athletes (N= 611), each affiliated with one of the 10 National College Athletics Association (NCAA) Division I schools in the United States, completed an online survey, reporting on eating and extreme weight control behaviors, and reasons for exercise. Results: Competitive athletes endorsed increased driven exercise and exercising when sick. Baseball players, cyclists, and wrestlers emerged as the sports with the most players reporting elevated Eating Disorder Examination-Questionnaire scores in a clinical range, and basketball players reported the highest rates of binge eating. overall, baseball players, cyclists, rowers, and wrestlers appeared to demonstrate the greatest vulnerability for unhealthy eating and exercise behavior. Conclusion: Findings revealed differences between competitive and non-competitive male athletes. Among competitive athletes, results identified unique risk for unhealthy eating and exercise behavior across a variety of sport categories and support continued examination of these attitudes and behaviors in a nuanced manner. Level II: Evidence obtained from well-designed controlled trials without randomization.

Background: Position statements clarify key issues that are in alignment with the vision, mission, and values of the AMERSA, Inc. (Association for Multidisciplinary Education and Research in Substance use and Addiction). This Position Statement, endorsed by the AMERSA Board of Directors on October 3, 2023, amplifies the position of the organization, guides their activities, and informs the public and policymakers on the organization’s stance on this issue.Issue: The unregulated drug supply in the United States evolves constantly, leaving those who use drugs potentially unaware of new adulterants in their drugs. Not knowing that information can leave people vulnerable to serious adverse events such as fatal overdoses, wounds, and other health consequences. Without real-time data on the composition of drugs available in a community, healthcare providers and public health practitioners are left with insufficient data, making it increasingly difficult to know how to best serve people who use drugs. In this context, community-based drug checking has become recognized as an important harm reduction strategy with the potential to provide those who use drugs with more information about their supply.Recommendations: It is imperative to expand funding and increase access to drug checking programs in communities across the United States. Key policy changes, such as those related to decriminalizing drug and drug paraphernalia possession, are needed to increase the utilization of drug checking programs. Protection of persons who use drugs through harm reduction strategies, including drug checking programs needs to be widely available and accessible.

Lenù has loved him since she was a girl, and now, after many twists and turns, including Nino's tortured affair with her best friend, Lila (Gaia Gerace), he finally seems ready. Lila, for her part, will always be Lila, as inflexible as Gerace's shoulders, and preternaturally correct in her critiques of power - not just of the brutal Solaras, but of the upwardly mobile Lenù too. Even Lenù's telephone, her most consistent connection to Lila, is a cheerful yellow, a subtle contrast to Lila's violent red one. [Extracted from the article]

And late last year, Margaret Atwood delivered a sequel to her best-known novel, The Handmaid's Tale. The others are new characters, teenagers speaking from somewhere beyond Gilead's reach: Agnes, the daughter of a Sons of Jacob commander, and Daisy, who lives in Atwood's native Canada. She appears again, in far more extreme circumstances, to narrate the Gilead novels: Offred, Lydia, Agnes, and Daisy are four variations on the theme. It's the perfect setup for an examination of female misogyny (and an earlier Atwood novel might have gone there), but The Testaments is more interested in celebrating Lydia's ingenious long con. [Extracted from the article]

IMPORTANCE: Previous studies have shown that medical student mistreatment is common. However, few data exist to date describing how the prevalence of medical student mistreatment varies by student sex, race/ethnicity, and sexual orientation. OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between mistreatment and medical student sex, race/ethnicity, and sexual orientation. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This cohort study analyzed data from the 2016 and 2017 Association of American Medical Colleges Graduation Questionnaire. The questionnaire annually surveys graduating students at all 140 accredited allopathic US medical schools. Participants were graduates from allopathic US medical schools in 2016 and 2017. Data were analyzed between April 1 and December 31, 2019. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Prevalence of self-reported medical student mistreatment by sex, race/ethnicity, and sexual orientation. RESULTS: A total of 27 504 unique student surveys were analyzed, representing 72.1% of graduating US medical students in 2016 and 2017. The sample included the following: 13 351 female respondents (48.5%), 16 521 white (60.1%), 5641 Asian (20.5%), 2433 underrepresented minority (URM) (8.8%), and 2376 multiracial respondents (8.6%); and 25 763 heterosexual (93.7%) and 1463 lesbian, gay, or bisexual (LGB) respondents (5.3%). At least 1 episode of mistreatment was reported by a greater proportion of female students compared with male students (40.9% vs 25.2%, P < .001); Asian, URM, and multiracial students compared with white students (31.9%, 38.0%, 32.9%, and 24.0%, respectively; P < .001); and LGB students compared with heterosexual students (43.5% vs 23.6%, P < .001). A higher percentage of female students compared with male students reported discrimination based on gender (28.2% vs 9.4%, P < .001); a greater proportion of Asian, URM, and multiracial students compared with white students reported discrimination based on race/ethnicity (15.7%, 23.3%, 11.8%, and 3.8%, respectively; P < .001), and LGB students reported a higher prevalence of discrimination based on sexual orientation than heterosexual students (23.1% vs 1.0%, P < .001). Moreover, higher proportions of female (17.8% vs 7.0%), URM, Asian, and multiracial (4.9% white, 10.7% Asian, 16.3% URM, and 11.3% multiracial), and LGB (16.4% vs 3.6%) students reported 2 or more types of mistreatment compared with their male, white, and heterosexual counterparts (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Female, URM, Asian, multiracial, and LGB students seem to bear a disproportionate burden of the mistreatment reported in medical schools. It appears that addressing the disparate mistreatment reported will be an important step to promote diversity, equity, and inclusion in medical education.

More than 25% of all arrests made nationwide are related to drug offenses, affecting almost 1.2 million people and their social networks. Furthermore, roughly 20% of people in jails and prisons across the United States are incarcerated for a drug offense and millions more are under community supervision for these charges. This criminalization of drug use has negatively affected the health and well-being of people who use drugs (PWUD) and their communities. Decriminalization—a process of removing criminal sanctions for a previously criminalized behavior—of drug use is central to harm reduction as it mitigates these negative consequences of drug use and supports the health of PWUD. As such, AMERSA supports the decriminalization of drug and paraphernalia possession for personal use for all currently illicit drugs and all associated equipment. AMERSA continues to strongly advocate for the funding of harm reduction strategies and addiction services to improve the health and well-being of PWUD since decriminalization without complementary funding for harm reduction services, addiction treatment services, and social safety nets will be incomplete.

US LNG imports dropped sharply in the third quarter, as a relatively cool summer and record levels of gas in storage depressed demand, keeping netbacks low. The US took in [...]

Effective mentorship may be an opportunity to mitigate career de-prioritization, improve stress management, and bolster professional growth. Relatively few studies address specific challenges that occur for general surgery trainees. We conducted a focus group-based investigation to determine facilitators/barriers to effective mentorship among general surgery residents, who are intending to pursue an academic career.

Known as dual eligible beneficiaries, individuals receiving Medicare and Medicaid benefits often have complex needs and account for a disproportionate share of healthcare spending. In 2014, Virginia implemented Commonwealth Coordinated Care, a managed care financial alignment demonstration authorized under the Affordable Care Act, to improve care for these individuals. Given the complexity of their needs, examining how dual eligible beneficiaries along with their care coordinators and providers experienced the demonstration is important. By analyzing qualitative data collected as part of a larger mixed-methods evaluation, several themes were identified illustrating individuals’ experiences. The study findings suggest that how individuals interacted and formed relationships influenced how beneficiaries’ health and social needs were met during the program. By providing insight into individuals’ experiences in a managed care program that integrated medical and long term services and supports for Medicare-Medicaid beneficiaries, the study can inform the development of future initiatives for similar populations.

The author examines how immigrant networks and labor segmentation by race and gender facilitate inequality in immigrant-owned restaurants. The author conducted three months of participant observation at an immigrant-owned restaurant and supplemental interviews with 18 workers and owners at similar restaurants in Austin, Texas. Labor segmentation by gender and race resulted in varied degrees of wage inequality, surveillance, and exposure to hazardous working conditions. Also, although ethnic networks among workers offer benefits, embedded in these networks are unwritten rules of obligation, gift giving, and repayment. Shared ethnicity or identity as immigrants did not prevent immigrant owners from exploiting workers of the same ethnicity and other immigrant workers. Ultimately, the author argues that ethnic networks are embedded in the larger economy and context of racial-ethnic hierarchies. This research sheds light on everyday interactions among Asian immigrant restaurant owners and workers. The author highlights how an uncritical focus on the benefits of ethnic networks obscures constraints in social networks.

LNG project developers face a difficult juggling act as they navigate an enormous number and variety of regulatory requirements in permitting, building and operating their facilities. The Freeport LNG receiving [...]

Two LNG receiving terminals proposed for offshore Massachusetts remain neck-and-neck in the permitting process, but only one of the terminals--which are similar in design and sited near one another--is ultimately [...]

An essay is presented which discusses the role that the Vancouver, British Columbia's (BC's) Community Arts Council of Vancouver (CACV) played in reducing neon signs in the city from the 1950s through the mid 1970s. An overview of the use of neon lighting on Vancouver billboard advertisements is provided. An overview of the role that Vancouver's City Council and elite played in reducing neon signs, including in regard to the city's beautification, is also provided.

We investigated the short-term and 1-year clinical outcomes of 129 children who received intensive cardiopulmonary support during hematopoietic stem cell transplant. Intensive cardiopulmonary support was defined as receiving at least one of the following interventions: continuous positive pressure ventilation, dopamine infusion greater than or equal to 10 mcgkgminute, or the use of any other vasoactive infusion. Duration of intensive cardiopulmonary support, survival to hospital discharge, and predictors of these outcome variables were compared with 387 hematopoietic stem cell transplant patients who did not receive intensive support during the same period. We also report the 1-year survival; presence of chronic graft-versus-host disease; and renal, cardiac, and pulmonary function for all patients.

It is unknown how to use human embryonic stem cell (hESC) to effectively treat hearts with postinfarction left ventricular (LV) remodeling. Using a porcine model of postinfarction LV remodeling, this study examined the functional improvement of enhanced delivery of combined transplantation of hESC‐derived endothelial cells (ECs) and hESC‐derived smooth muscle cells (SMCs) with a fibrin three‐dimensional (3D) porous scaffold biomatrix. To facilitate tracking the transplanted cells, the hESCs were genetically modified to stably express green fluorescent protein and luciferase (GFP/Luc). Myocardial infarction (MI) was created by ligating the first diagonal coronary artery for 60 minutes followed by reperfusion. Two million each of GFP/Luc hESC‐derived ECs and SMCs were seeded in the 3D porous biomatrix patch and applied to the region of ischemia/reperfusion for cell group (MI+P+C, n= 6), whereas biomatrix without cell (MI+P, n= 5), or saline only (MI, n= 5) were applied to control group hearts with same coronary artery ligation. Functional outcome (1 and 4 weeks follow‐up) of stem cell transplantation was assessed by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. The transplantation of hESC‐derived vascular cells resulted in significant LV functional improvement. Significant engraftment of hESC‐derived cells was confirmed by both in vivo and ex vivo bioluminescent imaging. The mechanism underlying the functional beneficial effects of cardiac progenitor transplantation is attributed to the increased neovascularization. These findings demonstrate a promising therapeutic potential of using these hESC‐derived vascular cell types and the mode of patch delivery. STEMCELLS2011;29:367–375

Presents the short story "Waste Management," by Katherine Hill.

Background: Acute naltrexone treatment in rats produces significant alterations in ethanol palatability (increase in the aversiveness of the solution) and ethanol consumption during tests of restricted access (decrease in consumption). The effects of chronic naltrexone exposure, accomplished by implantation of osmotic mini‐pumps, were examined in the present study.

ObjectiveTo describe the association between mistreatment, burnout, and having multiple marginalized identities during undergraduate medical education.DesignCross sectional survey and retrospective cohort study.Setting140 US medical schools accredited by the Association of American Medical Colleges.Participants30 651 graduating medical students in 2016 and 2017.Main outcome measuresSelf-reported sex, race or ethnicity, and sexual orientation groups were considered, based on the unique combinations of historically marginalized identities held by students. Multivariable linear regression was used to determine the association between unique identity groups and burnout along two dimensions (exhaustion and disengagement) as measured by the Oldenburg Burnout Inventory for Medical Students while accounting for mistreatment and discrimination.ResultsStudents with three marginalized identities (female; non-white; lesbian, gay, or bisexual (LGB)) had the largest proportion reporting recurrent experiences of multiple types of mistreatment (88/299, P<0.001) and discrimination (92/299, P<0.001). Students with a higher number of marginalized identities also had higher average scores for exhaustion. Female, non-white, and LGB students had the largest difference in average exhaustion score compared with male, white, and heterosexual students (adjusted mean difference 1.96, 95% confidence interval 1.47 to 2.44). Mistreatment and discrimination mediated exhaustion scores for all identity groups but did not fully explain the association between unique identity group and burnout. Non-white and LGB students had higher average disengagement scores than their white and heterosexual counterparts (0.28, 0.19 to 0.37; and 0.73, 0.52 to 0.94; respectively). Female students, in contrast, had lower average disengagement scores irrespective of the other identities they held. After adjusting for mistreatment and discrimination among female students, the effect among female students became larger, indicating a negative confounding association.ConclusionIn this study population of US medical students, those with multiple marginalized identities reported more mistreatment and discrimination during medical school, which appeared to be associated with burnout.

The Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions (SCAI) Shock Classification was developed to create standardized language describing the severity of cardiogenic shock (CS). The purposes of this review were to evaluate short-term and long-term mortality rates at each SCAI shock stage for patients with or at risk for CS, which has not been studied previously, and to propose using the SCAI Shock Classification to develop algorithms for clinical status monitoring. A detailed literature search was conducted for articles published from 2019 through 2022 in which the SCAI shock stages were used to assess the mortality risk. In total, 30 articles were reviewed. The SCAI Shock Classification at hospital admission showed a consistent and reproducible graded association between shock severity and mortality risk. Furthermore, shock severity correlated incrementally with mortality risk even after patients were stratified for diagnosis, treatment modalities, risk modifiers, shock phenotype, and underlying cause. The SCAI Shock Classification system can be used to evaluate mortality across populations of patients with or at risk for CS including those with different causes, shock phenotypes, and comorbid conditions. An algorithm has been proposed that uses clinical parameters incorporating the SCAI Shock Classification into the electronic health record to continually reassess and reclassify the presence and severity of CS across time throughout hospitalization. The algorithm has the potential to alert the care team and a CS team, leading to earlier recognition and stabilization of the patient, and may facilitate the use of treatment algorithms and prevent CS deterioration, leading to improved outcomes.

Human embryonic stem (hES) cells are of remarkable interest both for the utility of these cells for studying basic human developmental biology and as a potential source for novel therapeutics. Here, we provide detailed methodologies of one of the first systems used to mediate differentiation of hES cells—stromal cell coculture. Use of stromal cells adds the ability to manipulate aspects of the developmental niche that support differentiation into a defined lineage. These methods will allow efficient and reproducible development of hematopoietic progenitor cells, as well as potentially mature hematopoietic cells that are suitable for subsequent in vitro and in vivo studies. Curr. Protoc. Stem Cell Biol. 6:1F.6.1-1F.6.12. © 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

This article highlights the success of the literary magazine "One Story" founded by fiction writers Maribeth Batcha and Hannah Tinti in New York. It mentions that the magazine was the brainchild of Batcha who conceived the idea after receiving her Master of Fine Arts (MFA) degree in 1999. Also, a profile of "One Story" is provided including its total circulation of 4,000 and 7,000 submissions a year. Photographs are by Pieter Van Hattem. INSET: Five Tips for Submitting Your Work.

Formation of zygotes in internally fertilizing organisms requires a number of successful interactions between oocytes and sperm within a receptive female reproductive tract. These interactions are usually assumed to be species-specific. For most species, it is either not possible to inseminate females with sperm from a different species or not possible to observe the consequences of such an insemination because the female is opaque. Nematodes of the genus Caenorhabditis are optically transparent and prior work indicates copulation between individuals of two different species is possible. We have used a series of vital stains and other cytological methods to analyze sperm after cross-species mating. We present here a series of analyses of the postcopulatory, prefertilization interactions among three Caenorhabditis species and find that reproductive biology is conserved, to varying degrees, among all three species. This approach allows investigation into which in vivo interactions between sperm and both oocytes and the somatic gonad have been maintained during the reproductive isolation that accompanies speciation.

This paper examines the characteristics of planetary wave signatures that have been found in the Along Track Scanning Radiometer averaged sea surface temperature (ASST) record for 1991–1996. Longitude‐time plots for every latitude between 5° and 50°, north and south, reveal westward propagating wave‐like patterns at many locations, whose speed decreases with latitude like baroclinic Rossby waves. A two‐dimensional Radon transform method is used to measure the wave speed and its variation with location and time, which broadly matches the Rossby wave speeds predicted by the most recent theory and those measured by TOPEX altimetry, although there are some discrepancies. At low latitudes the thermally detected speeds are slower than expected, a possible consequence of sampling limitations. Wave signatures are clearest between 25° and 40°S, where the meridional temperature gradient is strongest. Here observed speeds are 20–30% greater than theoretical predictions. Planetary wave speed varies considerably with longitude. In general, it increases toward the west of ocean basins, and distinct differences between ocean basins are evident. The propagation characteristics of the waves appear to change abruptly at locations consistent with latitudinal variations in seafloor bathymetry, particularly midocean ridges. In addition, eastward propagating signatures are found in the Southern Ocean. The results demonstrate the value of the ASST data set as a tool for studying basin‐scale wave processes as a complement to the use of altimetry. By observing the thermal signature of Rossby waves the method has the potential to clarify their influence on air‐sea interaction processes and to contribute to climate modeling studies.

Abstract

Acute naltrexone treatments (0.0, 0.5, 1.0, or 3.0 mg/kg body weight) were administered to separate groups of rats and alcohol taste reactivity and consumption were measured. Rats were given daily naltrexone injections and then tested for taste reactivity to 10% alcohol 30 and 60 min after injection. Each reactivity trial (total of 4) was 60 sec during which 1 ml of fluid was infused. The rats' orofacial and body movements were videotaped and scored later. In the final measure, rats were placed on a restricted fluid access schedule and given naltrexone treatments 10 min before being presented with the 10% alcohol solution in the home cage (60–min drinking period). After 4 days of consumption tests under the drug condition, the rats were given 4 more daily tests without the drug. Results indicated that the two highest naltrexone doses significantly decreased ingestive responding and increased aversive responding, particularly at the 30–min test. Both the 1.0 and 3.0 mg/kg body weight doses also significantly decreased alcohol consumption as measured during the free access tests. Alcohol consumption returned to control levels immediately after the drug treatments were stopped. The data show that dosages of naltrexone 1.0 mg or higher significantly alter both alcohol taste reactivity (increased aversiveness and decreased palatabil‐ity) and alcohol consumption (decreased intake) in outbred rats. These results are discussed in relation to naltrexone treatment as a means for decreasing alcohol use and abuse.

The incident of rape, a brutal crime of violence and anger, continues to escalate, with more victims requiring admission to intensive care units. The physical and emotional trauma experienced by survivors of sexual assault present multiple challenges for critical care nurses. This article discusses physiological, psychological, and developmental injuries, identifies legal implications, and presents strategies for the prevention of further victimization.

The taste reactivity test was used to determine the response of out‐bred mice to orally infused taste solutions. For the initial measures, mice (n= 10) were tested with 3%, 6%, 9%, and 12% (v/v) alcohol and four taste solutions: sucrose, sodium chloride, hydrochloric acid, and quinine hydrochloride (a single concentration of each). A second group of naive mice (n= 16) was tested with 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% alcohol. The final set of measures with naive mice (n= 26) was taken with a range of sucrose concentrations: 0.01 M, 0.05 M, 0.1 M, 0.5 M, and 1.0 M. In general, mice made similar reactivity responses to all solutions tested. A predominant component of the mouse response to all infused fluids was forelimb flailing; gaping was also a common response to all solutions. Despite the large number of aversive‐type responses, mice rejected very little fluid via passive drip or fluid expulsion. The single, significant difference in responding to the four taste stimuli was that mice made fewer aversive responses to sucrose. Differential responding to the 5 to 40% alcohol concentrations and sucrose concentrations was observed. Mice increased ingestive responding as the concentration of alcohol and sucrose increased. Aversive responding decreased reliably only with increases in the sucrose concentration. Data provide the first reported taste reactivity responses of mice to orally infused taste solutions. These results can be compared with the extant data available in rats and can also be used as a basis for exploring taste factors in genetically defined mouse populations.

In the the first part of this article it was shown that neither John Wallis nor Isaac Barrow fits precisely into the modern or traditional categories commonly used by historians. Yet other kinds of tension between tradition and innovation did exist in the wider intellectual community of early modern England that might have some bearing on the state of mathematics. We therefore need to explore how the opposition between ancient and modern was expressed in the seventeenth century. First, there was the religiously based belief in the decay of nature; supporters of this belief regarded traditional methods to be superior. The defenders of the moderns, on the other hand, did not consider the Bible to rule out contemporary improvements on ancient techniques. But the very idea that knowledge could be advanced, particularly beyond the classical works, was still new and strange in this period.1 Second, the dispute surrounding educational reform included the rejection of traditional educational methods. Social and economic pressures led reformers to propose an increased concern with utility and practical methods, which might increase employment. Once the context of the tension between the supporters of the ancients and the supporters of the moderns has been explored, we can ascertain whether Wallis and Barrow stood on different sides in the conflict, and how this may have have influenced their mathematics.

The metabolism of lactose was found to be controlled by three genes: a gene for the synthesis of a β-galactosidase attacking only phosphorylated galactosides; a gene for a protein permitting concentration of phosphorylated galactosides which probably acts by transferring phosphates to them; and a gene regulating the first two structural genes. The three genes are closely linked and may have the same order as in Escherichia coli. Galactose-6-phosphate was found to be a better inducer of lactose utilization than is galactose or any other inducer. The inhibition of induction by isopropylthiogalactoside was found to occur at the level of the protein permitting the concentration of galactoside phosphates.

The phosphotransferase system of Staphylococcus aureuswas characterized. Mutants defective in enzyme I and heat-stable (HPr) protein as well as in the two components specific to lactose accumulation, factor III and enzyme II, were isolated. Colorimetric assays for each of the components are presented based on the formation of o-nitrophenyl-β-d-galactoside-6-phosphate by the system and its hydrolysis by the staphylococcal 6-phospho-β-galactosidase. The components were partially purified and their molecular weights were estimated: enzyme I, 100,000 ± 15%; HPr, 10,000 ± 15%; factor III, 30,000 ± 15%; 6-phospho-β-galactosidase, 45,000. Enzyme II is a membrane-bound protein.

The article reports that the moment science curriculum planning is proposed in any school, the process of evolution begins. The evaluative process cannot be relegated to an end position. It must not be made synonymous with a final examination, a review of progress. Rather, evaluation needs to be envisioned as playing the key role in an elementary science program from the inception of that program. A program purporting to further certain science skills through their use would reveal, upon evaluation, that certain facilities must be available. Time and equipment are two facilities which must be available in sufficient quantities. If it is important for children to think carefully about environmental phenomena, certain provisions must be made with regard to time. If accuracy in the use of the materials of science is held to be important, there must be opportunity to practice this skill. Children need a classroom teacher who is able to provide guidance when conditions are optimum for initial learnings. Such a teacher is an indispensable asset.