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Person/vehicle re‐identification aims to use technologies such as cross‐camera retrieval to associate the same person (same vehicle) in the surveillance videos at different locations, different times, and images captured by different cameras so as to achieve cross‐surveillance image matching, person retrieval and trajectory tracking. It plays an extremely important role in the fields of intelligent security, criminal investigation etc. In recent years, the rapid development of deep learning technology has significantly propelled the advancement of re‐identification (Re‐ID) technology. An increasing number of technical methods have emerged, aiming to enhance Re‐ID performance. This paper summarises four popular research areas in the current field of re‐identification, focusing on the current research hotspots. These areas include the multi‐task learning domain, the generalisation learning domain, the cross‐modality domain, and the optimisation learning domain. Specifically, the paper analyses various challenges faced within these domains and elaborates on different deep learning frameworks and networks that address these challenges. A comparative analysis of re‐identification tasks from various classification perspectives is provided, introducing mainstream research directions and current achievements. Finally, insights into future development trends are presented. This paper summarises four popular research areas in the current field of re‐identification, focusing on the current research hotspots. These areas include the multi‐task learning domain, the generalisation learning domain, the cross‐modality domain, and the optimisation learning domain. Specifically, the paper analyses the various challenges faced within these domains and elaborates on different deep learning frameworks and networks that address these challenges. A comparative analysis of re‐identification tasks from various classification perspectives is provided, introducing mainstream research directions and current achievements. Finally, insights into future development trends are presented.

Despite adequate dialysis, the prevalence of hyperkalemia in Chinese hemodialysis (HD) patients remains elevated. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of a dietary recommendation system driven by generative pretrained transformers (GPTs) in managing potassium levels in HD patients.

Electrochemical hydrogenation reactions demand rapid proton-coupled electron transfer at the electrode surface, the kinetics of which depend closely on pH. Buffer electrolytes are extensively employed to regulate pH over a wide range. However, the specific role of buffer species should be taken into account when interpreting the intrinsic pH dependence, which is easily overlooked in the current research. Herein, we report the electrochemical hydrogenation of hydroxyacetone, derived from glycerol feedstock, to propylene glycol with a faradaic efficiency of 56 ± 5% on a polycrystalline Cu electrode. The reaction activities are comparable in citrate, phosphate, and borate buffer electrolytes, encompassing different buffer identities and pH. The electrokinetic profile reveals that citrate is a site-blocking adsorbate on the Cu surface, thereby decreasing buffer concentration and increasing pH will enhance the reaction rate; phosphate is an explicit proton donor, which promotes the interfacial rate by increasing buffer concentration and decreasing pH, while borate is an innocent buffer, which can be used to investigate the intrinsic pH effect. Combined with in situSEIRAS, we demonstrate that water is the primary proton source in citrate and borate electrolytes, reiterating the rationality of the proposed mechanism based on the microkinetic modeling. Our results emphasize the intrinsic complexity of the buffer system on the kinetic activity for electrocatalysis. It calls for special care when we diagnose the mechanistic pathway in buffer electrolytes convoluted by different buffer identities and pH.

Today we are awash with data, especially when it comes to studying cities from a diverse data ecosystem ranging from demographic to remotely sensed imagery and social media. This has led to the growth of urban analytics providing new ways to conduct quantitative research within cities. One area that has seen significant growth is using natural language processing techniques on text data from social media to explore various issues relating to urban morphology. However, we would argue that social media only provides limited insights when dealing with longer-term urban phenomena, such as the growth and shrinkage of cities. This relates to the fact that social media is a relatively recent phenomenon compared to longer-term urban problems that take decades to emerge. Concerning longer-term coverage, newspapers, which are increasingly becoming digitized, provide the possibility to overcome the limitations of social media and provide insights over a timeframe that social media does not. To demonstrate the utility of newspapers for urban analytics and to study longer-term urban issues, we utilize an advanced topic modeling technique (i.e., BERTopic) on a large number of newspaper articles from 1975 to 2021 to explore urban shrinkage in Detroit. Our topic modeling results reveal insights related to how Detroit shrinks. For example, side effects of 2007 to 2009 economic recessions on Detroit’s automobile industry, local employment status, and the housing market.

Renal fibrosis is the final pathological change in renal disease, and aging is closely related to renal fibrosis. Mitochondrial dysfunction has been reported to play an important role in aging, but the exact mechanism remains unclear. Disulfide-bond A oxidoreductase-like protein (DsbA-L) is mainly located in mitochondria and plays an important role in regulating mitochondrial function and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. However, the role of DsbA-L in renal aging has not been reported. In this study, we showed a reduction in DsbA-L expression, the disruption of mitochondrial function and an increase in fibrosis in the kidneys of 12- and 24-month-old mice compared to young mice. Furthermore, the deterioration of mitochondrial dysfunction and fibrosis were observed in DsbA-L−/−mice with D-gal-induced accelerated aging. Transcriptome analysis revealed a decrease in Flt4 expression and inhibition of the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway in DsbA-L−/−mice compared to control mice. Accelerated renal aging could be alleviated by an AKT agonist (SC79) or a mitochondrial protector (MitoQ) in mice with D-gal-induced aging. In vitro, overexpression of DsbA-L in HK-2 cells restored the expression of Flt4, AKT pathway factors, SP1 and PGC-1α and alleviated mitochondrial damage and cell senescence. These beneficial effects were partially blocked by inhibiting Flt4. Finally, activating the AKT pathway or improving mitochondrial function with chemical reagents could alleviate cell senescence. Our results indicate that the DsbA-L/AKT/PGC-1α signaling pathway could be a therapeutic target for age-related renal fibrosis and is associated with mitochondrial dysfunction.

Hydrogen production by ammonia decomposition reveals great advantages in the utilization of hydrogen. Low-cost, efficient and stable transition metal catalysts are the key for the ammonia decomposition reaction. Using multi-component promoters adjust the electronic and geometric structures of bulk catalysts, which might be an effective approach for obtaining non-noble metal catalysts with excellent performance. In this work, CeO2–Al2O3bi-promoters were used and significantly improved the catalytic performance of bulk cobalt catalysts. The optimized CoCeAlOxcatalyst achieved 94.3% and 65.3% NH3conversion at 550 °C and 500 °C (GHSV = 30 000 mL gcat−1h−1), respectively, and exhibited strong stability within 200 h. It was found that the interaction between Co–CeO2–Al2O3effectively inhibited the aggregation of the Co0active species, which enormously promoted the catalytic activity and stability of CoCeAlOx. CeO2–Al2O3bi-promoters adjusted the surface properties of catalysts, bringing suitable NH3adsorption and N2desorption, and suppressing the hydrogen poisoning significantly. This work provided a reliable strategy for the construction of high-efficiency catalysts working under the harsh conditions for ammonia decomposition.

Nitrogen (N) deposition is a significant aspect of global change and poses a threat to terrestrial biodiversity. The impact of plant-soil microbe relationships to N deposition has recently attracted considerable attention. Soil microorganisms have been proven to provide nutrients for specific plant growth, especially in nutrient-poor desert steppe ecosystems. However, the effects of N deposition on plant soil microbial community interactions in such ecosystems remain poorly understood. To investigate these effects, we conducted a 6-year N-addition field experiment in a Stipa brevifloraGriseb. desert steppe in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, northern China. Four N treatment levels (N0, N30, N50, and N100, corresponding to 0, 30, 50, and 100 kg N/(hm2•a), respectively) were applied to simulate atmospheric N deposition. The results showed that N deposition did not significantly affect the aboveground biomass of desert steppe plants. N deposition did not significantly reduce the alfa-diversity of plant and microbial communities in desert steppe, and low and mediate N additions (30 and 50 kg N/(hm2•a)) had a promoting effect on them. The variation pattern of plant Shannon index was consistent with that of the soil bacterial Chao1 index. N deposition significantly affected the beta-diversity of plants and soil bacteria, but did not significantly affect fungal communities. In conclusion, N deposition led to co-evolution between desert steppe plants and soil bacterial communities, while fungal communities exhibited strong stability and did not undergo significant changes. These findings help clarify atmospheric N deposition effects on the ecological health and function of the desert steppe.

Hypseudohenones A–C (1–3), the first rearranged homoadamantane-type polycyclic polyprenylated acylphloroglucinols, were isolated from Hypericum pseudohenryi. Their structures with an unprecedented tricyclo[4.3.1.13,8]undecane-2,4,10-trione core were determined by spectroscopic analysis, quantum-chemical calculations, and X-ray crystallography. A method for determining the relative configuration at C-3 was established by the peak shape of H-28 or J-value of H-3/H-28. Moreover, 2–3exhibited significant AChE inhibitory activity, and the interactions of 2–3with AChE were evaluated by molecular docking.

Inspired by biological vision mechanism, event‐based cameras have been developed to capture continuous object motion and detect brightness changes independently and asynchronously, which overcome the limitations of traditional frame‐based cameras. Complementarily, spiking neural networks (SNNs) offer asynchronous computations and exploit the inherent sparseness of spatio‐temporal events. Notably, event‐based pixel‐wise optical flow estimations calculate the positions and relationships of objects in adjacent frames; however, as event camera outputs are sparse and uneven, dense scene information is difficult to generate and the local receptive fields of the neural network also lead to poor moving objects tracking. To address these issues, an improved event‐based self‐attention optical flow estimation network (SA‐FlowNet) that independently uses criss‐cross and temporal self‐attention mechanisms, directly capturing long‐range dependencies and efficiently extracting the temporal and spatial features from the event streams is proposed. In the former mechanism, a cross‐domain attention scheme dynamically fusing the temporal‐spatial features is introduced. The proposed network adopts a spiking‐analogue neural network architecture using an end‐to‐end learning method and gains significant computational energy benefits especially for SNNs. The state‐of‐the‐art results of the error rate for optical flow prediction on the Multi‐Vehicle Stereo Event Camera (MVSEC) dataset compared with the current SNN‐based approaches is demonstrated. As event camera outputs are sparse and uneven, dense scene information is difficult to generate and the local receptive fields of the neural network also lead to poor moving objects tracking. To address these issues, we propose an improved event‐based self‐attention optical flow estimation network (SA‐FlowNet) that independently uses criss‐cross and temporal self‐attention mechanisms, directly capturing long‐range dependencies, collecting all pixel‐related information and efficiently extracting the temporal and spatial features from the event streams.

Corporate data protection malpractices are not uncommon, especially in contemporary technological environments. Embracing a regulatory view, this study attempts to advance a taxonomy of prevailing corporate data protection practices and their causal mechanisms by analyzing cases where organizations were fined for violating data protection legislation. Selecting the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) enacted by the European Union (EU) as our benchmark, this study employs an iterative taxonomy development technique as guidance and conducts a thematic analysis on 875 cases of GDPR enforcement. In so doing, we derive a conceptual model comprising 6 focal categories and 28 subcategories of prevailing corporate data protection malpractices existing within organizations as well as 4 main categories and 22 subcategories of causal mechanisms underlying these identified malpractices. Empirical findings from this study not only reinforce corporate data protection malpractices established in prior research but also yield novel malpractices that have been neglected in previous work. From a pragmatic standpoint, this study yields invaluable insights into the prevention and resolution of corporate data protection malpractices for practitioners.

Fatty acids (FAs) and fatty alcohols (FOHs) are essential compounds for maintaining life. Due to the inherent poor ionization efficiency, low abundance, and complex matrix effect, such metabolites are challenging to precisely quantify and explore deeply. In this study, a pair of novel isotope derivatization reagents known as d0/d5-1-(2-oxo-2-(piperazin-1-yl) ethyl) pyridine-1-ium (d0/d5-OPEPI) were designed and synthesized, and an in-depth screening strategy for FAs and FOHs was established based on d0/d5-OPEPI coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS/MS). Using this approach, a total of 332 metabolites were identified and annotated (some of the FAs and FOHs were reconfirmed by standards). Our results demonstrated that OPEPI labeling could significantly enhance the MS response of FAs and FOHs via the introduction of permanently charged tags. The detection sensitivities of FAs were increased by 200–2345-fold compared with the nonderivatization method. At the same time, for FOHs, due to the absence of ionizable functional groups, sensitive detection was achieved utilizing OPEPI derivatization. One-to-one internal standards were provided by using d5-OPEPI labeling to minimize the errors in quantitation. Moreover, the method validation results showed that the method was stable and reliable. Finally, the established method was successfully applied to the study of the FA and FOH profiles of two heterogeneous severe clinical disease tissues. This study would improve our understanding of the pathological and metabolic mechanisms of FAs and FOHs for inflammatory myopathies and pancreatic cancer and also prove the generality and accuracy of the developed analytical method for complex samples.

Mass cytometry is a powerful single-cell technology widely adopted to depict immune cell heterogeneity in different contexts. However, this method is only capable of examining several dozens of proteins simultaneously and requires a prior knowledge of the markers to be analyzed. Here we propose that the integration of mass cytometry with shot-gun proteomics may serve as a valuable tool to achieve an in-depth understanding of the immune system. By implementing such a strategy, we investigated the immune landscape of ankylosing spondylitis (AS), a chronic inflammatory arthritis with unclear etiology. The proteome alteration in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was investigated by quantitative proteomics, and then mass cytometry analysis was conducted to decipher the immunome by considering the signaling molecules identified with differential expression by proteomics. As a result, we identified a wide spectrum of proteins dysregulated in AS, e.g., upregulation of glycolytic enzymes, downregulation of lipid transporters, and dysregulation of chemokine signaling molecules involved in proinflammatory cytokine production and leucocyte migration. Moreover, the single-cell analysis showed the upregulation of chemokine signaling regulators in subclusters of both innate and adaptive immune cells in AS. In addition, correlation analysis unveiled the interplay among Phenograph-identified subclusters of monocytes, CD4+ T cells, and CD8+ T cells. Taken together, our findings demonstrated that the integration of mass spectrometry-based proteomics and single-cell mass cytometry may serve as a useful tool to reveal clinically relevant information regarding useful targets and cellular phenotypes that could be further exploited to develop novel therapeutic strategies.

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a serious complication of diabetes mellitus and an important cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD). However, there is still a lack of effective prevention and treatment strategies in clinical practice. As a metabolic disease, DN is accompanied by renal ectopic lipid deposition, and the deposited lipids further aggravate kidney injury. However, the molecular mechanism of renal ectopic lipid deposition is currently unknown. In this study, we observed changes in lipid droplet (LD)–mitochondria connections in the kidney for the first time. Destruction of LD–mitochondria connection was involved in renal lipid deposition in the kidneys of patients and mice with DN or in high-glucose-treated HK-2 cells. Furthermore, sesamol treatment significantly increased the integrity of the LD–mitochondria connection and ameliorated renal lipotoxicity. Finally, we demonstrated that sesamol maintains the integrity of the LD–mitochondria connection by activating the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα)/perilipin 5 (PLIN5) signaling pathway. Our study is the first to show that the LD–mitochondria connection may be a target for ameliorating lipid deposition in diabetic kidneys.

The transition-metal-catalysed cross-coupling reaction has established itself as one of the most reliable and practical synthetic tools for the efficient construction of carbon–carbon/heteroatom (p-block elements other than carbon) bonds in both racemic and enantioselective manners. In contrast, development of the corresponding heteroatom–heteroatom cross-couplings has so far remained elusive, probably due to the under-investigated and often challenging heteroatom–heteroatom reductive elimination. Here we demonstrate the use of single-electron reductive elimination as a strategy for developing enantioselective S–O coupling under Cu catalysis, based on both experimental and theoretical results. The reaction manifests its synthetic potential by the ready preparation of challenging chiral alcohols featuring congested stereocentres, the expedient valorization of the biomass-derived feedstock glycerol, and the remarkable catalytic 4,6-desymmetrization of inositol. These results demonstrate the potential of enantioselective radical heteroatomic cross-coupling as a general chiral heteroatom–heteroatom formation strategy.

Metal batteries that directly use active metals as anodes are considered as one of the most promising solutions to achieve the energy upgrade of battery technologies, while their practical application still suffers from dendrite problems. Functional carbon materials (FCMs) have demonstrated their great potential in suppressing metal dendrites benefitting from the multiple merits such as chemical tunability and capability of multi-dimensional structure assembly. Here, we initiate a review to present the recent progress in employing FCMs to deal with dendrite problems. It focuses on the surface chemistry and multi-dimensional carbon material engineering, which systematically overcomes the problems through diverse methods, such as reinforcing desolvation, improving interface compatibility, homogenizing electric field, buffering volume expansion and lattice mismatch. In addition, we also refine the long-standing debate about whether surface defects in FCMs are beneficial to suppress the metal dendrites or not, especially in the non-aqueous electrolyte regime. Finally, the remaining challenges for utilizing FCMs to suppress metal dendrites and the possible solutions are proposed to guide the future development.

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ABSTRACTMany countries in the world are stepping into the aging society with the challenge of the increasing agin gpopulation. The physiological functions of the human body begins to decline with aging, and the intestinal tract as the most important digestive organ will also be aging. How to relieve or reverse aging is an important scientific problem.The aging model in vivoand in vitrowas established. Western-blot, indirect immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry were carried out to explore the anti-aging effect of uridine.In the current study, we examined the anti-aging effect of uridine in vivoand in vitroexperiments. In vitrocell model, we found that the aging level of intestinal tract was significantly reduced by uridine, uridine treatment down-regulated the Sa-β-gal-positive cells. Furthermore, the levels of inflammation and oxidative stress were also significantly reduced by uridine treatment. On this basis, in vivoexperiments, we found that the aging level of mice fed with uridine was significantly lower than that of the control group as demonstrated by immunohistochemistry and Western blot analyses.In conclusion, our current research indicates that uridine shows a good anti-aging effect,which suggests that uridine is expected to be used as a health food or clinical drug to treat intestinal aging.

A health assessment and fault prediction method for wind turbine generators is proposed in this article. In health assessment module, considering generator status transferring along with environment and wind turbine–self operating, variables under wind turbine normal working are divided into two parameter spaces and recognized, namely operating conditions and status parameters. Then generator health benchmark models based on Gaussian mixture model are established in different operating condition sub-spaces after the data imbalance problem solved. For online health assessment, health deterioration index based on condition recognition models is calculated and a dual-threshold alarm scheme is proposed. When an alarm is raised by degraded health deterioration index, the program could access fault prediction module, where the generator rear bearing temperature trend and fault remaining time can be predicted through weights redistribution and hyper-parameter optimized support vector regression. In experiments, the proposed health assessment and fault prediction was verified in a real wind farm, and results showed this method could assess generator condition accurately and improve special fault prediction performance.

ABSTRACTThe pathogenetic mechanism of contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI), which is the third most common cause of hospital-acquired AKI, has not been elucidated. Previously, we demonstrated that renal injury and cell apoptosis were attenuated in nlrp3knockout CI-AKI mice. Here, we investigated the mechanism underlying NLRP3 inhibition-mediated attenuation of apoptosis in CI-AKI. The RNA sequencing analysis of renal cortex revealed that the nlrp3or casp1knockout CI-AKI mice exhibited upregulated cellular response to hypoxia, mitochondrial oxidation, and autophagy when compared with the wild-type (WT) CI-AKI mice, which indicated that NLRP3 inflammasome inhibition resulted in the upregulation of hypoxia signaling pathway and mitophagy. The nlrp3or casp1knockout CI-AKI mice and iohexol-treated HK-2 cells with MCC950 pretreatment exhibited upregulated levels of HIF1A, BECN1, BNIP3, and LC3B-II, as well as enhanced colocalization of LC3B with BNIP3 and mitochondria, and colocalization of mitochondria with lysosomes. Additionally, roxadustat, a HIF prolyl-hydroxylase inhibitor, protected the renal tubular epithelial cells against iohexol-induced injury through stabilization of HIF1A and activation of downstream BNIP3-mediated mitophagy in vivoand in vitro. Moreover, BNIP3 deficiency markedly decreased mitophagy, and also significantly exacerbated apoptosis and renal injury. This suggested the protective function of BNIP3-mediated mitophagy in CI-AKI. This study elucidated a novel mechanism in which NLRP3 inflammasome inhibition attenuated apoptosis and upregulated HIF1A and BNIP3-mediated mitophagy in CI-AKI. Additionally, this study demonstrated the potential applications of MCC950 and roxadustat in clinical CI-AKI treatment.Abbreviations:BNIP3: BCL2/adenovirus E1B interacting protein 3; Ctrl: control; DAPI: 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole dihydrochloride; EGLN2/PHD1: egl-9 family hypoxia-inducible factor 2; HIF1A: hypoxia inducible factor 1, alpha subunit; H-E: hematoxylin and eosin; IL18: interleukin 18; IL1B: interleukin 1 beta; LAMP1: lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1; MAP1LC3B/LC3B: microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta; mRNA: messenger RNA; NFKB/NF-κB: nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B cells; NLRP3: NLR family, pyrin domain containing 3; NS: normal saline; PRKN/Parkin: parkin RBR E3 ubiquitin protein ligase; PINK1: PTEN induced putative kinase 1; RNA: ribonucleic acid; SEM: standard error of the mean; siRNA: small interfering RNA; TEM: transmission electron microscopy; TUBA/α-tubulin: tubulin, alpha; TUNEL: terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling; VDAC: voltage-dependent anion channel; WT: wild-type

Guanosine 5′-diphosphate-3′-diphosphate (ppGpp) is a small molecule nucleotide alarmone that can accumulate under the amino acid starvation state and trigger the stringent response. This study reported the extraction of ppGpp from the Gram-positive bacteria Clavibacter michiganensisthrough methods using formic acid, lysozyme, or methanol. Following extraction, ppGpp was detected through ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The methanol method showed the highest extraction efficiency for ppGpp among the three methods tested. C. michiganensiscells in exponential growth phase was induced in amino acid starvation by serine hydroxamate (SHX) and used for ppGpp extraction and detection. When using the methanol extraction method, the results showed that ppGpp concentrations in SHX-treated samples were 15.645 nM, 17.656 nM, 20.372 nM, and 19.280 nM at 0 min, 15 min, 30 min and 1 h, respectively, when detected using LC-MS/MS. This is the first report on ppGpp extraction and detection in Clavibacterproviding a new idea and approach for nucleotide detection and extraction in bacteria.

Transition-metal selenides have been considered as one of the most promising anode materials for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) due to their high theoretical capacity and excellent rate performance. However, rapid capacity decay and poor cycling stability limit their practical application as the anode for SIBs. Carbon coating is one of the most effective ways to solve the above problems, but the thickness and uniformity of the coating layer are difficult to control. Herein, we successfully synthesize metal–organic framework (MOF)-derived porous N-doped carbon nanocubes homogeneously filled with ZnSe and Co0.85Se and interconnected by reduced graphene oxide (ZCS@NC@rGO). ZCS@NC@rGO with more active sites and the synergistic effect of the ZnSe and Co0.85Se heterojunction can enhance the sodium storage performance. The porous carbon nanocubes effectively prevent the agglomeration of active particles, and the rGO acting as a carbon network can significantly buffer the inevitable volume changes. At the same time, carbon nanocubes and the rGO are interconnecting to form a conductive network to accelerate electron transfer. Based on the aforementioned advantages, the ZCS@NC@rGO electrode shows an excellent sodium storage performance. Our investigation opens up a new horizon for the rational design of transition-metal selenide anodes for SIBs with a unique structure.

Background: Gut microbiota alters in patients with end-stage renal disease, which contributes to inflammation, atherosclerosis, and results in increased incidence of cardiovascular diseases. The present study investigated the potential clinical factors, which influence the gut microbial structure and function in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis (PD).Methods: This is a cross-sectional study performed in 81 prevalent PD patients. Gut microbiota was assessed by high throughput sequencing of 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid gene in fecal samples. Gas chromatography was conducted to measure stool short-chain fat acid (SCFA) concentrations. Demographic parameters and clinical characteristics, including dialysis regimen, residual renal function, nutrition, and inflammation, were retrieved and related to the properties of gut microbiota.Results: PD duration, peritoneal glucose exposure, and estimated glomerulus filtration rate (eGFR) were identified to be associated with microbial variations. Significant separation of microbial composition was shown between patients with short or long PD duration (p= 0.015) and marginal differences were found between patients grouped by different levels of peritoneal glucose exposure (p= 0.056) or residual renal function (p= 0.063). A couple of gut bacteria showed different abundance at amplicon sequencing variant level between these patient groups (p< 0.05). In addition, stool isobutyric and isovaleric acid concentrations were significantly reduced in patients with longer dialysis duration, higher peritoneal glucose exposure, or declined eGFR (p< 0.05).Conclusions: This pilot study demonstrated that long dialysis duration, high peritoneal glucose exposure, and loss of residual renal function were associated with gut microbiota alteration and reduced branched-chain SCFA production in PD patients.

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a common microvascular complication of diabetes and one of the leading causes of end-stage renal disease. Tubular damage is an early change and characteristic of DN, and mitochondrial dysfunction plays an important role in the development of DN. Therefore, the timely removal of damaged mitochondria in tubular cells is an effective treatment strategy for DN. Mitophagy is a type of selective autophagy that ensures the timely elimination of damaged mitochondria to protect cells from oxidative stress. In this review, we summarize our understanding of mitochondrial dysfunction and dynamic disorders in tubular cells in DN and the molecular mechanism of mitophagy. Finally, the role of mitophagy in DN and its feasibility as a therapeutic target for DN are discussed.

AbstractHistone methylation/demethylation facilitate to maintain balanced histone methylation levels and underpin gene regulation, playing the key roles in epigenetic regulation. Suppressor of variegation 4-20 homolog 1 (SUV420H1), a member of class Histone Lysine Methyltransferase and a key enzyme in the epigenetic regulation of the pathways controlling metabolism and tumorigenesis, is crucial to maintain cell homeostasis. The inhibition of SUV420H1 has emerged as a promising candidate for drug development and cancer therapy. Herein, two potential and potent SUV420H1 inhibitors (ZINC08398384, ZINC08439608) were identified through in silicoapproach and in vitrobiological experiments. In vitrobiological tests demonstrated that these compounds can inhibit the proliferation of U2OS cells and restrict its migration ability. And the level of dimethylation of lysine 20 on histone H4 (H4K20me2) was markedly decreased by these compounds-treatment in a dose-dependent manner. These results indicated that ZINC08398384 and ZINC08439608 are potential SUV420H1 inhibitors and could be developed as promising drug candidates applied to cancer epigenetic therapy.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma

Hypulatones A and B (1and 2), two racemic meroterpenoids possessing an unprecedented spiro[benzofuran-2,1′-cycloundecan]-4′-ene-4,6(5H)-dione core, were characterized from Hypericum patulum. Compound 2was found to significantly inhibit the late current of Nav1.5 (late INa, IC50= 0.2 μM). Importantly, 2exhibited remarkable separation (>100-fold) of late INarelative to peak INaand notable selectivity over Cav3.1, Kv1.5, and hERG. 1showed comparable inhibition on late INacompared to that of 2with poorer selectivity.

Abstract: Adamantane polycyclic polyprenylated acylphloroglucinols (PPAPs) with caged architecture, a special class of hybrid natural products, is specifically rich in the plant family Guttiferae, especially Hypericumor Garciniagenus. Hypersampsone P is one of Adamantane PPAPs compounds extracted from Hypericum subsessile.Here we have chosen, screened ten PPAPs and identified one of them showed an activity in inhibiting of adipocytes differentiation. Particularly, the compound, hypersampsone P, blunted the adipocyte differentiation dose-dependently. Moreover, hypersampsone P down-regulated the expressions of several key regulators for adipogenesis, including PPARγ and FABP4. The treatment of cells at the early stage of adipogenesis by hypersampsone P induced the greatest blunting of adipocyte differentiation and the effect might be involved in the LKB1-AMPK signaling pathway. Graphic Abstract:

The proto-oncogene serine/threonine-protein kinase PIM3 plays critical roles in cancer, and it has been extensively exploited as a drug target. Here, we investigated the quantitative changes in the cellular proteome and phosphoproteome in liver cancer cells overexpressing PIM3 to obtain a better understanding of the regulatory functions of PIM3 and the underlying molecular mechanisms. This work depicted the landscape of gene expression and protein phosphorylation potentially regulated by PIM3. A signaling network analysis showed that PIM3 may coordinate various cellular processes, for example, signal transduction, cell cycle, apoptosis, and so forth. Intriguingly, quantitative phosphoproteomics revealed that the PIM3 overexpression elevated the phosphorylation of multiple Rho GTPase modulators that target RhoA, a central modulator of cell movement. Further investigations confirmed that PIM3 activated RhoA to subsequently regulate cytoskeletal rearrangements and cell migration. Taken together, this study comprehensively mapped the proteome and phosphoproteome regulated by PIM3 and revealed its role in promoting liver cancer cell migration and invasion by modulating Rho GTPase signaling.

A series of dearomatized isoprenylated acylphloroglucinols derivatives, hyperhenols A–E (1–5), as well as seven known analogues (6–12), were characterized from Hypericum henryi. Their structures were determined by combination of NMR, ECD spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction analysis. Compounds 1and 6–8were tested to exhibit potential antitumor properties, of which 6and 7inhibited cell growth through inducing apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. In addition, these compounds could induce autophagy and PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy in cancer cell lines, as well as suppress lung cancer A549 cells metastasis in vitro.

IL-6 is a vital inflammatory factor in the peritoneal cavity of patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis (PD). The present study examined the effect of IL-6 trans-signaling on structural alterations of the peritoneal membrane. We investigated whether the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process of human peritoneal mesothelial cells (HPMCs) and the production of proangiogenic factors were controlled by IL-6 trans-signaling. Its role in the peritoneal alterations was detected in a mouse model. The morphology of HPMCs and levels of cytokines in PD effluent were also explored. Stimulation of HPMCs with the IL-6 and soluble IL-6 receptor complex (IL-6/S) promoted the EMT process of HPMCs depending on the STAT3 pathway. In a coculture system of HPMCs and human umbilical vein endothelial cells, IL-6/S mediated the production of VEGF and angiopoietins so as to downregulate the expression of endothelial junction molecules and finally affect vascular permeability. Daily intraperitoneal injection of high glucose-based dialysis fluid induced peritoneal fibrosis, angiogenesis, and macrophage infiltration in a mouse model, accompanied by phosphorylation of STAT3. Blockade of IL-6 trans-signaling prevented these peritoneum alterations. The fibroblast-like appearance of HPMCs ex vivo was upregulated in patients undergoing prevalent PD accompanied by increasing levels of IL-6, VEGF, and angiopoietin-2 in the PD effluent. Taken together, these findings identified a critical link between IL-6 trans-signaling and structural alterations of the peritoneal membrane, and it might be a potential target for the treatment of patients undergoing PD who have developed peritoneal alterations.

The intestine serves as the primary defense mechanism safeguarding fish body against pathogen infiltration. Unlike cyprinid and salmonid fish, sturgeon features a distinctive special spiral valve structure within their intestines. Several studies propose that dietary lipid intake may impact the intestinal barrier function of fish. The presence of this influence within the special spiral valve intestine of sturgeon currently remains unresolved. This study aimed to explore the effects of a low or high-lipid diet on morphology, tight junction, antioxidant and immune performance, and intestinal microbiota in the spiral valve intestine of Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii) (14.19 ± 0.07g). Three diets with different lipid levels of 8.87% (low lipid, LL), 16.93% (moderate lipid, ML), and 24.88% (high lipid, HL) were designed for a 70-day feeding experiment. Histological analysis revealed that the LL diet induced chronic proliferative inflammation and intestinal mucosa adhesion. In addition, the LL diet reduced the height of mucosal fold and microvilli while the HL diet shortened the microvilli only. The expression of claudin1was inhibited by the LL diet while Claudin2was stimulated by the HL diet. Both LL and HL diets suppressed the expression of occludin. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) of spiral valve intestine were not sensitive to different lipid levels, but glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) was decreased in fish fed with the LL, and malonaldehyde (MDA) was increased in fish fed with the HL. The sturgeons fed with LL diet had declined immunoglobulin M (IgM), IgG, tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), interleukin 1β (IL1β), IL10, and transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1), while HL diet had no significant effects on them. With the increase of lipid levels, the alpha diversity of spiral valve intestinal microbiota showed a downward trend. The dominant genera were mainly clostridium_sensu_stricto_1, Bacillus, Mycoplasma, and the HL group also included Lactococcus. Fourteen differentially abundant taxa were identified by LEfSe analysis, which could be biomarkers. In conclusion, a low-lipid (8.87%) diet damaged the mechanical barrier and reduced antioxidant and immune performance. High-lipid (24.88%) diet decreased the height of microvilli and negatively affected tight junction proteins and intestinal microbiota.

Principal fault localization of the faults chain, as a branch of fault diagnosis in wind turbine system, has been an essential problem to ensure the reliability and security in the real wind farms recently. It can be solved by machine learning techniques with historical data labeled with principal faults. However, most real data are unlabeled, since the labeled is expensive to obtain, which increases the difficulty to localize the principal fault if just using unlabeled data and few labeled data. So, in this article, a novel approach using unlabeled data is proposed for principal fault localization of the faults chain in wind turbine systems. First, a deep learning model, stacked sparse autoencoders, is introduced to learn and extract high-level features from data. Then, we present a graphical temporal semi-supervised learning algorithm to develop the pseudo-labeled data set with an unlabeled data set. Considering the temporal correlation of wind power data, we add a time weight vector and apply the cosine-similarity in the proposed algorithm. Finally, based on the pseudo-labeled data set, a classifier model is built and trained for the principal fault localization of the faults chain. The proposed approach is verified by the real buffer data set collected from two wind farms in China, and the experimental results show its effectiveness in practice.

Metallic occluders are commonly utilized to impede blood flow and promote endothelialization in transcatheter closure of heart defects. Although these occlusion devices make the treatment less invasive or more efficient, we cannot ignore the post-operative complications (e.g., erosion and displacement) they bring. With the rapid development of medical material science, many innovative occlusion devices appeared and showed the advantage of improved biocompatibility, biodegradability, and customization, which may reduce the complications and the re-operation when applied in clinical. Among these innovative occlusion devices, biodegradable materials are widely recognized as the most promising materials. In this review, we compare different bioabsorbable materials and summarize the progress of bioabsorbable occluders. Furthermore, the limitations and future challenges are also proposed.

The activation of CO2molecules is a fundamental step for their effective utilization. Constructing high-density oxygen vacancies on the surface of reducible oxides is pivotal for the activation of CO2. In this work, we prepared a series of 0.5PtxCe/Al2O3(x=1, 5, 10, or 20) catalysts with varying Ce loading and 0.5 wt% of Pt for the reverse water gas shift (RWGS) reaction. The size of CeO2particle increases with Ce loading. Remarkably, the 0.5Pt5Ce/Al2O3catalyst with an average CeO2particle size of 5.5 nm exhibits a very high CO2conversion rate (116.4×10−5molCO2/(gcat·s)) and CO selectivity (96.1%) at 600 °C. Our experimental findings reveal that the small-size CeO2in 0.5Pt5Ce/Al2O3possesses a greater capacity to generate reactive oxygen vacancies, promoting the adsorption and activation of CO2. In addition, the oxygen vacancies are cyclically generated and consumed during the reaction, which contributes to the elevated catalytic performance of the catalyst. This work provides a general strategy to construct rich oxygen vacancies on CeO2for designing high-performance catalysts in C1chemistry.

Cyclic ketene acetals (CKAs) are among the most well-studied monomers for radical ring-opening polymerization (rROP). However, ring-retaining side reactions and low reactivities in homopolymerization and copolymerization remain significant challenges for the existing CKAs. Here, we report that a class of monosaccharide CKAs can be facilely prepared from a short and scalable synthetic route and can undergo quantitative, regiospecific, and stereoselective rROP. NMR analyses and degradation experiments revealed a reaction mechanism involving a propagating radical at the C2 position of pyranose with different monosaccharides exhibiting distinct stereoselectivity in the radical addition of the monomer. Furthermore, the addition of maleimide was found to improve the incorporation efficiency of monosaccharide CKA in the copolymerization with vinyl monomers and produced unique degradable terpolymers with carbohydrate motifs in the polymer backbone.

A probe Mito-BTwas constructed and synthesized by combining triphenylamine and hemicyanine, and can be used for specific ratiometric sensing of H2S. It has a rapid response time of 10 s and preferentially targets to mitochondria. Then the visualization of the change of the mitochondrial H2S concentration upon NaHS incubation by using Mito-BTstaining is promising for the practical exploration of H2S-related processes in mitochondria.

Due to high volatility and water solubility, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) can easily enter into the atmosphere and water bodies by volatilization, drift, leaching, or runoff, which results in potential threats to the environment and human health. The physicochemical properties of pesticides can be regulated by preparing their ionic liquids. In this work, a series of dicationic ionic liquids (DILs) of 2,4-D were prepared to reduce its environmental risk and enhance herbicidal activity. The solubility, octanol–water partition coefficient, surface tension, and volatilization rate results of DILs showed that these properties could be optimized by choosing appropriate countercations. Compared to 2,4-D ammonium salt, DILs have lower volatility, water solubility, and surface tension as well as higher lipophilicity. Benefiting from optimized physicochemical properties, DILs HIL8–12exhibited better herbicidal activity against three typical broadleaf weeds than 2,4-D ammonium salt, and their fresh weight inhibition rates increased by 2.74–46.84%. The safety assessment experiment indicated that DILs were safer to wheat than commercialized forms of 2,4-D. The DILs could reduce the environmental risk of 2,4-D caused by high volatility and water solubility and would be potential alternatives to its commercialized formulations.

Hand-gesture recognition is a key aspect to make virtual-reality (VR) interaction more convenient. Making a user's idea understood by computers (i.e., character input) plays an important role in interaction. Current methods of hand gesture and character input are too limited to make full use of the powerful capacity possessed by current computers.

Due to the existence of uncertainties and the unknown time variant environmental disturbances for ship course nonlinear control system, the ship course adaptive neural network robust course-keeping controller is designed by combining the backstepping technique. The neural networks (NNs) are employed for the compensating of the nonlinear term of the nonlinear ship course-keeping control system. The designed adaptive laws are designed to estimate the weights of NNs and the bounds of unknown environmental disturbances. The first order commander are introduced to solve the problem of repeating differential operations in the traditional backstepping design method, which let the designed controller easier to implement in navigation practice and structure simplicity. Theoretically, it indicates that the proposed controller can track the setting course in arbitrary expected accuracy, while keeping all control signals in the ship course control closed-loop system are uniformly ultimately bounded. Finally, the training ship of Dalian Maritime University is taken for example; simulation results illustrated the effectiveness and the robustness of the proposed controller.

Objective To investigate the relationships of leukemia inhibitory factor receptor (LIFR) with cervical cancer invasion and metastasis.Methods From January 2021 to December 2022, 45 patients treated for cervical cancer and lung metastases were identified. Western blotting was used to determine the expression of Hippo–YAP signaling pathway-related proteins. Meanwhile, 40 healthy Sprague-Dawley nude mice were used and evenly randomized into two groups, which were injected with LIFR-overexpressing (study group) or normal cervical cancer cells (control group). The lung tissue of nude mice was removed for hematoxylin–eosin staining, and the number of lung cell metastases in nude mice was counted.Results The highest LIFR mRNA expression was found in paracancerous tissue, followed by cervix cancer tissue and metastatic lesions. The study group exhibited higher LIFR, P-YAP, and P-TAZ protein expression and lower YAP and TAZ protein expression than the control group. The study group had a lower number of lung metastases than the control group.Conclusion Decreased expression of LIFR and decreased phosphorylation of Hippo–YAP signaling pathway-related proteins might be the underlying mechanisms that promote lung metastasis of cervical cancer.

Ion sieving is a critical process employed in various applications, such as desalination and ion extraction. Nevertheless, achieving rapid and accurate ion sieving remains an exceptionally difficult task. Drawing inspiration from the effective ion sieving capabilities of biological ion channels, we present the development of two-dimensional Ti3C2Txion nanochannels incorporating 4-aminobenzo-15-crown-5-ether molecules as specific ion binding sites. These binding sites had a significant influence on the ion transport process and improved ion recognition. Permeation of both Na+and K+was facilitated because their ion diameters are compatible with the cavity in the ether ring. Moreover, owing to the strong electrostatic interactions, the permeation rate for Mg2+increased by a factor of 55 compared to that for the pristine channels, which was higher than those of all monovalent cations. Furthermore, the transport rate for Li+was relatively lower than those of Na+and K+, which was attributed to difficult binding of the Li+to the oxygens in the ether ring. Consequently, the ion selectivities of the composite nanochannel were up to 7.6 for Na+/Li+and 9.2 for Mg2+/Li+. Our work presents a straightforward approach to creating nanochannels exhibiting precise ion discrimination.

Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) has emerged as a revolutionary analytical strategy in biomedical research for molecular visualization. By linking the characterization of functional metabolites with tissue architecture, it is now possible to reveal unknown biological functions of tissues. However, due to the complexity and high dimensionality of MSI data, mining bioinformatics-related peaks from batch MSI data sets and achieving complete spatially resolved metabolomics analysis remain a great challenge. Here, we propose novel MSI data processing software, Multi-MSIProcessor (MMP), which integrates the data read-in, MSI visualization, processed data preservation, and biomarker discovery functions. The MMP focuses on the AFADESI-MSI data platform but also supports mzXML and imzmL data input formats for compatibility with data generated by other MSI platforms such as MALDI/SIMS-MSI. MMP enables deep mining of batch MSI data and has flexible adaptability with the source code opened that welcomes new functions and personalized analysis strategies. Using multiple clinical biosamples with complex heterogeneity, we demonstrated that MMP can rapidly establish complete MSI analysis workflows, assess batch sample data quality, screen and annotate differential MS peaks, and obtain abnormal metabolic pathways. MMP provides a novel platform for spatial metabolomics analysis of multiple samples that could meet the diverse analysis requirements of scholars.

Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are attracting worldwide attention due to their multiple merits including abundant reserve and safety. However, industrialization is challenged by the scarcity of high-performance carbon anodes with high specific capacities. Here, we report the metal-assisted microcrystalline structure regulation of carbon materials to achieve high-capacity sodium storage. Systematic investigations of in situthermal-treatment X-ray diffraction and multiple spectroscopies uncover the regulation mechanism of constructing steric hindrance (C–O–C bonds) to restrain the aromatic polycondensation reaction. The carbon precursor of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-type pitch contributes to a high carbon yield rate (40%) compared with those of resin and biomass precursors. The as-synthesized carbon materials deliver high capacities of up to 390 mAh g–1, surpassing many reported carbon anodes for SIBs. Through correlating specific capacity with ID/IGvalues in Raman spectra and theoretical calculation of carbon materials regulated by different metal elements (Mn, Nb, Ce, Cr, and V), we identify and propose the binding energy as the descriptor for characterizing the capability of regulating the carbon microcrystalline structure to promote sodium storage. This work provides a universal method for regulating the carbon structure, which may lead to the controlled design and fabrication of carbon materials for energy storage and conversion and beyond.

Multifunctional ceramics of 0.94(Bi0.984Er0.016Na)0.5TiO3–0.06BaTiO3were prepared by a conventional ceramic technique. The effects of sintering temperature (Ts) and dwell time (ts) on the ferroelectricity, piezoelectricity, and fluorescence of the ceramics were studied. Furthermore, the influence of poling electrical field on the up‐conversion emission intensities was also discussed. As Tsand tsincrease, the grains grow larger gradually and evolve from spheroid to rectangular shape. By increasing Tsand ts, the ferroelectricity of the ceramics is improved and the remnant polarization Princreases. The optimum sintering temperature and dwell time for the piezoelectricity of ceramics are 1200 °C and 2 h, respectively. Also, both of the sintering temperature and dwell time make an important influence on the fluorescence of the ceramics. The ceramics sintered at 1140–1160 °C for 2 h possess excellent up/down‐conversion fluorescence. The up‐conversion emission intensity of the ceramics is further enhanced by optimizing poling electric field. This work develops a kind of multifunctional material that simultaneously possesses good ferroelectricity/piezoelectricity and excellent up/down‐conversion fluorescence by optimizing sintering temperature and dwell time.

(0.75–x)BiFeO3−0.25BaTiO3−xLa(Co0.5Mn0.5)O3+ 1 mol% MnO2lead‐free ceramics (x= 0–0.10) were synthesized by a conventional solid‐state reaction route and the effects of La(Co0.5Mn0.5)O3on phase transition, piezoelectric, ferroelectric, and multiferroic properties of the ceramics were investigated. The ceramics can be well sintered at 960 °C for 2 h. After the addition of La(Co0.5Mn0.5)O3, the crystal structure of the ceramics is transformed from rhombohedral (space group R3c) to orthorhombic symmetry (space group Amm2), and the morphotropic phase boundary (MPB) of rhombohedral and orthorhombic phases is formed at x= 0.01–0.03. The dielectric peak of the ceramics was found to become diffusive with increasing x. The ceramics with x= 0–0.03 possess strong piezoelectricity with d33of 95–108 pC N−1, strong ferroelectricity with Prof 2.2–18.1 μC cm−2, considerable magnetoelectric coefficient of 372–672 mV/cmOe, and high Curie temperature of 523–659 °C, showing potential applications in multiferroic devices.

Coumarins are a large family of compounds derived from a wide range of plants, fungi, and bacteria, and coumarin derivatives can have extremely variable structures and consequently diverse biological properties including antitumor activity. Compounds that bear a benzimidazole moiety are known to possess antitumor activity and a variety of other biological activities. High-throughput screening of a compound library identified a coumarin-containing and a benzimidazole-containing compound [#32, 7-(diethylamino)-3-(1-methyl-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)-2H-chromen-2-one] that has potent anticancer activity. Evaluation of 17 additional analogs further identified three compounds with anticancer activity in 14 different human cancer cell lines. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting and western blotting analyses suggested that these compounds can induce caspase-dependent apoptosis. Real-time reverse transcriptase PCR analyses of 26 cancer-related genes revealed that seven genes (NPPB, ATF3, DDIT4, CDH10, TSPAN14, TXNIP, and AXL) were significantly upregulated and nine genes (PAGE4, LRP8, SNCAIP, IGFBP5, SLCO2A1, CLDN2, ESRRG, D2HGDH, and PDGFRA) were significantly downregulated. The most upregulated gene is natriuretic peptide precursor B (NPPB) or brain natriuretic peptide, which is increased by 7-, 27-, and 197-fold at 12, 24, and 48 h, respectively. The second most upregulated gene is ATF3, which is increased by 23-fold at the 48 h timepoint. PAGE4and IGFBP5are the two most downregulated genes, with a 17-fold reduction in both genes. The expression of several genes (DDIT4, PDGFRA, LRP8, IGFBP5) and western blotting data on key signaling proteins indicate that compound #32 significantly inhibits the PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway, an intracellular signaling pathway critical in cell proliferation and apoptosis.

The solution treatment (ST) and the the second phase morphology changing duing the aging precipitation process of 0Cr21Ni6Mn9N austenitic stainless steel were investigated using optical microscope (OM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) with EDS and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The results showed that the precipitation phase was Cr2N which initially nucleated along austenitic grain boundaries and then grew towards into the inner grains in strip morphology. Also, with the longer aging time the proportion of Cr2N increased. The mechanical properties of alloys with and without the presence of the precipitation Cr2N were also studied. It was observed that due to the exiting of the precipitation Cr2N, the strength of 2169N stainless steel reduced during a certain range of aging time, and then improved when the aging time reached to 48h, while the elongation decreased thoroughly.

Objective: To study the effect of leptochloa on rats and mice ear swelling model. Methods: Each experiment group, mice were given corresponding drugs, according to the experiment requirement to give the corresponding dose, before the end of the experiment, the experimental model were given xylene,egg manufacture to corresponding experimental models, the determination of the experimental index.Results: Compared with the saline group, each dose Leptochloa paste group can significantly reduce the mice ear swelling; can obviously reduce the rat paw swelling. Are large doses Leptochloa paste have better effect to relieve the mice ears swelling and reduce rats paw edema. Conclusion: Leptochloa paste xylene-induced mice ear swelling model and egg white induced rat paw swelling model has a better therapeutic effect.