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Bone fractures are often treated with metallic bone plates which are inherited some fundamental issues such as stress shielding, bone atrophy, heavyweight, corrosion, and so on. This work aims to develop a jute epoxy composite to investigate its feasibility to use as a composite bone plate. In this work, the natural fiber-based composite made of jute extracted from the jute plant and epoxy resin obtained from LAPOX® METALAM - B is studied experimentally. The mechanical properties such as tensile, compressive, and bending strength of jute/epoxy composite were measured using the universal testing machine (UTM). Moisture absorption test and scanning electron microscope (SEM) image analysis were also performed. The preliminary results suggest that the jute/epoxy composite could be a potential material for a composite bone plate. However, further detailed studies are required to confirm its applicability as a composite bone plate.

The world is currently facing significant challenges in reducing the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) through scientific methods, primarily by sequestering the CO2in the soil. Biochar is a kind of charcoal that is primarily composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Due to its aromatic content, biochar can persist in the environment for an extended period and absorb greenhouse gases (GHG). Each year, biochar effectively captures an estimated amount of CO2ranging from 1 to 35 gigatons (GtCO2) and 78 to 477 GtCO2over this century. Biochar helps mitigate climate change by sequestering carbon in the soil for extended periods and consequently reducing GHG emissions. This enhances soil fertility, water retention capacity, and nutrient circulation, which promote higher crop yields. Biochar's by-products of biochar can be harvested and used as a renewable energy source. Besides, biochar integration can be effective in waste management strategies that mitigate the challenges of organic waste disposal. Biochar is also an efficient water purification element that favors climate action. Through the application of biochar alteration can be employed to establish carbon credits, and its methods can effectively reduce carbon emissions to an acceptable level. Biochar's unique properties, wide-spread applicability, cost-effectiveness, and trustworthy development prospects demonstrate great potential towards the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). This review discusses the properties, diverse applications, and social and technical impacts of biochar in the global carbon cycle towards sustainable development goals.

The effectiveness of Al2O3and MnO2in enhancing mechanical properties and retarding degradation of 3mol% yttria stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystalline (3Y-TZP) ceramic samples was evaluated by pressureless sintering at temperatures ranging from 1250°C to 1550°C with standard holding time of 2h. It was observed that the inclusion of Al2O3and MnO2into 3Y-TZP was beneficial for the improvement of mechanical properties and ageing resistance. The optimum amounts of dopants were determined to be of 0.6wt% Al2O3and 0.4wt% MnO2. Microstructural investigation revealed that at the same temperature, the tetragonal grain size was not influenced by the increase of dopant levels. With optimum dopants the 3Y-TZP ceramic (density 6.1g/cm3) samples demonstrated the Vickers hardness of 11.6GPa, fracture toughness, KICof 9.8MPam1/2, flexural strength of 900MPa and Young's modulus of 210GPa. Furthermore, the efficacy of the dopants (MnO2and Al2O3) in retarding low-temperature degradation of 3Y-TZP ceramic during exposure in Ringer's solution at 37°C was also evaluated. Overall, the degradation rate and weight loss of 0.6wt% Al2O3and 0.4wt% MnO2ceramic samples were 0.66% in 8 weeks as compared to the undoped samples. The 3Y-TZP bioceramic doped with Al2O3and MnO2could be a potential candidate material for biomedical applications (e.g. hip implants) due to its improved mechanical properties and superior ageing resistance.

Advanced regenerative therapy aims to repair pathologically damaged tissue by cell transplantation in conjunction with supporting scaffolds. Gelatin-based scaffolds have attracted much attention in recent years due to their great bio-affinity that encourages the regeneration of tissues. Nowadays, by strengthening gelatin-based systems, cutting-edge methods like 3D bioprinting, freeze-drying, microfluidics and gelatin functionalization have shown excellent mimicry of natural tissue. The fabrication of porous gelatin-based scaffolds for wider tissue engineering applications including skin, cartilage, bone, liver, and cardiovascular is reviewed in this work. Additionally, the crosslinking procedures and the physicochemical characteristics of the gelatin-based scaffolds are also studied. Now, gelatin is considered one of the highest potential biomaterials for impending trends in which the gelatin-based scaffolds are used as a support structure for regenerative therapy.

This paper exclusively describes the biocompatibility evaluation of biodegradable PLA–HA-based composites as temporary bone scaffolds for bone tissue engineering in orthopaedic applications. For that purpose, a set of composites were prepared using 3D melt-deposition method that comprises a biopolymer namely polylactic acid (PLA), and a bioceramic filler, namely hydroxyapatite (HA) 10 wt%, and compatibilizers, namely poly acrylic acid (PAA) 2 wt% and maleic anhydirde (MAH) 2 wt%. The composite samples were evaluated by in vitro assays and biodegradability tests were conducted in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). For the in vitro analysis, osteogenic-induced stem cells were seeded onto the composite scaffold. An inverted optical microscope with computerised image analysis system was used to obtain data regarding cell attachment and contact characteristics after seeding for 48 h. Results showed that the PLA–HA-based composites did not induce adverse reactions from the cells, which in addition to their bone-matching mechanical properties makes them promising materials for bone scaffold applications.

Synthetic polymers have attracted much attention in tissue engineering due to their ability to modulate biomechanical properties. This study investigated the feasibility of processing poly(ɛ-caprolactone) (PCL) homopolymer, PCL-poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) diblock, and PCL-PEG-PCL triblock copolymers into three-dimensional porous scaffolds. Properties of the various polymers were investigated by dynamic thermal analysis. The scaffolds were manufactured using the desktop robot–based rapid prototyping technique. Gross morphology and internal three-dimensional structure of scaffolds were identified by scanning electron microscopy and micro-computed tomography, which showed excellent fusion at the filament junctions, high uniformity, and complete interconnectivity of pore networks. The influences of process parameters on scaffolds' morphological and mechanical characteristics were studied. Data confirmed that the process parameters directly influenced the pore size, porosity, and, consequently, the mechanical properties of the scaffolds. The in vitrocell culture study was performed to investigate the influence of polymer nature and scaffold architecture on the adhesion of the cells onto the scaffolds using rabbit smooth muscle cells. Light, scanning electron, and confocal laser microscopy showed cell adhesion, proliferation, and extracellular matrix formation on the surface as well as inside the structure of both scaffold groups. The completely interconnected and highly regular honeycomb-like pore morphology supported bridging of the pores via cell-to-cell contact as well as production of extracellular matrix at later time points. The results indicated that the incorporation of hydrophilic PEG into hydrophobic PCL enhanced the overall hydrophilicity and cell culture performance of PCL-PEG copolymer. However, the scaffold architecture did not significantly influence the cell culture performance in this study.

Hydroxyapatite HAP is a bioceramic that can be applied for bone tissue regeneration. Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA)/Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) polymers are water-soluble and have faster biodegradation properties. The PVA-PEG-HAp thin membrane was cast by using the transparent solution petri-dish method. The PVA-PEG-HAp thin membrane was investigated by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis (EDX), and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM. Both PVA and HAp of membrane matrix had typical peaks at 2Ɵ value 19.78. PEG also has a distinctive peak at 26.687. The five (5, 25, 50, 75, and 10 μl) different concentrations of extracts of PVA-PEG-HAp thin membrane were pertinent to interacting for 24 h with the L929 mouse cell line, and the results were exhibited a maximum of 99% and 93% cell viability, 1% and 7% cytotoxicity, respectively. Hence the newly developed polymer biomembrane is a biocompatible alternative for biofilms in medical applications.

Abstract An efficient Agrobacterium-mediated method for transformation of popular Bangladeshi Indica rice genotypes has been developed. Mature embryo-derived calluses as well as immature embryos were used as the target material. Transgenic plant production frequency was higher using the immature embryos than mature embryo-derived calluses. However, 3-week-old mature embryo-derived calluses served as an excellent starting material. The super-binary vector (pTOK233) was generally more effective than the binary vector (pC1301-Xa21mSS) particularly with recalcitrant Bangladeshi genotypes such as BR22. However, transformation of the Japonica cultivar Taipei-309 was equally effective with either plasmid. Inclusion of acetosyringone (200?µM) in co-cultivation media proved essential for successful transformation and the optimum co-cultivation period found was to be 3?days. A large number of morphologically normal, fertile transgenic plants were obtained which expressed gus as determined by histochemical staining. Integration of the hpt gene into the genome of transgenic plants was confirmed by molecular analysis. Mendelian inheritance of transgenes (hpt and gus gene) was observed in T1 progeny.