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The extremely low stability of lanthanide clusters with precise structures and nanometer dimensions in aqueous solutions limits their application in the field of photodynamic sterilization. In this study, an hourglass-shaped nine-nucleated Dy9cluster (1) with excellent light-driven reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation ability and photodynamic sterilization property was constructed using acylhydrazone multidentate chelating ligands obtained via an in situ reaction. The eight chelating ligands were distributed outside cluster 1, tightly wrapping the cluster core, thus preventing solvent molecules from attacking the cluster nucleus and ensuring the stability of cluster 1in solution, which was demonstrated via X-ray diffraction and high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HRESI–MS). Time-dependent HRESI–MS monitoring of the self-assembly process of cluster 1allowed two possible self-assembly mechanisms. The heavy atom effect of multiple Dy(III) ions in the Dy9cluster enhanced the ISC pathway through spin–orbit coupling, promoting energy transfer from the excited singlet state (S1) to the triplet state (T1), which was stabilized, inducing the generation of more ROS. Cluster 1showed a remarkable sterilization effect due to the generation of abundant ROS under light irradiation conditions. To our knowledge, this is a rare instance of lanthanide clusters with photodynamic sterilization, providing new horizons for the construction of fast and efficient sterilizers.

We introduce the design of statically foveated head‐mounted displays based on a new perceptual‐driven approach, aiming to offer a large field of view and high resolution with imperceptible image quality degradation eliminating the need for eye‐tracking or scanning mechanisms. The system incorporates a uniform‐resolution display panel and a spatially varying optical power eyepiece.

Pinacol lanthanide complexes PyraLn(Ln = Dy and Tb) with the restriction of intramolecular vibration were obtained for the first time via an in situ solvothermal coordination-catalyzed tandem reaction using cheap and simple starting materials, thereby avoiding complex, time-consuming, and expensive conventional organic synthesis strategies. A high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HRESI-MS) analysis confirmed the stability of PyraLnin an organic solution. The formation process of PyraLnwas monitored in detail using time-dependent HRESI-MS, which allowed for proposing a mechanism for the formation of pinacol complexes via in situ tandem reactions under one-pot coordination-catalyzed conditions. The PyraLncomplexes constructed using a pinacol ligand with a butterfly configuration exhibited distinct aggregation-induced emission (AIE) behavior, with the αAIEvalue as high as 60.42 according to the AIE titration curve. In addition, the PyraLncomplexes in the aggregated state exhibit a rapid photoresponse to various 3dmetal ions with low detection limits. These findings provide fast, facile, and high-yield access to dynamic, smart lanthanide complex emissions with bright emission and facilitate the rational construction of molecular machines for artificial intelligence.

Based on the Mindlin solution, this paper considers the influence of factors such as the non-uniform distribution of additional thrust of the cutter head influenced by lateral earth pressure in shield excavation, the non-uniform distribution of friction of shield shell influenced by soil softening and slurry spreading, and the non-uniform distribution of grouting pressure influenced by slurry spreading on the horizontal displacement of soil. The existing prediction formula is revised and verified by engineering examples. It is found that: affected by the shield construction disturbance force, the horizontal displacement behind the excavation surface is larger than that in front of the excavation surface, and the peak value of the horizontal displacement appears around the tunnel axis; through the verification of engineering case, when calculating the horizontal displacement in front of the excavation surface, the calculation results of both the modified formula and the original formula are in good agreement with the measured values, which can reflect the change trend of the measured horizontal displacement; when calculating the horizontal displacement behind the excavation surface, the calculation result of the existing formula has a great error due to the assumption of uniform distribution of disturbance force, which is different from the law of the measured result; the calculation result of the modified prediction formula is obviously in better agreement with the measured deformation value, and the error is smaller, which is more in line with the engineering reality.

Virtual reality/augmented reality (VR/AR/MR) devices provide a platform of basic infrastructure for the next-generation human-computer interfaces. Integrated Optoelectronics for VR/AR/MR technologies plays an essential role in improving the performance and reducing the size/volume/ weight/power consumption for VR/AR/MR systems, and it has become a hot research topic in recent years. Advancing this multi-disciplinary research topic requires scientific understanding and technological innovation across a broad range of interdisciplinary fields including optics, electronics, computing, materials, and ergonomics.

IMPORTANCE: Language-learning model–based artificial intelligence (AI) chatbots are growing in popularity and have significant implications for both patient education and academia. Drawbacks of using AI chatbots in generating scientific abstracts and reference lists, including inaccurate content coming from hallucinations (ie, AI-generated output that deviates from its training data), have not been fully explored. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate and compare the quality of ophthalmic scientific abstracts and references generated by earlier and updated versions of a popular AI chatbot. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This cross-sectional comparative study used 2 versions of an AI chatbot to generate scientific abstracts and 10 references for clinical research questions across 7 ophthalmology subspecialties. The abstracts were graded by 2 authors using modified DISCERN criteria and performance evaluation scores. MAIN OUTCOME AND MEASURES: Scores for the chatbot-generated abstracts were compared using the t test. Abstracts were also evaluated by 2 AI output detectors. A hallucination rate for unverifiable references generated by the earlier and updated versions of the chatbot was calculated and compared. RESULTS: The mean modified AI-DISCERN scores for the chatbot-generated abstracts were 35.9 and 38.1 (maximum of 50) for the earlier and updated versions, respectively (P = .30). Using the 2 AI output detectors, the mean fake scores (with a score of 100% meaning generated by AI) for the earlier and updated chatbot-generated abstracts were 65.4% and 10.8%, respectively (P = .01), for one detector and were 69.5% and 42.7% (P = .17) for the second detector. The mean hallucination rates for nonverifiable references generated by the earlier and updated versions were 33% and 29% (P = .74). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Both versions of the chatbot generated average-quality abstracts. There was a high hallucination rate of generating fake references, and caution should be used when using these AI resources for health education or academic purposes.

Conventional integral‐imaging based light field displays are often subject to the tradeoffs among spatial resolution, depth of field, view density, and eyebox size. This paper will review several time‐multiplexed methods we recently explored for creating high‐performance head‐mounted light field displays.

It is difficult to subject simple reaction starting materials to a “one-pot” in situ tandem reaction without post-treatment under mild reaction conditions to obtain multimers with complex structural linkages. In organic synthesis, acetal reactions are often used to protect derivatives containing carbonyl functional groups. Therefore, acetal products tend to have very low stability, and performing multi-step condensation to obtain complex multimeric products is difficult. Herein, we achieved the first efficient multiple condensation of o-vanillin derivatives using Dy(OAc)3·6H2O undergoing a “one-pot” in situ tandem reaction under mild solvothermal conditions to obtain a series of dimers (I and II, clusters 1and 2) and trimers (I and II, clusters 3and 4). When methanol or ethanol is used as the solvent, the alcoholic solvent participates in acetal and dehydration reactions to obtain dimers (I and II). Surprisingly, when using acetonitrile as the reaction solvent, the o-vanillin derivatives undergo acetal and dehydration reactions to obtain trimers (I and II). In addition, clusters 1–4all showed distinct single-molecule magnetic behaviors under zero-field conditions. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that multiple acetal reactions catalyzed by coordination-directed catalysis under “one-pot” conditions have been realized, opening a new horizon for the development of fast, facile, green, and efficient synthetic methods for complex compounds.

Porphyrin-based photosensitizers have been widely utilized in photodynamic therapy (PDT), but they suffer from deteriorating fluorescence and reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to their close π–π stacking. Herein, a biocompatible pure organic porphyrin nanocage (Py-Cage) with enhanced both type I and type II ROS generation is reported for PDT. The porphyrin skeleton within the Py-Cage is spatially separated by four biphenyls to avoid the close π–π stacking within the nanocage. The Py-Cage showed a large cavity and high porosity with a Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area of over 300 m2g−1, facilitating a close contact between the Py-Cage and oxygen, as well as the fast release of ROS to the surrounding microenvironment. The Py-Cage shows superb ROS generation performance over its precursors and commercial ones such as Chlorin E6 and Rose Bengal. Intriguingly, the cationic π-conjugated Py-Cage also shows promising type I ROS (superoxide and hydroxyl radicals) generation that is more promising for hypoxic tumor treatment. Both in vitrocell and in vivoanimal experiments further confirm the excellent antitumor activity of the Py-Cage. As compared to conventional metal coordination approaches to improve PDT efficacy of porphyrin derivatives, the pure organic porous Py-Cage demonstrates excellent biocompatibility, which is further verified in both mice and rats. This work of an organic porous nanocage shall provide a new paradigm for the design of novel, biocompatible and effective photosensitizers for PDT.

Purpose and Background: The periodic motion characteristic is crucial for the firing accuracy of the machine gun system. In this study, a demonstrated machine gun system is simplified as a rotating beam system to study its periodic motion characteristic under a multi-pulsed excitation. Unlike the previously rotating beam model, the beam axis and the rotation center are non-collinear. Methods: The nonlinear coupled dynamic model of the system is derived by Rayleigh–Ritz method and Lagrange equation, and the dynamic responses are analyzed using Runge–Kutta method. Based on the computed responses, the effect of rotating radius, beam length, torsional stiffness and damping on system dynamic behavior are analyzed and discussed. Results and Conclusion: Results reveal that increasing the rotating radius and beam length could affect the periodic motion of the system gradually. Increasing the torsional stiffness could enhance the periodic motion characteristic of the rotating beam system. The quasi-periodic motion characterized of the system could be dominated by matching the torsional damping.

A high dynamic range head mounted display (HDR-HMD) using a dual-layer per-pixel modulation method was recently demonstrated where both the display and modulation layers spatially overlap with an equal pixel resolution and are well-aligned to each other such that per-pixel dynamic range modulation becomes feasible. Besides the per-pixel modulation method, two other modulation methods can also be implemented via a dual-layer construction: the extended layer separation method where the display and modulation layers are largely separated in space, and the coarse backlight method where the display and modulation layers have largely different pixel resolutions such that the modulation layer may be treated as a locally-controllable backlight to the display layer. In this paper, we develop a generalize model to simulate the image formation process of dual-layer HDR displays and to evaluate the image performance of these different configurations and modulation methods. Maximum displayable spatial frequencies under different configurations are characterized. Experimental results using resolution targets support the model.

Purpose: This work aims to assess the quality, accountability, readability, accessibility, and presence of Spanish translation in online material through a Google search of “macular degeneration”.Methods: In this retrospective cross-sectional analysis of website results from a Google search of “macular degeneration”, the quality and accountability for each website were assessed using the DISCERN criteria and the Health on the Net Foundation Code of Conduct (HONcode) principles. All 31 sites were independently graded by 2 ophthalmologists. Readability was evaluated using an online tool. The presence of accessibility features on the website and Spanish translation was recorded. The primary outcome measure was the DISCERN and HONcode quality and accountability scores of each website. Secondary outcome measures included the readability, accessibility, and presence of Spanish translation.Results: The mean ± SD of each criterion across all 15 DISCERN questions was 2.761 ± 0.666 (out of 5). The mean HONcode score for all websites was 7.355 ± 3.123. The mean consensus reading grade level was 10.258 ± 2.49. There were no statistically significant differences in any score between the top 5 websites and the bottom 26 websites evaluated. Accessibility was available on 10 of 31 websites. Spanish translation was available on 10 of 31 websites.Conclusions: The top 5 websites that appeared on a Google search did not have better quality or readability of online content. Improving quality, accountability, and readability can help improve patients’ health literacy regarding macular degeneration.

IMPORTANCE: Diverse enrollment and adequate representation of racial and ethnic minority groups in randomized clinical trials (RCTs) are valuable to ensure external validity and applicability of results. OBJECTIVE: To compare the distribution of race and ethnicity in RCTs of diabetic macular edema (DME) and macular edema from retinal vein occlusion (RVO) to that of US Census data. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This was a cross-sectional retrospective analysis comparing racial and ethnic demographic characteristics of US-based RCTs of DME and RVO between 2004 and 2020 with 2010 US Census data. PubMed and ClinicalTrials.gov were searched to screen for completed phase 3 RCTs with published results. Of 169 trials screened, 146 were excluded because they were incomplete, did not report race and ethnicity, or were not based in the US, and 23 trials were included (15 DME and 8 RVO). The number and percentage of American Indian or Alaska Native, Asian, Black, Hispanic, Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander, and White participants was recorded in each RCT. The demographic distribution and proportion was compared to the reported distribution and proportion in the 2010 US Census using the χ2 test. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Overrepresentation, underrepresentation, or representation commensurate with 2010 US Census data in the racial and ethnic populations of RCTs of retinal vascular disease. RESULTS: In 23 included RCTs of DME and RVO, there were a total of 38 participants (0.4%) who identified as American Indian or Alaska Native and Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander (groups combined owing to small numbers), 415 Asian participants (4.4%), 904 Black participants (9.6%), 954 Hispanic participants (10.1%), and 7613 White participants (80.4%). By comparison, the 2010 US Census data indicated that 1.1% of the US population self-reported as American Indian or Alaska Native and Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander (groups combined for comparison in this study), 4.8% self-reported as Asian, 12.6% as Black or African American, 16.3% as Hispanic, and 63.7% as White. American Indian or Alaska Native and Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander participants were underrepresented in 2 trials, neither overrepresented nor underrepresented in 20, and not overrepresented in any of the included trials. Asian participants were underrepresented in 10 trials, overrepresented in 4, and neither overrepresented nor underrepresented in 8. Black participants were underrepresented in 9 trials, overrepresented in 2, and neither overrepresented nor underrepresented in 11. Hispanic participants were underrepresented in 15 trials, overrepresented in 2, and neither overrepresented nor underrepresented in 5. White participants were underrepresented in 2 trials, overrepresented in 14, and neither overrepresented nor underrepresented in 7. The χ2 values comparing RCT demographic distribution to US 2010 Census data were significantly different in 22 of 23 included RCTs. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: The findings in this study indicated a discrepancy between racial and ethnic demographic data in RCTs of DME and RVO and the US population according to the 2010 Census. White study participants were most frequently overrepresented, and Hispanic study participants were most frequently underrepresented. These findings support the need for more efforts to recruit underrepresented racial and ethnic minorities to improve external validity in trial findings.