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The hazard assessment of a telescoped Miyaura borylation and Suzuki coupling reaction employing bis(pinacolato)diboron (BisPin), used in the developmental synthesis of an intermediate for abemaciclib, led to the observation of hydrogen being generated. Quantitative headspace GC and solution 11B NMR were used to show that the rapid decomposition of the excess BisPin from the borylation under the aqueous basic conditions of the Suzuki reaction was responsible for H2generation. The moles of H2observed were found equal to the BisPin excess, which is rationalized by mass balance and a stoichiometric reaction. The possible generation of the stoichiometric levels of H2should be considered in hazard assessments of this class of reaction. Kinetic and process modeling was used to minimize the risk upon scale-up, and results for commercial manufacturing batches are presented, which showed good agreement with the lab scale data. Furthermore, the hydrogen evolution potentials of other common borylating agents including bisboronic acid (BBA) and pinacol borane were demonstrated.

Understanding anatomy is one of the pillars for performing a safe, effective, and efficient surgery, but recently, it is reported that there has been a decline in teaching anatomy during the preclinical years of medical school. There is also evidence that by the time a medical student becomes a clinician, a considerable proportion of the basic anatomy knowledge is lost. Hence, it is crucial for surgeons performing or assisting in pelvic floor surgery to revisit this integral clinical aspect of pelvic anatomy for performing a safe surgery.

To evaluate outcomes, recurrence rates, and postoperative sexual function after secondary vaginal prolapse surgery using the Small Intestinal Submucosa (SIS) xenograft.

Female voiding dysfunction unrelated to childbirth is common but poorly understood, and most often occurs as a result of detrusor hypotonia and less frequently in association with bladder outlet obstruction. Specific causes include anti-incontinence surgery, bladder over-distension, painful infective, allergic or chemical reactions of the urogenital tissues, bladder outlet obstruction, dyssynergia of the bladder-urethral sphincter mechanism, neurogenic, pharmacological, and psychogenic causes. A thorough history and examination is essential in the clinical assessment. It should be followed by investigations including urine microbiology, frequency volume diaries, ultrasound scan, uroflowmetry, and, when indicated, subtracted voiding cystometry, electromyography, and cystourethroscopy. The main treatment modalities are catheterization (self-intermittent, suprapubic, urethral, in order of preference), bladder retraining, biofeedback, and, rarely, surgery or sacral neuromodulation.

Three molecular structures are reported which utilize the NiN2S2ligands Ni-1, (bis(mercaptoethyl)diazacyclooctane)nickel and Ni-1′, bis(mercaptoethyl)diazacycloheptane)nickel, as metallodithiolate ligands to rhodium in oxidation states i, iiand iii. For the RhIcomplex, the NiN2S2unit behaves as a bidentate ligand to a square planar RhI(CO)(PPh3)+moiety with a hinge or dihedral angle (defined as the intersection of NiN2S2and S2Rh(C)(P) planes) of 115°. Supported by Ni-1′ ligands, the RhIIoxidation state occurs in a dirhodium C4paddlewheel complex wherein four NiN2S2units serve as bidentate bridging ligands to two singly-bonded RhIIions at 2.893(8) apart. A compilation of the remarkable range of M–M distances in paddlewheel complexes which use NiN2S2complexes as paddles is presented. The RhIIIstate is found as a tetrametallic [Rh(Ni-1′)3]3+cluster, roughly shaped like a boat propeller and structurally similar to tris(bipyridine)metal complexes.

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The paddlewheel complex Cr2DpyF41, where DpyF N,N′-di2-pyridylformamidinate, has a short Cr–Cr distance of 1.9382 for the CrCr quadruple bond. In solution, there is a series of interconverting isomers, as determined by variable temperature 1H NMR studies. Compound 1can be readily oxidized by CuCl2to produce Cr2DpyF4CuCl222 and Cr2DpyF4CuCl3CuCl23. In both cases, the metal–metal quadruple bond is cleaved in favor of six-coordinate Criii ions. Magnetic measurements for the oxidized products show that the chromium ions in the dichromium units exhibit strong antiferromagnetic interactions.

The paddlewheel complex Cr₂(DpyF)₄ (1), where DpyF = N,N'-di(2-pyridyl)formamidinate, has a short Cr–Cr distance of 1.938(2) Å for the Cr&z.qbd;Cr quadruple bond. In solution, there is a series of interconverting isomers, as determined by variable temperature 1H NMR studies. Compound 1 can be readily oxidized by CuCl₂ to produce [Cr₂(DpyF)₄][CuCl₂]₂ (2) and [Cr₂(DpyF)₄CuCl₃][CuCl₂] (3). In both cases, the metal–metal quadruple bond is cleaved in favor of six-coordinate Cr(iii) ions. Magnetic measurements for the oxidized products show that the chromium ions in the dichromium units exhibit strong antiferromagnetic interactions.

Carbonic anhydrase III (CAIII), an enzyme recently shown by conventional electrophoresis to be muscle specific, has been quantitated by “rocket” immunoelectrophoresis. This more sensitive technique has shown that the enzyme is virtually specific to skeletal muscle, where it occurs at a level of 5mg/g, with trace levels in smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and lung. In man there does not appear to by any correlation between CAIII levels and the proportion of red and white muscle fibers. The fetal development of CAIII has also been examined using immunoelectrophoresis, and the enzyme can be detected at 11 weeks' gestation. The CAIII level rises gradually up to 25 weeks, and there is then a more dramatic increase to reach approximately half adult level at birth.

A third form of human carbonic anhydrase (CA III), found at high concentrations in skeletal muscle, has been purified and characterized. This isozyme shows relatively poor hydratase and esterase activities compared to the red cell isozymes, CA I and CA II, but is similar to these isozymes in subunit structure (monomer) and molecular size (28,000). CA III is liable to posttranslational modification by thiol group interaction. Monomeric secondary isozymes, sensitive to ß-mercaptoethanol, are found in both crude and purified material and can be generated in vitro by the addition of thiol reagents. Active dimeric isozymes, generated apparently by the formation of intermolecular disulfide bridges, also occur but account for only a small proportion of the total protein and appear only when the concentration of CA III is particularly high.

An investigation of restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) and association with blood pressure was carried out for the candidate genes coding for renin (REN) and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP). The relationship between blood pressure, REN and ANP gene RFLPs was tested in a population of black Afro-Caribbean and white European subjects sampled randomly from family practice registers. Upper and lower quintiles for diastolic blood pressure were selected for analysis. Digests of DNA were prepared from leucocytes and RFLPs were determined using Southern blotting analysis with REN and ANP gene probes. There were highly significant ethnic differences found for Bg/I, Bg/ll and Taql polymorphisms with 5'REN probe and for Bg/I polymorphism with an ANP probe. There was also an association between blood pressure and the Bg/I/REN polymorphism in Afro-Caribbeans but not with any other polymorphisms studied in either ethnic group. The findings show significant ethnic RFLP differences at the gene loci for both renin and ANP and provide evidence for a possible link between variations within or close to the renin gene and elevated blood pressure in Afro-Caribbeans.

For the first time, a NiN2S2metallothiolate ligand is used as a bidentate bridging ligand for a multiply bonded dimetal unit.

A previously unreported RFLP for probe 26-6, at 1.2-kb, has been recorded in two families after Southern blotting, where it has been useful in establishing phase. This allele is not detected in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay for 26-6 where individuals are typed only as E2.

Probe 218 EP6 is known to recognise two restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) after digestion of genomic DNA withPvuII. We report a rare allele that segregates in Mendelian fashion, in a family where adult polycystic kidney disease was being tracked using linked polymorphisms.

To determine the distribution of the insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism of the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) gene in several ethnic groups: Caucasian Europeans, Black Nigerians, Samoan Polynesians and Yanomami Indians.