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Oral infectious diseases have a significant impact on the health of oral and maxillofacial regions, as well as the overall well-being of individuals. Carvacrol and thymol, two isomers known for their effective antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties, have gained considerable attention in the treatment of oral infectious diseases. However, their application as topical drugs for oral use is limited due to their poor physical and chemical stability. UiO-66, a metal-organic framework based on zirconium ion (Zr4+), exhibits high drug loading capability. Carvacrol and thymol were efficiently loaded onto UiO-66 with loading rates of 79.60 ± 0.71% and 79.65 ± 0.76%, respectively. The release rates of carvacrol and thymol were 77.82 ± 0.87% and 76.51 ± 0.58%, respectively, after a period of 72 h. Moreover, Car@UiO-66 and Thy@UiO-66 demonstrated excellent antibacterial properties against Candida albicans, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus with minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) of 0.313 mg/mL, 0.313 mg/mL, and 1.25 mg/mL, respectively. Furthermore, based on the results of the CCK8 cytotoxicity assay, even at concentrations as high as 1.25 mg/mL, Car@UiO-66 and Thy@UiO-66 exhibited excellent biocompatibility with a relative cell survival rate above 50%. These findings suggest that Car@UiO-66 and Thy@UiO-66 possess favorable biocompatibility properties without significant toxicity towards periodontal membrane cells. Additionally, in vivo studies confirmed the efficacy of Car@UiO-66and Thy@UiO-66 in reducing inflammation, promoting bone formation through inhibition of TNF-a and IL6 expression, enhancement of IL10 expression, and acceleration of bone defect healing. Therefore, the unique combination of antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and osteogenic properties make Car@UiO-66 and Thy@Ui O-66 promising candidates for the treatment of oral infectious diseases and repairing bone defects.

Passive radiative cooling (PRC) is a zero-energy-consumption technology that reflects sunlight and radiates heat to cold outer space. In this work, a porous poly(vinylidene fluoride)–poly(methyl methacrylate) (PVDF–PMMA) composite film is fabricated by decorating zinc-imidazolate metal–organic framework (MOF) (ZIF-8) particles obtained by phase inversion. Due to the competent scattering via the coral-like hierarchical structures and the vibration excitations of specific functional groups, the prepared film exhibits good solar reflectance (92.6%) and intermediate infrared emittance (99.1%), with an average sub-ambient cooling of 10.4 °C under a solar radiation intensity of 0.6 AM1.5. Additionally, poly(vinylidene fluoride) has a low surface energy, while the ZIF-8 particles and coral-like hierarchical structures enhance the surface roughness, endowing the surface with significant superhydrophobicity characterized by a water contact angle (WCA) of 157.5° and a sliding angle (SA) of 2°. These films exhibit excellent antibacterial properties. When the content of ZIF-8 particles in the film is 300 mg·L–1, the antibacterial rate reaches 100% after 1 h of treatment. Thus, the ZIF-8 porous poly(vinylidene fluoride)–poly(methyl methacrylate) composite (ZPPP) film has potential application prospects in areas with high health and environmental requirements, such as cold chain transportation and public spaces.

In order to meet the diverse needs of users for data mining services and improve resource utilization and enterprise competitiveness, this article aims to construct a Big Data Analytics (BDA) data mining service model based on resource sharing mechanisms. This article designs a customized data mining service model for BDA based on its characteristics. In this model, the authors apply the improved Apriori algorithm to determine the optimization plan and improve the ant colony optimization algorithm to improve the efficiency and accuracy of data mining. By analyzing the experimental results, the scientificity and rationality of the proposed data mining service model for BDA were demonstrated, and the implementation strategy of the data mining model was improved. These research findings provide important references for BDA's data mining service model based on response surface modeling and also provide guidance for enterprises on how to better utilize resources and improve competitiveness when facing big data.

Localization is a fundamental issue in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Localization with mobile anchors is one of the most efficient ways to deploy sensor nodes and locate them. Due to the limitations of cost and power consumption in WSNs, it is necessary to study the path planning of mobile anchor nodes, which is conducive to rapid localization with low energy consumption. This paper designs two path planning methods named TSCAN-R and TSCAN-E based on two mobile anchor nodes. They not only have short path lengths but can also overcome the problem of collinearity. Furthermore, a modified curve fitting-based localization method (MCFLM) is proposed. This method matches the distance between mobile anchor nodes in certain trajectories and unknown nodes and then infers the localization of the unknown nodes based on poles of distance curves. Simulation results indicate that MCFLM-based TSCAN-R and TSCAN-E have better localization accuracy and shorter path length than other methods.

Mobile crowdsensing (MCS) has emerged as a new sensing paradigm that relies on the sensing capabilities of the crowd to aggregate data. Unlike traditional MCS systems, where sensing data are traded via a third-party sensing platform, we propose a distributed data trading framework and investigate the potential of consortium blockchain to ensure the privacy and security of data transactions in MCS systems. The interactions between selling mobile users (SMUs) and buying mobile users (BMUs) are modeled as a Stackelberg game. Then, the amount of sensing time to purchase from each SMU and the price per unit sensing time are determined according to two auto-executing smart contracts. Notably, SMUs are compensated according to not only the amount of sensing time but also their reputation so that SMUs are encouraged to contribute high-quality data. Furthermore, the distributed ledger technology guarantees that the reputations of SMUs are updated and recorded in an immutable and traceable manner. Experimental results confirm that the proposed mechanism achieves near-optimal social welfare without requiring SMUs to know the price and data quality of each other.

Access to the internet by mobile terminals relies on the transmission of information from the optical fibre backbone to wireless networks. Fronthaul, as the last mile of fibre-wireless convergence, determines the overall transmission performance in terms of capacity and fidelity. Orders-of-magnitude increases in both bandwidth and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) are urgently desired to cope with the large growth in wireless traffic. Here we demonstrate a self-homodyne digital-analogue radio-over-fibre fronthaul using cloned optical frequency combs that meets these needs. The approach simultaneously supports an unprecedented 14.1 Tb s−1common public radio interface equivalent data rate and a 1,024 quadrature-amplitude-modulated format. The clone-comb configuration, which possesses the properties of frequency and phase locking, is the key to enabling a high-performance coherent digital-analogue radio-over-fibre system. Besides exploiting the quadruple capacity for a single channel thanks to coherent detection, the clone-comb approach can also provide multiple parallel channels concurrently, boosting the overall data throughput. We further demonstrate the potential of the technique, showing its ability to transmit 65,536 quadrature-amplitude-modulated signals and a data rate of 32.8 Tb s−1. Our architecture is promising for fibre-based and free-space optical fronthaul, bringing full-band and coherent-lite access networks into reach.

Anthropogenic pollutants can greatly mediate formation pathways and chemical compositions of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) in urban atmospheres. We investigated the molecular tracers for different types of SOA in PM2.5under varying NO/NO2conditions in Guangzhou using source analysis of particle-phase speciated organics obtained from an iodide chemical ionization mass spectrometer with a Filter Inlet for Gases and AEROsols (FIGAERO-I-CIMS). Results show that low-NO-like pathways (when NO/NO2< 0.2) explained ∼75% of the total measured FIGAERO-OA during regional transport periods, which was enriched in more-oxidized C4–C6non-nitrogenous compounds over ozone accumulation. Daytime high-NO chemistry played larger roles (38%) in local pollution episodes, with organic nitrates (ONs) and nitrophenols increasing with enhanced aerosol water content and nitrate fraction. Nighttime NO3-initiated oxidation, characterized by monoterpene-derived ONs, accounted for comparable percentages (10–12%) of FIGAERO-OA for both two periods. Furthermore, the presence of organosulfates (OSs) improves the understanding of the roles of aqueous-phase processes in SOA production. Carbonyl-derived OSs exhibited a preferential formation under conditions of high aerosol acidity and/or abundant sulfate, which correlated well with low-NO-like SOA. Our results demonstrate the importance of NO/NO2ratios in controlling SOA compositions, as well as interactions between water content, aerosol acidity, and inorganic salts in gas-to-particle partitioning of condensable organics.

Background: We performed this systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate the efficacy and safety of Li-ESWT combined with or without medications for patients with Chronic prostatitis/Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome (CP/CPPS). Methods: A comprehensive search was conducted of PUBMED, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases from inception to February 2022 for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) assessing the efficacy and safety of Li-ESWT with or without the combination of medications compared with the control group. The National Institutes of Health Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index (NIH‐CPSI), Visual Analogue Scale/Score (VAS), International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF), and International prostate symptom score (IPSS) were used to assess the improvements of symptoms in CP/CPPS patients. Results: 651 patients from 12 randomized controlled studies were included in this study. The total NIH-CPSI scores, pain domain scores, and quality of life (QOL) scores were significantly lower in the Li-ESWT group than those in the control group at the termination of treatment, and 1, 4, 12, and 24 weeks after treatment. And these scores were significantly reduced in the Li-ESWT group than in baselines. In the subgroup analysis, reductions of these scores lasted longer and were greater in Li-ESWT combined with medications than in Li-ESWT alone. In the Li-ESWT group, the VAS score; IIEF score; and IPSS score were significant improvements than those in control group at the termination of treatment, and 1, 4, and 12 weeks after treatment; 4, 12, and 24 weeks after treatment; and 1, 4, and 12 weeks after treatment, respectively. Conclusions: Li-ESWT is a safe, non-invasive, and effective option for patients with CP/CPPS, whether combined with medications or not, should be recommended for widespread use in clinical practice.

Urbanization and fires perturb the quantities and composition of fine organic aerosol in the central Amazon, with ramifications for radiative forcing and public health. These disturbances include not only direct emissions of particulates and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) precursors but also changes in the pathways through which biogenic precursors form SOA. The composition of ambient organic aerosol is complex and incompletely characterized, encompassing millions of potential structures relatively few of which have been synthesized and characterized. Through analysis of submicron aerosol samples from the Green Ocean Amazon (GoAmazon2014/5) field campaign by two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with machine learning, ∼1300 unique compounds were traced and characterized over two seasons. Fires and urban emissions produced chemically and interseasonally distinct impacts on product signatures, with only ∼50% of compounds observed in both seasons. Seasonally unique populations point to the importance of aqueous processing in Amazonian aerosol aging, but further mechanistic insights are impeded by limited product identity knowledge. Less than 10% of compounds were identifiable at an isomer-specific level. Overall, the findings (i) provide compositional characterization of anthropogenic influence on submicron organic aerosol in the Amazon, (ii) identify key season-to-season differences in chemical signatures, and (iii) highlight high-priority knowledge gaps in current speciated knowledge.

Developing multifunctional platinum(IV) prodrugs via integrating bioactive pharmacophores into one entity is an attractive strategy to ameliorate the defects of platinum(II) drugs. Herein, a series of indole–chalcone derivative-ligated platinum(IV) complexes were synthesized and evaluated for their anticancer activities. Among them, optimal complex 17aexerted superior activity compared to that of cisplatin (CDDP) against the tested cells but showed lower cytotoxicity toward human normal lung cells. Detailed mechanisms demonstrated that 17asignificantly enhanced intracellular accumulation, induced DNA damage, and inhibited migration in A549/CDDP cells. Furthermore, 17aefficiently disturbed the tubulin–microtubule system, initiated reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated endoplasmic reticulum stress, and activated a mitochondrion-dependent apoptosis signaling pathway. Besides, 17awas superior to free drugs or their combination in inhibiting cancer growth in A549/CDDP xenografts without inducing obvious side effects. The physical mixture of 16aand CDDP was almost identical to 17abut showed apparent systematic side effects. In summary, our studies may provide an efficient treatment regimen for CDDP resistance.

Compared to traditional soil improvement methods such as preloading, vertical drains, or grouting injection, et al., pile-supported reinforced embankments are increasing widely employed in the construction of highways on soft soils. A series of three-dimensional model tests on pile-reinforced embankments, utilizing a square arrangement for pile caps, were conducted to investigate the effects of pile-subsoil relative displacement, embankment height, tensile strength of geotextiles, and clear spacing of pile caps on the stress concentration ratio and the height of the equal settlement plane. The results indicate a close relationship between the soil arching effect and pile-subsoil relative displacement. The stress concentration ratio, from the results of this study, reaches its maximum value when the pile-subsoil relative displacement is approximately 6–8 mm. A larger embankment height to pile-cap clear spacing ratio, h/s, as well as the of pile-cap width to its clear spacing ratio, b/s, will result in a larger stress concentration ratio and a smaller differential settlement on the embankment surface. The inclusion of geotextiles can effectively enhance the soil arching effect, i.e., increasing the stress concentration ratio and lessening the fill differential settlement, especially for those low embankments. The model test results also shown that the height of the equal settlement plane in 3Dsoil arch is approximately 3.5 times the pile-cap clear spacing regardless of the inclusion of the geotextiles or not. In addition, by comparing the measured stress concentration ratio with the calculated values from various design methods, valuable conclusions have been derived.

Oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs) and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation potential of ambient air in Guangzhou, China was investigated using a field-deployed oxidation flow reactor (OFR). The OFR was used to mimic hours to weeks of atmospheric exposure to hydroxyl (OH) radicals within the 2–3 min residence time. A comprehensive investigation on the variation of VOCs and OVOCs as a function of OH exposure is shown. Substantial formation of organic acids and nitrogen-containing OVOC species were observed. Maximum SOA formation in the OFR was observed following 1–4 equiv days’ OH exposure. SOA produced from known/measured VOC/IVOC precursors such as single-ring aromatics and long-chain alkanes can account for 52–75% of measured SOA under low NOxand 26–60% under high NOxconditions based on laboratory SOA yield parametrizations. To our knowledge, this is the first time that the contribution (8–20%) of long-chain (C8–C20) alkane oxidation to OFR SOA formation was quantified from direct measurement. By additionally estimating contribution from unmeasured semivolatile and intermediate volatility compounds (S/IVOCs) that are committed with C8–C20alkanes, 64–100% of the SOA formation observed in the OFR can be explained, signifying the important contribution of S/IVOCs such as large cyclic alkanes to ambient SOA.

Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NOxover V2O5-based oxide catalysts has been widely used, but it is still a challenge to efficiently reduce NOxat low temperatures under SO2and H2O co-existence. Herein, SO2- and H2O-tolerant catalytic reduction of NOxat a low temperature has been originally demonstrated via engineering polymeric VOxspecies by CeO2. The polymeric VOxspecies were tactfully engineered on Ce–V2O5composite active sites via the surface occupation effect of Ce, and the obtained catalysts exhibited remarkable low-temperature activity and strong SO2and H2O tolerance at 250 °C. The strong interaction between Ce and V species induced the electron transfer from V to Ce and tuned the SCR reaction via the E–R pathway between the NH4+/NH3species and gaseous NO. In the presence of SO2and H2O, the polymeric VOxspecies had not been hardly influenced, while the formation of sulfate species on Ce sites not only promoted the adsorption of NH4+species and the reaction between gaseous NO and NH4+but also facilitated the decomposition of ammonium bisulfate through weakening the strong bond between HSO4–and NH4+. This work provided a new strategy for SO2- and H2O-tolerant catalytic reduction of NOxat a low temperature.

We consider an unconstrained tangential Dirichlet boundary control problem for the Stokes equations with an L2penalty on the boundary control. The contribution of this paper is twofold. First, we obtain well-posedness and regularity results for the tangential Dirichlet control problem on a convex polygonal domain. The analysis contains new features not found in similar Dirichlet control problems for the Poisson equation; an interesting result is that the optimal control has higher local regularity on the individual edges of the domain compared to the global regularity on the entire boundary. Second, we propose and analyze a hybridizable discontinuous Galerkin (HDG) method to approximate the solution. For convex polygonal domains, our theoretical convergence rate for the control is optimal with respect to the global regularity on the entire boundary. We present numerical experiments to demonstrate the performance of the HDG method.

The use of metal oxides functionalized clay ceramsite as a soil amendment for immobilizing trace metals in the soil gives some novel insights and has gained extensive attention. The clay ceramsite functionalized with Fe/Mn oxides was controllably synthesized, including clay ceramsite (NCs), iron oxide ceramsite (FeOx-NCs), manganese oxide ceramsite (MnOx-NCs), and iron-manganese oxide ceramsite (FeOx/MnOx-NCs). The underlying mechanisms of these materials on Cd migration and transformation in soil, and bioaccumulation in rice plants were studied. The results revealed that compared to the control (without adding any materials), all the amendments increased soil pH, cation exchange capacity (CEC), and dissolved organic carbon (DOC). DTPA-Cd contents decreased by 7.15%, 4.14%, 34.21%, and 30.45% in the treatments of NCs, FeOx-NCs, MnOx-NCs, and FeOx/MnOx-NCs after 48 days, respectively. Exchangeable Cd fraction was mainly transformed into carbonate-bound and Fe/Mn-bound fractions. The concentrations of DCB-Fe, DCB-Mn, and DCB-Cd on the root surface of rice increased by 2.9%− 79.6%, 5.1%− 116.9%, and 56.7%− 84.4%, respectively. Obviously, the contents of root-Cd, stem-Cd, and leaf-Cd decreased by 26.37%− 49.22%, 45.39%− 85.73%, and 43.41%− 73.26%, respectively. Principal components analysis (PCA) and correlation analysis explained the migration pathways of Cd in the soil-rice-material system, which helped us to further explore the remediation mechanism of soil. All the amendments improved soil physicochemical properties, and decreased the Cd accumulation in rice plants. Meanwhile, the materials structural characterization pointed out that the chemical precipitation and surface complexation of oxygen-containing functional groups were main Cd immobilization mechanisms. Our results provided valuable references for Cd immobilization in the soil by using Fe/Mn oxides functionalized clay ceramsite.

This work is concerned with the use of mobile sensors to approximate and replace the full state feedback controller by static output feedback controllers for a class of PDEs. Assuming the feedback operator associated with the full-state feedback controller admits a kernel representation, the proposed optimization aims to approximate the inner product of the kernel and the full state by a finite sum of weighted scalar outputs provided by the mobile sensors. When the full state feedback operator is time-dependent thus rendering its associated kernel time-varying, the approximation results in moving sensors with time-varying static gains. To calculate the velocity of the mobile sensors within the spatial domain the time-varying kernel is set equal to the sensor density and thus the solution to an associated advection PDE reveals the velocity field of the sensor network. To obtain the speed of the finite number of sensors, a domain decomposition based on a modification of the Centroidal Voronoi Tessellations (µ-CVT) is used to decompose the kernel into a finite number of cells, each of which contains a single sensor. A subsequent application of the µ-CVT on the velocity field provides the individual sensor speeds. The nature of this µ-CVT ensures collision avoidance by the very structure of the kernel decomposition into non-intersecting cells. Numerical simulations are provided to highlight the proposed sensor guidance.

Phase-only light modulation is an important functionality for many optoelectronic applications. Although modulation efficiency can be significantly improved by using optical resonances, resonance detuning is always accompanied with dramatic intensity variation that is less ideal. Here, we propose a method to achieve intensity-flattened phase shifting by utilizing the unidirectional guided resonance (UGR) – a novel class of topologically enabled guided resonance that only radiates toward a single side. Consequently, the incident excites resonances and generates phase shifting, but it transmits to only one out-going port without other choice, which flattens the transmittance. Theory and simulation agree well and confirm our findings, in particular when nonradiative loss has been taken into account. By directly measuring the intensity and phase responses of UGR samples, a dip depth of 0.43 is observed with nonradiative Qaround 2500. We further predict a dip depth of 0.13 can be achieved with a reasonable nonradiative Qaround 8000 in state-of-art fabrication precision, which is sufficient and useful for the applications ranging from light projection, flat metalens optics, optical phased array, to light detection and ranging.

ABSTRACTMitophagy, the elimination of damaged mitochondria through autophagy, promotes neuronal survival in cerebral ischemia. Previous studies found deficient mitophagy in ischemic neurons, but the mechanisms are still largely unknown. We determined that BNIP3L/NIX, a mitophagy receptor, was degraded by proteasomes, which led to mitophagy deficiency in both ischemic neurons and brains. BNIP3L exists as a monomer and homodimer in mammalian cells, but the effects of homodimer and monomer on mitophagy are unclear. Site-specific mutations in the transmembrane domain of BNIP3L (S195A and G203A) only formed the BNIP3L monomer and failed to induce mitophagy. Moreover, overexpression of wild-type BNIP3L, in contrast to the monomeric BNIP3L, rescued the mitophagy deficiency and protected against cerebral ischemic injury. The macroautophagy/autophagy inhibitor 3-MA and the proteasome inhibitor MG132 were used in cerebral ischemic brains to identify how BNIP3L was reduced. We found that MG132 blocked the loss of BNIP3L and subsequently promoted mitophagy in ischemic brains. In addition, the dimeric form of BNIP3L was more prone to be degraded than its monomeric form. Carfilzomib, a drug for multiple myeloma therapy that inhibits proteasomes, reversed the BNIP3L degradation and restored mitophagy in ischemic brains. This treatment protected against either acute or chronic ischemic brain injury. Remarkably, these effects of carfilzomib were abolished in bnip3l-/-mice. Taken together, the present study linked BNIP3L degradation by proteasomes with mitophagy deficiency in cerebral ischemia. We propose carfilzomib as a novel therapy to rescue ischemic brain injury by preventing BNIP3L degradation.Abbreviations:3-MA: 3-methyladenine; AAV: adeno-associated virus; ATG7: autophagy related 7; BCL2L13: BCL2-like 13 (apoptosis facilitator); BNIP3L/NIX: BCL2/adenovirus E1B interacting protein 3-like; CCCP: carbonyl cyanide 3-chlorophenylhydrazone; CFZ: carfilzomib; COX4I1: cytochrome c oxidase subunit 4I1; CQ: chloroquine; GAPDH: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; GFP: green fluorescent protein; I-R: ischemia-reperfusion; MAP1LC3A/LC3A: microtube-associated protein 1 light chain 3 alpha; MAP1LC3B/LC3B: microtube-associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta; O-R: oxygen and glucose deprivation-reperfusion; OGD: oxygen and glucose deprivation; PHB2: prohibitin 2; pMCAO: permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion; PRKN/PARK2: parkin RBR E3 ubiquitin protein ligase; PT: photothrombosis; SQSTM1: sequestosome 1; tMCAO: transient middle cerebral artery occlusion; TOMM20: translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 20; TTC: 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium hydrochloride.

Optical true-time-delay (OTTD) beamforming is a promising solution to support the ultra-broadband radio access network. However, large-scale antenna arrays set at remote radio units require the OTTD counterpart to have corresponding larger-scale channel numbers. Here, we demonstrate an OTTD remote beamforming network with a record 287 channel number using electro-optic frequency combs and multicore fiber. Our proposed scheme can generate beams for both one-dimensional and two-dimensional antenna arrays. We highlight that using multicore fiber not only increases the channel numbers but also supports remote beamforming. We estimate the long-term stability of this remote beamforming network, and 1-ps-level relative time delay variation in 2 h is obtained when using multicore fiber. It is one order of magnitude better than using parallel single-mode fibers. Thus, highly stable beamforming is achieved. These results pave the way for the application of OTTD beamforming in 5G and beyond networks.

To quantify the volatility of organic aerosols (OA), a comprehensive campaign was conducted in the Chinese megacity. Volatility distributions of OA and particle‐phase organic nitrate (pON) were estimated based on five methods: (a) empirical method and (b) kinetic model based on the measurement of a thermodenuder (TD) coupled with an aerosol mass spectrometer; (c) Formula‐based SIMPOL model‐driven method; (d) Element‐based estimations using molecular formula measurements of OA; and (e) gas/particle partitioning. Our results demonstrate that the ambient OA volatility distribution shows good agreement between the two heating methods and the formula‐based method when assuming ambient OA was mainly composed of organic nitrate (pON), organic sulfate and acid groups using the SIMPOL model. However, the element‐based method tends to overestimate the volatility of OA compared to the above three methods, suggesting large uncertainties in the parameterizations or in the representativeness of the molecular measurements that need further refinement. The volatility of ambient OA is generally lower than that of the laboratory‐derived secondary OA, emphasizing the impact of aging. A large fraction at the higher and lower volatility ranges (approximately log C*≤ −9 and ≥2 μg m−3) was found for pON, implying the importance of both extremely low volatile and semi‐volatile species. Overall, this study evaluates different methods for volatility estimation and gives new insight into the volatility of OA and pON in urban areas. Volatility, which controls the gas/particle partitioning of organic compounds, is one of most the important physiochemistry properties of organic aerosols (OA). Multiple methods have been used to estimate OA volatility, whereas the accuracy of each method is still unclear. The purpose of this study is to verify the volatility of ambient OA and its key component (i.e., particulate organic nitrate, pON) in urban areas by comparing the estimated results using different methods. With the help of state‐of‐art mass spectrometers, the estimation methods, including two heating methods, one formula‐based method, one element‐based method, and one gas/particle partitioning method, were achieved. In general, we found the heating methods show good agreement with the formula‐based method with a reasonable assumption of functional groups contained in OA and pON. In general, we observed a large faction of extremely low volatile compounds exist in OA (30%–40%), and both extremely low volatile and semi‐volatile species exist in pON, suggesting the complex evolution of atmospheric particles. The results provide a better understanding of the volatility of OA and pON in urban areas and benefit accurate volatility estimation that facilitates the model simulations of OA. The volatility of ambient organic aerosols (OA) and organic nitrate (pON) estimated from five methods were systematically comparedThe OA volatility from SIMPOL‐driven model under organic sulfate, pON and acid assumption are consistent with those from heating methodThe volatility distribution of pON indicates both extremely low volatility compounds as oligomers and semi‐volatile species exist in pON The volatility of ambient organic aerosols (OA) and organic nitrate (pON) estimated from five methods were systematically compared The OA volatility from SIMPOL‐driven model under organic sulfate, pON and acid assumption are consistent with those from heating method The volatility distribution of pON indicates both extremely low volatility compounds as oligomers and semi‐volatile species exist in pON

The coupling of charge and phonon transport in solids is a long-standing issue for thermoelectric performance enhancement. Herein, two new narrow-gap semiconductors with the same chemical formula of GeSe0.65Te0.35(GST) are rationally designed and synthesized: one with a layered hexagonal structure (H-GST) and the other with a non-layered rhombohedral structure (R-GST). Thanks to the three-dimensional (3D) network structure, R-GST possesses a significantly larger weighted mobility than H-GST. Surprisingly, 3D-structured R-GST displays an extremely low lattice thermal conductivity of ∼0.5 W m–1K–1at 523 K, which is comparable to that of layered H-GST. The two-dimensional (2D)-like phonon transport in R-GST stems from the unique off-centering Ge atoms that induce ferroelectric instability, yielding soft polar phonons, as demonstrated by the Boson peak detected by the low-temperature specific heat and calculated phonon spectra. Furthermore, 1 mol % doping of Sb is utilized to successfully suppress the undesired phase transition of R-GST toward H-GST at elevated temperatures. Consequently, a peak ZTof 1.1 at 623 K is attained in the rhombohedral Ge0.99Sb0.01Se0.65Te0.35sample, which is 1 order of magnitude larger than that of GeSe. This work demonstrates the feasibility of exploring high-performance thermoelectric materials with decoupled charge and phonon transport in off-centering compounds.

Bi1-xGdxFeO3(x= 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3) nanoparticles were synthesized by polyol-mediated method. They show a compositional-driven phase transition from a rhombohedral phase (R3c) for x= 0 to an orthorhombic phase (Pn21a) for x= 0.2 and 0.3, and x= 0.1 is a mixture of both phases. Improved ferroelectric hysteresis loops are observed at room temperature for all samples with moderate polarization values. The substitution of Gd ions for Bi enhances the ferromagnetic properties of this system. A large saturated magnetization of 0.11 μB/f.u. is obtained at 300 K, which is mainly attributed to the antiferromagnetic core and ferromagnetic surface of the nanoparticles, together with the structural distortion. Temperature- and field-dependence of magnetization curves reveal the frustrated magnetic behavior of this system. The variation of magnetic behaviors at different reaction temperatures is also related to the competition between canted antiferromagnetic Fe sublattice and paramagnetic Gd sublattice.

Hyperfunction of dopamine system has been implicated in manic episodes in bipolar disorders. How dopaminergic neuronal function is regulated in the pathogenesis of mania remains unclear. Histaminergic neurons project dense efferents into the midbrain dopaminergic nuclei. Here, we present mice lacking dopaminergic H2R in ventral tegmental area (VTA) exhibit a behavioral phenotype mirroring some of the symptoms of mania, including increased locomotor activity and reduced anxiety- and depression-like behavior. These behavioral deficits can be reversed by mood stabilizers lithium and valproate. H2R deletion in dopaminergic neurons significantly enhances neuronal activity, concurrent with a decrease in the GABAAR membrane presence and inhibitory transmission. Conversely, either overexpression of H2R in VTA dopaminergic neurons or treatment of H2R agonist amthamine within VTA counteracts amphetamine-induced hyperactivity. Together, our results demonstrate the engagement of H2R in reducing VTA dopaminergic activity, shedding light on the role of H2R as a potential target for mania therapy.

Deep coalbed methane (CBM) has become one of the most significant potential sources of natural gas in China. However, the exploration and development of deep CBM in China is still in an initial stage, and its accumulation-forming characteristics require further study. Therefore, taking the No. 8 deep coal seam in the central-eastern region of Ordos Basin as an example, this study investigated the geologic characteristics of CBM accumulations to establish a numerical model. The evolution of the burial and accumulation of CBM in the area was reconstructed. The modeling results suggest that the No. 8 coal seam experienced continuous subsidence from the Late Cretaceous to the Triassic, alternating subsidence and uplift during the Jurassic, rapid burial throughout the Early Cretaceous, and continuous uplift since the Late Cretaceous. The coal reached its maximum maturity at the end of the Early Cretaceous. Furthermore, CBM generation in the region was divided into four stages of thermal events—biogenic and early thermogenic gas, cracking of light oil into gas, cracking of the remaining kerogen into gas, and hydrocarbon generation ceasing—which accelerated coal maturity and generation. The adsorption capacity presented an overall declining trend prior to the end of the Cretaceous, followed by a rapid increase since the Late Cretaceous. As for adsorption mass evolution, the CBM successively underwent unsaturated minor adsorption, unsaturated rapid-rising adsorption, saturated decreasing adsorption, and saturated rising adsorption. The in-situ gas mass was found to be controlled by a combination of generation, adsorption, and expulsion of hydrocarbons, with its present-day value being 9–29 × 104t/km2and the corresponding gas volume per ton of coal being 12–28 m3/t. Moreover, free gas evolution initially showed an increasing trend, followed by a decline, ultimately accounting for 11%–28% of the total gas content.

Mass spectrometry imaging is becoming an increasingly common analytical technique due to its ability to provide spatially resolved chemical information. Here, we report a novel imaging approach combining laser ablation with two mass spectrometric techniques, aerosol mass spectrometry and chemical ionization mass spectrometry, separately and in parallel. Both mass spectrometric methods provide the fast response, rapid data acquisition, low detection limits, and high-resolution peak separation desirable for imaging complex samples. Additionally, the two techniques provide complementary information with aerosol mass spectrometry providing near universal detection of all aerosol molecules and chemical ionization mass spectrometry with a heated inlet providing molecular-level detail of both gases and aerosols. The two techniques operate with atmospheric pressure interfaces and require no matrix addition for ionization, allowing for samples to be investigated in their native state under ambient pressure conditions. We demonstrate the ability of laser ablation-aerosol mass spectrometry-chemical ionization mass spectrometry (LA-AMS-CIMS) to create 2D images of both standard compounds and complex mixtures. The results suggest that LA-AMS-CIMS, particularly when combined with advanced data analysis methods, could have broad applications in mass spectrometry imaging applications.

This study investigated the interaction mechanisms between rice starch (RS) and two different Flammulina velutipespolysaccharides (FPs) obtained through water-extracted (WEFP) and alkali-extracted (AEFP) methods regarding the pasting, gelatinization, retrogradation, and in vitrodigestive properties. The WEFP, with a majority of α-glucan and lower MW, and the AEFP, a high MW trihelix β-glucan, distinctly affected the physicochemical and digestive properties of RS in a dose-dependent manner. Both FPs reduced the leached amylose content, retrogradation, and digestibility of RS, and increased the shear stress, storage modulus, and loss modulus of RS. The swelling power and pasting viscosities of RS were inhibited by WEFP and enhanced with AEFP. Compared with the control RS gel, WEFP increased the gelatinization temperatures while AEFP accelerated the gelatinization of RS. Fourier-transform infrared analysis revealed WEFP enhanced the hydrogen bonding with starch and water molecules which increased the short-range ordered structures, and a more compact, wrinkle, and ordered network structures could be visualized in RS-WEFP gel, which attributed to the decreased glycemic responses of RS-WEFP gels. However, reduced hydrogen bonds were observed in RS-AEFP systems, and entanglement effect of viscous AEFP on starch granules resulted a thicker and more disordered RS-AEFP gel structure, which was the main factor restricted the digestion rates of RS. This study provides a theoretical insight about the application of FPs on RS-based hypoglycemic foods.

We consider robust output regulation of a partial differential equation model describing temperature evolution in a room. More precisely, we examine a two-dimensional room model with the velocity field and temperature evolution governed by the incompressible steady state Navier-Stokes and advection-diffusion equations, respectively, which coupled together form a simplification of the Boussinesq equations. We assume that the control and observation operators of our system are distributed, whereas the disturbance acts on a part of the boundary of the system. We solve the robust output regulation problem using a finite-dimensional low-order controller, which is constructed using model reduction on a finite element approximation of the model. Through numerical simulations, we compare performance of the reduced-order controller to that of the controller without model reduction as well as to performance of a low-gain robust controller.

ABSTRACTOperative treatment on oral cancer greatly damages the chewing and language function of the patient, we aim to find better solution with fewer side effects. The anti-tumor effects of Liquiritigenin (LQ) have been explored in kinds of cancers, but not in oral cancer. In this study, our purpose is to reveal the effects of LQ on oral cancer and the associated mechanism.Cell proliferation was examined through 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and 5-Ethynyl-2ʹ- deoxyuridine (EDU) staining. Cell apoptosis in cells and tissues were assessed by flow cytometry and terminal dexynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining, respectively. Expressions of AKT and light chain 3 (LC3) were detected through Immunofluorescence. In addition, xenograft model was established by injecting the CAL-27 cells (2 × 106) subcutaneously into the right flanks of mice. Expression of Ki67 and Beclin1 in tissues was valued by Immunohistochemistry (IHC).We found that cell viability of CAL-27 and SCC-9 was effectively inhibited by LQ. Besides, obvious cell apoptosis and cell autophagy were induced by LQ. In addition, PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway was sharply inactivated by LQ in oral cancer cells. Corresponding in vivoexperiments demonstrated that tumor growth was largely restricted, cell apoptosis was augmented and autophagy was enhanced by LQ. What is more, phosphorylation of AKT in tumor tissues could also be inhibited by LQ. LQ inhibited the progression of oral cancer through inducing autophagy-associated apoptosis via PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway inhibition, revealing a new possible scheme for the treatment of oral cancer.

Despite the central role of reactive organic carbon (ROC) in the formation of secondary species that impact global air quality and climate, our assessment of ROC abundance and impacts is challenged by the diversity of species that contribute to it. We revisit measurements of ROC species made during two field campaigns in the United States: the 2013 SOAS campaign in forested Centreville, AL, and the 2010 CalNex campaign in urban Pasadena, CA. We find that average measured ROC concentrations are about twice as high in Pasadena (73.8 μgCsm–3) than in Centreville (36.5 μgCsm–3). However, the OH reactivity (OHR) measured at these sites is similar (20.1 and 19.3 s–1). The shortfall in OHR when summing up measured contributions is 31%, at Pasadena and 14% at Centreville, suggesting that there may be a larger reservoir of unmeasured ROC at the former site. Estimated O3production and SOA potential (defined as concentration × yield) are both higher during CalNex than SOAS. This analysis suggests that the ROC in urban California is less reactive, but due to higher concentrations of oxides of nitrogen and hydroxyl radicals, is more efficient in terms of O3and SOA production, than in the forested southeastern U.S.

Isocyanic acid (HNCO) is a potentially toxic atmospheric pollutant, whose atmospheric concentrations are hypothesized to be linked to adverse health effects. An earlier model study estimated that concentrations of isocyanic acid in China are highest around the world. However, measurements of isocyanic acid in ambient air have not been available in China. Two field campaigns were conducted to measure isocyanic acid in ambient air using a high-resolution time-of-flight chemical ionization mass spectrometer (ToF-CIMS) in two different environments in China. The ranges of mixing ratios of isocyanic acid are from below the detection limit (18 pptv) to 2.8 ppbv (5 min average) with the average value of 0.46 ppbv at an urban site of Guangzhou in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region in fall and from 0.02 to 2.2 ppbv with the average value of 0.37 ppbv at a rural site in the North China Plain (NCP) during wintertime, respectively. These concentrations are significantly higher than previous measurements in North America. The diurnal variations of isocyanic acid are very similar to secondary pollutants (e.g., ozone, formic acid, and nitric acid) in PRD, indicating that isocyanic acid is mainly produced by secondary formation. Both primary emissions and secondary formation account for isocyanic acid in the NCP. The lifetime of isocyanic acid in a lower atmosphere was estimated to be less than 1 day due to the high apparent loss rate caused by deposition at night in PRD. Based on the steady state analysis of isocyanic acid during the daytime, we show that amides are unlikely enough to explain the formation of isocyanic acid in Guangzhou, calling for additional precursors for isocyanic acid. Our measurements of isocyanic acid in two environments of China provide important constraints on the concentrations, sources, and sinks of this pollutant in the atmosphere.

Anthropogenic emissions alter secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation chemistry from naturally emitted isoprene. We use correlations of tracers and tracer ratios to provide new perspectives on sulfate, NOx,and particle acidity influencing isoprene-derived SOA in two isoprene-rich forested environments representing clean to polluted conditions—wet and dry seasons in central Amazonia and Southeastern U.S. summer. We used a semivolatile thermal desorption aerosol gas chromatograph (SV-TAG) and filter samplers to measure SOA tracers indicative of isoprene/HO2(2-methyltetrols, C5-alkene triols, 2-methyltetrol organosulfates) and isoprene/NOx(2-methylglyceric acid, 2-methylglyceric acid organosulfate) pathways. Summed concentrations of these tracers correlated with particulate sulfate spanning three orders of magnitude, suggesting that 1 μg m–3reduction in sulfate corresponds with at least ∼0.5 μg m–3reduction in isoprene-derived SOA. We also find that isoprene/NOxpathway SOA mass primarily comprises organosulfates, ∼97% in the Amazon and ∼55% in Southeastern United States. We infer under natural conditions in high isoprene emission regions that preindustrial aerosol sulfate was almost exclusively isoprene-derived organosulfates, which are traditionally thought of as representative of an anthropogenic influence. We further report the first field observations showing that particle acidity correlates positively with 2-methylglyceric acid partitioning to the gas phase and negatively with the ratio of 2-methyltetrols to C5-alkene triols.

In this letter, a direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation method for a uniform-circular-array (UCA) with mutual coupling is presented. Due to the mutual coupling model of UCA, the actual steering vector in the mode domain is considered to correspond to a virtual uniform-linear-array (ULA) with gain-phase errors. This consideration indicates the calibration for mutual coupling in UCA can be transformed to that for gain-phase errors in the ULA: the gain errors are estimated with the main diagonal of the actual covariance matrix of the virtual ULA, and the phase errors are obtained via the Toeplitz structure of the ideal covariance matrix. In addition, due to the property of the ULA, there is an ambiguity in the estimation of the phase errors, which is analyzed and eliminated via least-square-method. Ultimately, the DOA and the coefficient of mutual coupling are estimated using estimating- signal-parameter-via-rotational-invariance-techniques and rank- reduction theory, respectively. The proposed method works on line without multidimensional parameter search. Furthermore, it avoids the ambiguity of the DOA estimation and simulations verify its effectiveness.

Acid-driven multiphase chemistry of isoprene epoxydiols (IEPOX), key isoprene oxidation products, with inorganic sulfate aerosol yields substantial amounts of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) through the formation of organosulfur compounds. The extent and implications of inorganic-to-organic sulfate conversion, however, are unknown. In this article, we demonstrate that extensive consumption of inorganic sulfate occurs, which increases with the IEPOX-to-inorganic sulfate concentration ratio (IEPOX/Sulfinorg), as determined by laboratory measurements. Characterization of the total sulfur aerosol observed at Look Rock, Tennessee, from 2007 to 2016 shows that organosulfur mass fractions will likely continue to increase with ongoing declines in anthropogenic Sulfinorg, consistent with our laboratory findings. We further demonstrate that organosulfur compounds greatly modify critical aerosol properties, such as acidity, morphology, viscosity, and phase state. These new mechanistic insights demonstrate that changes in SO2emissions, especially in isoprene-dominated environments, will significantly alter biogenic SOA physicochemical properties. Consequently, IEPOX/Sulfinorgwill play an important role in understanding the historical climate and determining future impacts of biogenic SOA on the global climate and air quality.

Acupuncture manipulations are clinically important to traditional Chinese medicine, yet the biological mechanisms have not been fully understood. This study aimed to investigate continuous stimulation-induced gene expression changes at stimulated and non-stimulated adjacent acupoints in the same meridian. Catgut embedding into acupoint (CEP) was conducted at acupoint Yanglingquan (gall bladder meridian of foot-shaoyang 34, GB34) of Sprague Dawley rats once or continuously for eight weeks, and gene expression changes at GB34 were assessed by gene chip array analysis 72 h after the last CEP treatment. A total of 688 genes exhibited opposite changes in expression between the two treatments, and 1,336 genes were regulated only by the eight-week CEP treatment. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis revealed that among these differentially regulated genes by one-time and eight-week CEP treatment, insulin-like growth factor-1 pathway and integrin-linked kinase pathway, and Wnt/~ catenin signaling pathway match the observed gene changes to predicted up/down regulation patterns. Upstream analysis further predicted six molecules, namely, tumor necrosis factor, interleukin 1~, interleukin la, kallikrein-related peptidase 5, protein kinase Ca, and catenin ~1. On the other hand, continuous eight-week CEP stimulation at acupoint Xuanzhong (GB39) caused similar changes in the expression of 32 genes at acupoints GB34 and Fengshi (GB31) on the same meridian. Taken together, our results provide the first molecular evidence for the local acupoints' mechanisms for acupoint sensitization theory, and implicate the existence of signaling pathways, either direct or indirect, between acupoints within the meridian GB.

Particle phase state plays a key role in gas-particle partitioning, heterogeneous and multiphase reactions, and secondary aerosol formation. In this work, the rebound fraction and chemical composition of submicron particles were simultaneously measured to investigate the particle phase state and its link to chemical composition in a subtropical coastal urban city (Shenzhen, China). Submicron particles were found to be in the liquid state for most of the measurement period in spring. During the sampling time, both high relative humidity (RH, ranged from 40% to 93%) and inorganic mass fraction in particles (62.6 ± 12.4% of dry particles, on average) resulted in abundant aerosol liquid water (43 ± 6% in the wet PM1, on average), which may liquefy the particles. Considering the high frequency of ambient RH > 60% and large inorganic mass fraction in aerosol particles, we deduced that particles were in the liquid state throughout the year in coastal urban areas, where this study was performed. The liquid phase particles may accelerate the mass transfer of reactive trace gases and multiphase reactions, thereby enhanced secondary aerosol formation, further resulting in a rapid growth in aerosol mass. Our work suggested that in regions heavily impacted by SO2and NOxemissions, especially in developing countries, the presence of inorganics could significantly impact the phase state of ambient aerosol particles, and thus the mixing state of inorganic and organic matter should be taken into account for the investigation of the aerosol phase state in urban environments.

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) has gained a reputation as one of the most sensitive spectroscopic methods for biosensing. However, to design a SERS-based biosensor, almost all currently used methods involve the time-consuming and complicated modification of the metallic nanoparticles, which restricts their wide spread applications. Herein, a facile and sensitive SERS-based aptasensor for colorimetric detection of acetamiprid (AC) was demonstrated. The prepared crystal violet (CV)-aptamer decorated gold nanoparticles (GNPs) tended to aggregate in a solution with high concentrations of salt, and displayed a purple color. In the presence of AC, the specific binding of the target with the aptamer generated conformation changes of aptamer (confirmed by the circular dichroism spectrum), which made the stable GNPs aggregation in the salt solution, thus resulting the SERS signal enhanced. Sequel, the SERS intensity was increased linearly with the concentration of AC ranging from 3.0 × 10−8to 4.0 × 10−6M, with a relatively low limit of 1.76 × 10−8M. The detection ability of AC by this biosensor was also confirmed with different adulterated tea. This approach is not only straightforward in fabrication but also cost-effective in operation, and can be used for diverse bio-molecules detection by changing the aptamer.

AbstractIntroduction:The aim of the study was to explore the association between the vitamin D pathway gene variations and the bone biomarkers response to calcium and low dose calcitriol supplementation in postmenopausal Chinese women.Methods:A total of 110 healthy postmenopausal Chinese women (61.51 ± 6.93 years) were enrolled. The participants were supplemented with calcium (600 mg/d) and calcitriol (0.25 μg/d), for 1 year. Four biomarkers, serum levels of beta C-terminal cross-linked telopeptides of type I collagen (β-CTX), amino-terminal propeptide of type I collagen (P1NP), parathyroid hormone (PTH) and 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] were measured at baseline and 12-month follow-up. Multivariate regression models were established to explore the statistical association between the change rate of the four biomarkers and 15 key genes within the vitamin D metabolic pathway.Results:This exclusion process left 98 participants for analysis. Serum levels of P1NP, β-CTX and PTH were significantly decreased at the 12-month follow-up (all p < 0.05). Serum 25(OH)D level had no significant change (p > 0.05). No association was found between the vitamin D pathway gene polymorphisms and bone biomarkers response to calcium and low dose calcitriol supplementation.Conclusions:Genetic background of postmenopausal Chinese women might not influence supplemental response of the biomarkers to calcium and low dose calcitriol.

Overly strong fear memories can cause pathological conditions. Histamine H3receptor (H3R) has been viewed as an optimal drug target for CNS disorders, but its role in fear memory remains elusive. We find that a selective deficit of H3R in cholinergic neurons, but not in glutamatergic neurons, enhances freezing level during contextual fear memory retrieval without affecting cued memory. Consistently, genetically knocking down H3R or chemogenetically activating cholinergic neurons in the ventral basal forebrain (vBF) mimics this enhanced fear memory, whereas the freezing augmentation is rescued by re-expressing H3R or chemogenetic inhibition of vBF cholinergic neurons. Spatiotemporal regulation of H3R by a light-sensitive rhodopsin-H3R fusion protein suggests that postsynaptic H3Rs in vBF cholinergic neurons, but not presynaptic H3Rs of cholinergic projections in the dorsal hippocampus, are responsible for modulating contextual fear memory. Therefore, precise modulation of H3R in a cell-type- and subcellular-location-specific manner should be explored for pathological fear memory.

•USP39 interacts with Cyclin B1 and stabilizes its expression.•USP39 cleaves the K29-linked polyubiquitin chain on Cyclin B1 at Lys242.•USP39 promote tumor cell proliferation by deubiquitinating Cyclin B1.

A thermo-optic phase shifter is proposed and demonstrated by utilizing the high-Q resonance in high-index-contrast grating (HCG). The Q-factor up to ∼12000 is measured in a footprint of 110  μm×300  μm. By heating the HCG with paired metal strip micro-heaters, the optical resonance shifts, which induces phase modulation. A phase shift of ∼1.2π under heating power of ∼32  mW is directly observed and demodulated from the fringes shifting in a Michelson interferometer. The proposed configuration can also be extended to realize high-speed phase shift by adopting electro-optical modulation.

This paper proposes a finite difference spatial discretization that preserves the geometrical structure, i.e. the Dirac structure, underlying 2D heat and wave equations in cylindrical coordinates. These equations are shown to rely on Dirac structures for a particular set of boundary conditions. The discretization is completed with time integration based on Stormer-Verlet method.

We investigated neuroprotective treatment strategies for patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) complicated with hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) in the ICU.

ABSTRACTCerebral ischemia induces massive mitochondrial damage. These damaged mitochondria are cleared, thus attenuating brain injury, by mitophagy. Here, we identified the involvement of BNIP3L/NIX in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I-R)-induced mitophagy. Bnip3lknockout (bnip3l−/−) impaired mitophagy and aggravated cerebral I-R injury in mice, which can be rescued by BNIP3L overexpression. The rescuing effects of BNIP3L overexpression can be observed in park2−/−mice, which showed mitophagy deficiency after I-R. Interestingly, bnip3land park2double-knockout mice showed a synergistic mitophagy deficiency with I-R treatment, which further highlighted the roles of BNIP3L-mediated mitophagy as being independent from PARK2. Further experiments indicated that phosphorylation of BNIP3L serine 81 is critical for BNIP3L-mediated mitophagy. Nonphosphorylatable mutant BNIP3LS81Afailed to counteract both mitophagy impairment and neuroprotective effects in bnip3l−/−mice. Our findings offer insights into mitochondrial quality control in ischemic stroke and bring forth the concept that BNIP3L could be a potential therapeutic target for ischemic stroke, beyond its accepted role in reticulocyte maturation.

Wildfires emit significant amounts of pollutants that degrade air quality. Plumes from three wildfires in the western U.S. were measured from aircraft during the Studies of Emissions and Atmospheric Composition, Clouds and Climate Coupling by Regional Surveys (SEAC4RS) and the Biomass Burning Observation Project (BBOP), both in summer 2013. This study reports an extensive set of emission factors (EFs) for over 80 gases and 5 components of submicron particulate matter (PM1) from these temperate wildfires. These include rarely, or never before, measured oxygenated volatile organic compounds and multifunctional organic nitrates. The observed EFs are compared with previous measurements of temperate wildfires, boreal forest fires, and temperate prescribed fires. The wildfires emitted high amounts of PM1(with organic aerosol (OA) dominating the mass) with an average EF that is more than 2 times the EFs for prescribed fires. The measured EFs were used to estimate the annual wildfire emissions of carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, total nonmethane organic compounds, and PM1from 11 western U.S. states. The estimated gas emissions are generally comparable with the 2011 National Emissions Inventory (NEI). However, our PM1emission estimate (1530 ± 570 Gg yr−1) is over 3 times that of the NEI PM2.5estimate and is also higher than the PM2.5emitted from all other sources in these states in the NEI. This study indicates that the source of OA from biomass burning in the western states is significantly underestimated. In addition, our results indicate that prescribed burning may be an effective method to reduce fine particle emissions. Emission factors (EFs) were measured for three western wildfires for major gases and particles and rarely measured OVOCs and organic nitratesAircraft‐measured EF(PM1) from wildfires is more than 2 times that of prescribed firesEmission estimates for western U.S. wildfires indicate a significant BB contribution to aerosol mass Wildfires emit large amounts of pollutants. This work quantifies the emissions of a range of both gaseous and particulate species from U.S. wildfires using measurements performed on research aircraft. The results indicate that wildfires are a large source of particulate pollution in the western states and that the source is currently underestimated by more than a factor of three in emissions inventories. Comparison of these results to those obtained from prescribed burning indicates that wildfires are a larger source of pollution.

The idea of aromatherapy, using essential oils, has been considered as an alternative antidepressant treatment. In the present study, we investigated the effect of Roman chamomile essential oil inhalation for two weeks on depressive-like behaviors in Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats. We found that inhalation of either Roman chamomile or one of its main components α-pinene, attenuated depressive-like behavior in WKY rats in the forced swim test. Using isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation analysis (iTRAQ), we found that inhalation of α-pinene increased expression of proteins that are involved in oxidative phosphorylation, such as cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6C-2, cytochrome c oxidase subunit 7A2, ATPase inhibitor in the hippocampus, and cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6C-2, ATP synthase subunit e, Acyl carrier protein, and Cytochrome b-c1 complex subunit 6 in the PFC (prefrontal cortex). In addition, using the quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction technique, we confirmed an increase of parvalbumin mRNA expression in the hippocampus, which was shown to be upregulated by 2.8-fold in iTRAQ analysis, in α-pinene treated WKY rats. These findings collectively suggest the involvement of mitochondrial functions and parvalbumin-related signaling in the antidepressant effect of α-pinene inhalation.

ABSTRACTPrompt reperfusion after cerebral ischemia is critical for neuronal survival. Any strategies that extend the limited reperfusion window will be of great importance. Acidic postconditioning (APC) is a mild acidosis treatment that involves inhaling CO2during reperfusion following ischemia. APC attenuates ischemic brain injury although the underlying mechanisms have not been elucidated. Here we report that APC reinforces ischemia-reperfusion-induced mitophagy in middle cortical artery occlusion (MCAO)-treated mice, and in oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD)-treated brain slices and neurons. Inhibition of mitophagy compromises neuroprotection conferred by APC. Furthermore, mitophagy and neuroprotection are abolished in Park2knockout mice, indicating that APC-induced mitophagy is facilitated by the recruitment of PARK2 to mitochondria. Importantly, in MCAO mice, APC treatment extended the effective reperfusion window from 2 to 4 h, and this window was further extended to 6 h by exogenously expressing PARK2. Taken together, we found that PARK2-dependent APC-induced mitophagy renders the brain resistant to ischemic injury. APC treatment could be a favorable strategy to extend the thrombolytic time window for stroke therapy.

Intermediate‐volatility organic compounds (IVOCs) are among the most important precursors to secondary organic aerosol (SOA), yet their sources and contributions to SOA in ambient air are poorly constrained. In this study, IVOCs were collected with sorption tubes in a coastal city in southern China during September–October 2019 and were analyzed by gas chromatography‐mass selective detector after thermo‐desorption. The measured average concentration of IVOCs was 25.0 ± 0.95 μg m−3(mean ± 95% C.I.), and residual unresolved complex mixtures shared 79.8% ± 1.91% of IVOCs. The estimated SOA production, even only from speciated IVOCs and unspeciated branch‐alkane IVOCs, reached 2.44 ± 1.46 μg m−3, approximately five times that from VOCs during the photochemically active period (12:00–15:00 local time). Based on the positive matrix factorization model with a photochemical‐age‐based parameterization, diesel‐related emission was the largest contributor (46.6%) of IVOCs, followed by ship emission (23.0%), gasoline exhaust (16.8%), and biomass/coal burning (13.6%). Non‐road diesel engines accounted for a dominant part in diesel‐related emission. Ship emission was found to contribute SOA formation potentials (SOAFPs) comparable to that of diesel‐related emission, while biomass/coal burning showed higher SOAFPs than gasoline exhaust. Our results revealed that non‐road sources, such as ship emission, non‐road diesel engines, and biomass/coal burning contributed substantially to IVOCs, and will be of greater importance in producing ambient SOA with the increasingly stringent control on emissions from on‐road vehicles. Intermediate‐volatility organic compounds (IVOCs) are a class of organic compounds with effective saturated concentrations between 10³ μg m⁻³ and 10⁶ μg m⁻³, with a volatility range roughly equivalent to that of C₁₂–C₂₂ normal alkanes. Although proposed to be important precursors of secondary organic aerosols (SOAs), IVOCs occurring in ambient air are poorly constrained, especially for their sources and contributions to SOA. Here, we measured IVOCs along with volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in a coastal megacity in south China during September–October 2019 and found that estimated SOA production from IVOCs was much higher than that from VOCs, which traditionally have been regarded as the most important SOA precursors. Moreover, we found that non‐road sources, including ship emissions, non‐road diesel engines, and biomass/coal burning, contributed a larger part to IVOCs than road vehicles and an even larger part to SOA production from IVOCs. Our results highlight that, in addition to controlling VOC emissions or IVOCs from road vehicles, it is crucial to control non‐road emissions of IVOCs to reduce SOA in fine particles. Estimated intermediate‐volatility organic compounds (IVOC)‐derived secondary organic aerosol was over five times that from volatile organic compoundsFossil fuel combustion was the major contributor to primary IVOCsNon‐road emissions were important sources of primary IVOCs Estimated intermediate‐volatility organic compounds (IVOC)‐derived secondary organic aerosol was over five times that from volatile organic compounds Fossil fuel combustion was the major contributor to primary IVOCs Non‐road emissions were important sources of primary IVOCs

The mode-splitting phenomenon within finite-size, mini-scale high-index-contrast gratings (HCGs) has been investigated theoretically and experimentally. The high-Q resonance splits into a series of in-plane modes due to the confinement of boundaries but can still survive even on a mini-scale footprint. Q factors up to ∼3300 and ∼2200 have been observed for the HCGs with footprints that are only 55  μm×300  μm and 27.5  μm×300  μm, which would be promising for realizing optical communication and sensing applications with compact footprint.