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Indole and quinoline structures are present in numerous biologically active molecules, making the synthesis of their glycosylation products a subject of extensive research and interest in drug development. Here, we report a photoredox strategy for the synthesis of C-indolyl and C-quinolyl glycosides using 2-styrylisocyanides and glycosyl bromides as building blocks. This approach offers mild reaction conditions, high α-selectivity, and scalability for large-scale reactions. The radical cyclization mode switching from 5-exo-trig to 6-endo-trig is achieved by selecting the substituents on the 2-vinyl group. This strategy enriches the toolbox of heterocyclic glycosylation methods and benefits advances in research on heteroaryl-based pharmaceuticals.

A comprehensive chemistry laboratory experiment, including the synthesis of Pt/Al2O3catalysts at different conditions, structure characterization, and the real-world application exploration, has been designed for upper-division undergraduate and graduate students as an expansion and improvement of the professional experimental course. In this experiment, students could not only learn the universal preparation and evaluation procedures of supported heterogeneous catalysts, but they also gain the opportunity to operate temperature controllers and mass flow controllers, to obtain knowledge of several modern instrumental techniques in chemical research (XRD, TEM, and GC). By analyzing the experimental phenomena and results, the students could consolidate their multidisciplinary knowledge (physical chemistry, structural chemistry, and analytical chemistry), while also understand the preparation–structure–activity relationship of the catalysts. More importantly, by introducing real-world application of the catalytic oxidation of soot, one of the most effective technologies in exhaust purification, to curriculum content, the experiment could stimulate the students to realize the impacts of human activities on the environment and widen their understanding of the critical role of catalysis in environmental protection and sustainable development.

Molecules containing heteroatoms, such as Se and S, play an indispensable role in the discovery and design of pharmaceuticals, whereas Se has been less studied. Here, we described a photoredox strategy to synthesize C-benzoselenazolyl (Bs) glycosides from 2-isocyanoaryl selenoethers and glycosyl bromides. This reaction was carried out under mild conditions with high efficiency. C-Benzothiazolyl (Bt) glycosides could also be synthesized from 2-isocyanoaryl thioethers using this strategy. This method can access novel seleno/thiosugars, which will benefit Se/S-containing drug discovery.

The Arctic fjords are currently experiencing the effects of glacier discharge, which may affect the nitrogen cycle and associated microbial communities in the benthic sediments. However, there remain a lack of understanding regarding nitrogen transformation processes in Arctic fjords. Here, we collected benthic sediment samples from Arctic Kongsfjorden subject to glacier discharge and then examined the spatial variability in the biogeochemical properties, nitrogen transformation processes and associated microbial community structures. Results showed that potential nitrogen transformation rates showed significant spatial differences (P< 0.05), and no significant correlation (P> 0.05) with TOC, TN, NH4+-N, NO3−-N, and NO2−-N in benthic sediments. Relatively higher contributions of anammox to nitrogen removal (48.5–62.7%) and DNRA to nitrate reduction (27.3–67.3%) occurred in Kongsfjorden sediments, compared with most of marine sediments. The gene abundances of AOB amoA, anammox 16S rRNA, and nirS showed significant positive correlations (P< 0.05) with TOC:N, TOC, TN, and TP in the sediments. All detected ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) belonged to the group 1.1a Nitrosopumiluscluster with the group 1.1b Nitrososphaeracluster at the site closest to the glacier. The detected ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and anammox bacteria belongs to β-Proteobacteria Nitrosospiraand Planctomycetes Candidatus Scalindua, respectively. AOB has a comparative advantage over AOA in the Kongsfjorden sediments. Overall, our results indicated that the glacier discharge had an important effect on the biogeochemical properties of the Kongsfjorden sediments, which further influenced benthic potential nitrogen transformation rates and associated microbial communities.

Supported palladium (Pd) catalysts are widely utilized to reduce the emission of exhaust CH4from lean-burn engines by catalytic combustion. A large amount of water vapor in the exhaust makes hydroxyls accumulate on the catalyst surface at temperatures below 450 °C, leading to severe catalyst deactivation. Tuning palladium chemistry and inhibiting water adsorption are critical to developing active catalysts. Modifying the support surface with inert silicates would both change the palladium–support interaction and decrease water adsorption sites. This study reports an improved Pd/Y2O3–ZrO2catalyst by constructing silicate patches on yttria-stabilized zirconia (Y2O3–ZrO2) support. The silicates hindered electron transfer from Y2O3–ZrO2oxygen vacancies to palladium, which optimized palladium chemistry, especially the reducibility of active PdO species, and thereby boosted CH4conversion under dry conditions. The temperature of 90% methane conversion (T90) over the catalyst decreased from 386 to 309 °C. Moreover, the inert silicates decreased surface oxygen vacancies of Y2O3–ZrO2to improve support hydrophobicity, thereby inhibiting hydroxyl accumulation. The poisoning effect of water on the active sites located on the palladium-silicate interface was alleviated. When reaction gases contained 10 vol % water, the silicate-modified catalyst still showed higher activity with T90of 404 °C, which is lower than T90of 452 °C for unmodified catalyst. This work represents a step forward in preparing high-performance palladium catalysts for low-temperature wet methane combustion.

Purpose: The High Energy Photon Source (HEPS) is a 6 GeV diffraction-limited storage ring light source being built in China. HEPS booster ramps the beam energy from 500 MeV to 6 GeV with a repetition rate of 1 Hz. For the beam dynamics simulations, the consideration of the fringe field effects is not ignorable. Method: To this end, several methods based on one-dimensional and three-dimensional magnetic fields are used to model the dipoles and quadrupoles of booster. Results and conclusion: In this paper, we evaluate the impacts of magnetic fringe field effects of dipoles and quadrupoles on the optics of the HEPS booster.

Purpose: The physics design of the High Energy Photon Source (HEPS) was finished after many times of iteration. Hereby, the typical equilibrium electron beam parameters corresponding to the proposed two baseline operation modes in the baseline design of HEPS are presented. Methods: To compute the equilibrium parameters of the electron beam, the lattice parameters, RF parameters, and the parameters of the insertion devices (IDs) were determined first. Furthermore, it is more precise to use the full-current electron beam parameters in the estimations of the performance of the synchrotron light. Therefore, not only the single-particle dynamics but also the current-dependent collective effects need to be considered in the computations of the full-current, equilibrium parameters of the electron beam. Both analytic computations and multi-particle tracking simulations were carried out. Results: The full-current, equilibrium parameters of the electron beams in the HEPS storage ring are presented in this paper. Moreover, the main beam parameters in the injector (the booster and the LINAC), corresponding to the two baseline operation modes of the storage ring, are also presented. Conclusion: The typical electron beam parameters corresponding to the two baseline operation modes are given in detail in this paper.

Phase change buoyancy control systems (PBCS) driven by phase change materials have unique advantages over conventional hydraulically actuated buoyancy control systems, especially in their high adaptability for deep-sea exploration and seamless interaction with humans. Studying the heat transfer process and working mechanism of PBCS is helpful to research the precise control mode of the phase change buoyancy regulation system. In this study, we chose paraffin wax as the phase change material for PBCS. A buoyancy generator for phase change buoyancy regulation is designed and manufactured. By studying the relation between its expansion volume and heating time and heat input, the mathematical model of the volume change of PBCS is established. We obtain the calculation results of the PBCS working process by using the computer-aided software MATLAB. Experimental results show that the theoretical volume expansion velocity and volume expansion rate of paraffin are almost consistent with the experimental results. The mathematical calculation model is available and has a significant reference value for further research on the theoretical basis of the diving depth control of PBCS.

The bottom hole opening method is generally used to rescue the people trapped inside the capsized vessels. In this paper, a new sealed cabin with flexible cabin shell and rigid pedestal was proposed to rescue people in distress through the inner hole cut on the bottom hull. The parameters of the cabin pedestal and the sealed pedestal are optimized respectively to reduce the weight of the whole cabin. According to response surface methodology to analysis the relationship between the tress and the structural parameters. The maximum equivalent stress and maximum deformation are the constraint conditions and the total mass of the structure is the objective function, and the multi-island genetic algorithm is used to optimize the model, and the approximate optimal solution was finally obtained. The results show that the strength of cabin pedestal and sealing pedestal meet the application requirements.

A general, convenient, and highly α stereoselective approach to access C-alkynyl glycosides via the photoredox-catalyzed reductive coupling of alkynyl bromides and glycoside bromides has been developed. Cheap and small-load eosin Y is used as the photocatalyst, and organic base N,N-diisopropylethylamine serves as the reducing reagent. This strategy features readily available starting materials, diverse substrates, mild conditions, and high α stereoselectivity. Moreover, a glycoconjugated peptide could also be achieved using this strategy.

ABSTRACTAdipogenesis is regulated by genetic interactions, in which post-transcriptional regulation plays an important role. Staufen double-stranded RNA binding protein 1 (Staufen1 or STAU1) plays diverse roles in RNA processing and adipogenesis. Previously, we found that the downregulation of STAU1affects the expression of fatty acid-binding protein 4 (FABP4) at the protein level but not at the mRNA level. This study aimed to determine the mechanism underlying the regulation of FABP4 expression by STAU1, explaining the inconsistency between FABP4 mRNA and protein levels. We used RNA interference, photoactivatable ribonucleoside enhanced cross-linking and immunoprecipitation, and an adeno-associated virus to examine the functions of STAU1 in adipogenesis. Our results indicate that STAU1 binds to the coding sequences of FABP4, thereby regulating the translation of FABP4mRNA by unwinding the double-stranded structure. Furthermore, STAU1 mediates adipogenesis by regulating the secretion of free fatty acids. However, STAU1 knockdown decreases the fat weight/body weight ratio but does not affect the plasma triglyceride levels. These findings describe the mechanisms involved in STAU1-mediated regulation of FABP4expression at the translational level during adipogenesis.

The inherent low activity at room temperature has greatly limited the utilization of Co3O4in indoor air purification. In this work, an extremely facile and mild method utilizing the strong oxidation of H2O2was designed to prepare a novel Co3O4-HP catalyst. The Co3O4-HP catalyst exhibits excellent removal activity for low-level concentration (∼1 ppm) of formaldehyde (HCHO) at room temperature. Under the static test mode, it shows 90.62% HCHO removal efficiency in 180 min at an RH of ∼55%. Under the dynamic test mode, it maintains the performance to remove approximately 97.26% of HCHO within 180 min under a GHSV of ∼90,000 mL·h–1·g–1. Additionally, the HCHO removal efficiency of Co3O4-HP is also maintained at around 94.76% under a higher GHSV of ∼150,000 mL·h–1·g–1. Such a satisfying activity is due to abundant oxygen vacancy defects bringing about a large number of surface reactive oxygen species and high redox capacity and oxygen migration capacity. It is also because of the synergistic effect of surface OH groups. This strategy will open an exciting avenue to design outstanding catalysts for HCHO removal by defect engineering and the synergistic effect.

Methyl chloride (CH3Cl) and methyl bromide (CH3Br) are the predominant carriers of natural chlorine and bromine from the troposphere to the stratosphere, which can catalyze the destruction of stratospheric ozone. Here, penguin colony soils (PCS) and the adjacent tundra soils (i.e., penguin-lacking colony soils, PLS), seal colony soils (SCS), tundra marsh soils (TMS), and normal upland tundra soils (UTS) in coastal Antarctica were collected and incubated for the first time to confirm that these soils were CH3Cl and CH3Br sources or sinks. Overall, tundra soil acted as a net sink for CH3Cl and CH3Br with potential flux ranges from −18.1 to −2.8 pmol g–1d–1and −1.32 to −0.24 pmol g–1d–1, respectively. The deposition of penguin guano or seal excrement into tundra soils facilitated the simultaneous production of CH3Cl and CH3Br and resulted in a smaller sink in PCS, SCS, and PLS. Laboratory-based thermal treatments and anaerobic incubation experiments suggested that the consumption of CH3Cl and CH3Br was predominantly mediated by microbes while the production was abiotic and O2independent. Temperature gradient incubations revealed that increasing soil temperature promoted the consumption of CH3Cl and CH3Br in UTS, suggesting that the regional sink may increase with Antarctic warming, depending on changes in soil moisture and abiotic production rates.

Catalytic activity and stability, reflected in high conversion, heat sink, and time on stream, are the major concerns of endothermic hydrocarbon fuel cracking. In this work, we synthesized a stable MgAl2O4spinel support by the co-precipitation method and a Pt/MgAl2O4catalyst by the liquid-phase reduction-impregnation method (PMA-V) and incipient-wetness impregnation method (PMA). PMA-V showed a better catalytic activity and stability than PMA. Moreover, the heat sink and stability are significantly superior to the Pt-based catalysts in our previous published works. Through a series of catalyst characterization, we found that the high catalytic activity and stability over PMA-V are owing to the “accessible” Pt active sites with better dispersion and a smaller Pt size, which can efficiently alleviate Pt sintering, stronger metal–support interaction, suitable acidity–alkalinity, and a stable MgAl2O4spinel structure. The valuable information provided in this work provides an effective approach to improve both catalytic activity and stability for hydrocarbon cracking.

The high-energy photon source (HEPS) is the first fourth-generation synchrotron light source facility in China. The HEPS injector consists of a linear accelerator (Linac) and a full energy booster. The booster captures the electron beam from the Linac and increases its energy to the value required for the storage ring. The full-energy beam could be injected to the storage ring directly or after “high-energy accumulation.” On November 17, 2023, the key booster parameters successfully reached their corresponding target values. These milestone results were achieved based on numerous contributions, including nearly a decade of physical design, years of equipment development and installation, and months of beam commissioning. As measured at the extraction energy of 6 GeV, the averaged beam current and emittance reached 8.57 mA with 5 bunches and 30.37 nm rad with a single-bunch charge of 5.58 nC, compared with the corresponding target values of 6.6 mA and 35 nm rad, respectively. This paper presents the physical design, equipment development, installation, and commissioning process of the HEPS booster.

Ni/MgO–Al2O3multifunctional catalysts were synthesized and applied to toluene reforming with a microchannel reactor to obtain hydrogen-rich syngas and lowest deactivation by carbon deposition. These catalysts were characterized by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy, N2adsorption–desorption, X-ray diffraction, H2-temperature programmed reduction, NH3-temperature programmed desorption, and transmission electron microscope-energy-dispersive spectrometer. The results showed that MgO–Al2O3support had the largest Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area and formed a steady MgAl2O4spinel structure after 800 °C calcination, which is conducive to preventing Ni sintering, increasing Ni dispersion, and thus improving catalytic activity. Less than 15% Ni loading maintains a high dispersion on the MgO–Al2O3support, but 20% Ni loading caused a sharp decline in the surface area and dispersion effect, which is due to Ni sintering and pore plugging. Meanwhile, 15% Ni/MgO–Al2O3shows a higher catalytic activity and excellent stability than others. In addition, the microchannel structure increased the surface area-to-volume ratio and enhanced the heat-transfer coefficient, hence had a prominently promotive effect on the catalysts utilization efficiency.

A Pd model catalyst was tested under dynamic operation conditions to investigate the active site for the conversion of CH4from natural gas vehicle (NGV) exhausts. It was demonstrated that in situ pretreatment in reaction gas significantly improved the CH4removal activity. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results revealed that the metallic Pd phase was much more active than PdO for CH4conversion under stoichiometric conditions. Interestingly, under rich conditions (lambda = 0.98), the formation of inactive PdCxled to considerable deactivation of catalyst. Increasing the O2concentration can efficiently convert it into active Pd0; thereby, the activity was recovered to the original level. By contrast, under stoichiometric conditions (lambda = 1.00), CH4conversion was stable, probably owing to the maintenance of the active Pd0phase. However, further increasing the O2amount (lambda = 1.02) resulted in reduced activity, which may be due to the formation of PdO from the oxidation of metallic Pd. These results imply that Pd species under dynamic working conditions are evolvable.

To date, two-color pulses are widely used in pump–probe experiments. For a ring-based light source, the power of the spontaneous radiation fluctuates randomly in the longitudinal direction. It is difficult to produce two-color double pulses by optical methods. In this paper, we introduce a method based on the echo-enabled harmonic generation scheme that generates two-color pulses in a storage ring light source. By adopting crossed undulators and a phase shifter, the polarization of the two-color pulses can be easily switched. A numerical simulation based on a diffraction-limited storage ring, the Hefei Advanced Light Source, suggests that the time delay and spectral separation of the two pulses can be adjusted linearly by changing the pulse duration and chirp parameters of the seed laser. A circular polarization degree above 80% could be achieved.

Catalytic cracking of n-decane was performed over monometallic and bimetallic Pt–Ni catalyst supported La–Al2O3modified by MoO3(MLA), aiming to investigate the effects of acidity, active phase dispersion, and synergistic effect between Pt and Ni on catalytic performance of the catalysts. The catalysts were characterized by the techniques of Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), hydrogen temperature-programmed reduction (H2-TPR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), temperature-programmed desorption of ammonia (NH3-TPD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), CO chemisorption, and transmission electron microscopy/energy-dispersive spectroscopy (TEM/EDS) mapping. The results showed that catalytic cracking activities over catalysts were heightened compared with MLA, especially bimetallic catalyst. Meanwhile, bimetallic catalyst exhibited the best high-temperature stability. Otherwise, cracking activity over regenerative bimetallic catalyst nearly approached that of the fresh one. The most effective findings of properties of bimetallic catalyst presented as follows: the unique acidity, higher resistance against sintering of active phases, and finely dispersed actives due to enhanced metal–support interaction and synergistic effect between Pt and Ni can be responsible for its stable catalytic activity and thermal stability, and capable regeneration.

Macrophages are crucial mediators in the development of inflammatory diseases, including kidney diseases. Unresolved renal inflammation can progressively develop into chronic kidney disease (CKD), resulting in structural and functional impairment of the injured kidney due to renal fibrosis and leading to irreversible end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Increasing evidence suggests that phenotypic changes in macrophages are essential for CKD development and progression. Interestingly, advanced bioinformatics and single-cell RNA-sequencing analyses have revealed the crucial mechanism of macrophage-myofibroblast transition, which may be a novel therapeutic target for renal fibrosis. Therefore, a better understanding of the immunodynamics of macrophages in diseased kidneys may help identify effective therapeutic strategies for unmet clinical needs. This review summarizes the regulatory roles and underlying mechanisms of macrophages in renal fibrosis and their therapeutic implications in kidney diseases, including ESRD.

To study ultrafast processes at the sub-picosecond level, novel methods based on coherent harmonic generation technologies have been proposed to generate ultrashort radiation pulses in existing ring-based light sources. Using the High Energy Photon Source as an example, we numerically test the feasibility of implementing one coherent harmonic generation technology, i.e., the echo-enabled harmonic generation (EEHG) scheme, in a diffraction-limited storage ring (DLSR). Two different EEHG element layouts are considered, and the effect of the EEHG process on the electron beam quality is also analyzed. Studies suggest that soft X-ray pulses, with pulse lengths of a few femtoseconds and peak powers of up to 1 MW, can be generated by using the EEHG scheme, while causing little perturbation to the regular operation of a DLSR.

Cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS) is a robust platform for the simple, rapid, and cost-effective in vitro production of proteins, as well as an important tool for cell-free synthetic biology research. Here, a microfluidic clay microgel system is reported, which creates compartmentalized microenvironments for CFPS capable of high-yield and repeated protein synthesis, as well as an artificial cell-like structure. As an advantageous platform for CFPS, a modular manner to prepare clay microgels with rationally designed functions is demonstrated: (i) gene/clay microgels enhance protein expression, (ii) gene/clay/magnetic nanoparticle microgels enable a repeated protein production system, and (iii) gene/clay microgels in microfluidic droplets serve as a cell-like structure. Beyond CFPS, considering the compatibility of clay microgels with hydrophilic functional materials, our clay microgels will provide a more general platform for preparing a variety of functional materials such as encapsulating drugs and cells, enabling more biomedical applications.

Environmental contextNatural haloform emissions contribute to stratospheric ozone depletion but there are major unknown or underestimated sources of these gases. This study demonstrates that soil and water at tidal wetlands are important haloform sources, and emissions peak at the forest–marsh transition zone. The low-lying forested wetlands of the south-eastern United States that are facing sea-level rise and seawater intrusion may become hotspots for haloform emission. AbstractSoil haloform emissions are sources of reactive halogens that catalytically deplete ozone in the stratosphere but there are still unknown or underestimated haloform sources. The >200000ha of low-lying tidal freshwater swamps (forests and marshes) in the south-eastern United States could be haloform (CHX3, X=Cl or Br) sources because sea-level rise and saltwater intrusion bring halides inland where they mix with terrestrial humic substances. To evaluate the spatial variation along the common forest–marsh salinity gradient (freshwater wetland, oligohaline wetland and mesohaline saltmarsh), we measured chloroform emissions from in situ chambers and from laboratory incubations of soil and water samples collected from Winyah Bay, South Carolina. The in situ and soil-core haloform emissions were both highest in the oligohaline wetland, whereas the aqueous production was highest in mesohaline saltmarsh. The predominant source shifted from sediment emission to water emission from freshwater wetland to mesohaline saltmarsh. Spreading out soil samples increased soil haloform emission, suggesting that soil pores can trap high amounts of CHCl3. Soil sterilisation did not suppress CHCl3 emission, indicating the important contribution of abiotic soil CHCl3 formation. Surface wetland water samples from eight locations along a salinity gradient with different management practices (natural v. managed) were subjected to radical-based halogenation by Fenton-like reagents. Halide availability, organic matter source, temperature and light irradiation were all found to affect the radical-based abiotic haloform formation from surface water. This study clearly indicates that soil and water from the studied coastal wetlands are both haloform sources, which however appear to have different formation mechanisms.

An improved algorithm of spacecraft signal combining for antenna array and its implementation are researched. Firstly the composition of the antenna array experiment system and the processing flow of the signal combining are introduced. Then the high-precision delay extracting technique in signal combing processing is researched. Finally a signal combining experiment on the data-transmission signal of Chang’E-2 spacecraft is conducted and a full spectrum software combining processer is specially designed for the antenna array system. The experiment results show that the combining efficiency can reach 88.1%.

Teeth are one of the most important materials for anthropological studies because they are likely to be preserved in ancient remains. While the frequencies of dental characteristics can provide clues to the phylogeny of populations, genetic studies at the individual level can further reveal the biological mechanisms and evolutionary context of dental characteristics. In this study, by analyzing 38 dental characteristics of 242 Xinjiang Uyghur individuals, we found that (i) the dental characteristics of the Uyghurs showed evidence of admixture between European and East Asian populations. The admixture proportions were in line with those previously reported in population genetic studies; (ii) the Xinjiang Uyghur dental characteristics formed three clusters in pairwise correlation analysis. One of the main clusters consisted of characteristics including incisor shoveling, double shoveling and mesial ridge; and (iii) all the characteristics in this cluster were significantly correlated with the genetic variant EDARV370A. The extracted composite phenotypic factor was also significantly associated with EDARV370A, which explained 18% of the total phenotypic variance. This indicated a pleiotropic effect, i.e., the same genetic factor affects a number of dental characteristics at the same time. Our results confirmed that EDARV370A, a genetic variant that first originated in East Asia about 30000 years ago, played an important role in incisor shoveling in East Asia. This finding suggested that incisor shoveling in modern humans in East Asia is likely to have appeared after the late Pleistocene.

Rubber hose is normally adopted in the connection between the lifting cylinders and the control valves. Low bulk modulus of hose reduces the natural frequency of hydraulic system and brings difficulties to the controller design. This paper focuses on the model simplification of hoses in the hydraulic system. First, a hydraulic lifting system is presented in the paper. Then, simulation model of the lifting system is built in AMESim, and the simplified model of hose is conducted using an improved lumped parameter method. Finally, comparative simulations with the proposed model and the original model provided in the software are carried out. Results show that the simplified model can be used to replace the original model in the simulation of hydraulic systems.

Performance tests and drive experiments play an important role in researches on water hydraulic artificial muscles. A test system is designed to analyze the drive characteristic of the developed water hydraulic artificial muscle. Through simulation getting main parameters, the hydraulic circuit to regulate the pressure of the water hydraulic artificial muscle and a proportional control loading system are built. The pressure control and drawing force regulation in the loading system for muscles with different diameter and length are provided by the designed test system. The experimental results show that the muscle pressure can be adjusted stably and the contraction of the tested muscle can be measured under different preset drawing forces. The test system for the water hydraulic artificial muscle is useful in the researches on drive characteristic and control system of the water hydraulic artificial muscle.

Driving processes and characteristics are different between the water hydraulic artificial muscle and pneumatic artificial muscle due to the difference of work media employed in muscles. An appropriative hydraulic circuit was designed to control the pressure of the water hydraulic artificial muscle and the performance of this system was analyzed. An AMESim model of the control system was built and the dynamic characteristics are analyzed with various parameters of the hydraulic circuit and various loads by simulation. The results show that the performance of the water hydraulic control valve should agree with the dimension of the water hydraulic artificial muscle. The rated flow rate of the water hydraulic valves can be selected increasingly while the load mass is low. Meanwhile, the overshoot is generated and enlarged along with the increases of the flow rate and load mass. These contribute to the improvements of designs and researches on control systems of water hydraulic artificial muscles.

The water hydraulic reciprocating plunger pump driven by linear motor is suitable to deep sea application with high efficiency and variable control. Aiming to study the principle structure and working characteristics of the pump, two patterns of valve and piston distribution were designed. And the control method and the performance were analyzed by simulation based on the AMESim model. The results show that the pressure and flow pulsation of piston type pump are much smaller than the valve type, even though the piston type is large in scale and works at low flow rate. Compared with a valve distribution tri-linear-motor reciprocating plunger pump (VDTLMP), as the flow rate of the piston distribution double linear motor reciprocating plunger pump (PDDLMP) is decreased from 36.7 L/min to 21.2 L/min theoretically, the pressure pulsation amplitude is decreased from 46% to 2%, and the flow pulsation rate is also decreased from 0.266 to 0.007. These results contribute to the research on deep-sea water hydraulic power pack and direct drive pump with high efficiency and energy conservation.

We report herein for the first time the incorporation of a versatile organocatalyst, 4‐(N,N‐dimethylamino)pyridine (DMAP), into the network of a nanoporous conjugated polymer (NCP) by the “bottom‐up” approach. The resulting DMAP‐NCPmaterial possesses highly concentrated and homogeneously distributed DMAP catalytic sites (2.02 mmol g−1). DMAP‐NCPalso exhibits enhanced stability and permanent porosity due to the strong covalent linkage and the rigidity of the “bottom‐up” monomers. As a result, DMAP‐NCPshows excellent catalytic activity in the acylation of alcohols with yields of 92–99 %. The DMAP‐NCPcatalyst could be easily recovered from the reaction mixture and reused in at least 14 consecutive cycles without measurable loss of activity. Moreover, the catalytic acylation reaction could be performed under neat and continuous‐flow conditions for at least 536 h of continuous work with the same catalyst activity.

Holding the work piece for the forging press is the main task of the forging manipulator, and it is recognized as one of industry’s most arduous tasks. To ensure the safety of the manipulator mechanism, the resistance force exerted on the clamp must be minimized [1]. This paper focuses on the vertical load analysis of lifting systems for the forging manipulator when it works in cooperation with the forging press. First the equivalent stiffness model of the work piece is presented and the loads of the lifting systems are derived. Then the hydraulic circuits of the front and the rear lifting systems are investigated. Finally, the whole forging process is analyzed to study the relationship between the tracking error of the lifting systems and the resistance force on them. Simulation of one typical forging process shows that the cause of resistance force on the lifting system is the displacement tracking error.

We report a new method for the synthesis of hollow‐structured phenylene‐bridged periodic mesoporous organosilica (PMO) spheres with a uniform particle size of 100–200 nm using α‐Fe2O3as a hard template. Based on this method, the hollow‐structured phenylene PMO could be easily functionalized with MacMillan catalyst (H‐PhPMO‐Mac) by a co‐condensation process and a “click chemistry” post‐modification. The synthesized H‐PhPMO‐Mac catalyst has been found to exhibit high catalytic activity (98 % yield, 81 % enantiomeric excess (ee) for endoand 81 % eefor exo) in asymmetric Diels–Alder reactions with water as solvent. The catalyst could be reused for at least seven runs without a significant loss of catalytic activity. Our results have also indicated that hollow‐structured PMO spheres exhibit higher catalytic efficiency than solid (non‐hollow) PMO spheres, and that catalysts prepared by the co‐condensation process and “click chemistry” post‐modification exhibit higher catalytic efficiency than those prepared by a grafting method.

External therapy, which has been used for millennia to treat disease, has now become the newest member of complementary and alternative therapies. A growing number of clinical studies and animal experiments have shown that external therapy exerts a positive effect on the intestinal flora. In this paper, we review the research related to external therapy on various systemic diseases and focus on changes in the intestinal flora. We found that studies on external therapy are dominated by acupuncture and tuina, primarily aimed at the treatment of digestive and neurological diseases. However, the deeper mechanism of regulation of the intestinal flora by external therapy has not yet been experimentally confirmed.

Maneuverability, which is closely related to navigation safety, is an important part of the overall performance of an underwater vehicle. The purpose of this study is to analyze the dynamic response of an underwater vehicle to internal waves at different angles and speeds. A combination of experiments and numerical simulations is used to compare the forces on the underwater vehicle. In terms of fluid-structure coupling, the internal wave interface is tracked by the VOF method. In this paper, waves of the same amplitude ratio as the numerical results are simulated using a wave-making sphere. The validity of the numerical method is verified by comparing with the rotation moment test of the underwater vehicle. The results show that different angles of attack have significant effects on the forces and moments of the underwater vehicle and that choosing the right angle of attack and rotation speed can limit the dangerous depth. The conclusion is of certain significance for the safety of underwater navigation.

To investigate the changes in the hypothalamic metabolites of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) febrile young rabbits after the treatment with pediatric tuina.

In this study, the first in situ static‐chamber measurements were conducted at coastal Antarctica tundra for CHCl3fluxes, which showed that CHCl3was naturally emitted from the Antarctic tundra at 35 ± 27 nmol m−2d−1, comparable to other reported important natural sources. Significantly, enhanced CHCl3emission rates (66 ± 20 nmol m−2d−1) were observed from ornithogenic soil on the island populated with penguins, which was rich in organic matter and halides coming from penguin excrements. It is estimated that Antarctic tundra emits up to 0.1 Gg CHCl3per year, which is an important source for regional atmospheric CHCl3. Laboratory‐based incubations suggested that organic carbon and chlorine inputs by penguins may stimulate O2dependent microbial‐mediated CHCl3emission from the Antarctic tundra, and all tundra soils showed the maximum CHCl3emission at 4°C. The strength of this CHCl3source is also expected to change in response to Antarctic warming. Chloroform (CHCl3) is the second‐largest natural carrier of atmospheric chlorine, which can catalyze stratospheric ozone depletion. Natural sources of CHCl3are believed to predominate over anthropogenic sources, accounting for 50%–90% of global CHCl3emissions. Among the natural sources, soils are the second‐largest source, after the ocean. This study conducted the first in situ static‐chamber measurements and lab‐based incubations on CHCl3emissions from Antarctic tundra, and found that it was an important regional source, emitting up to 0.1 Gg CHCl3each year (<1% of natural terrestrial sources) into the atmosphere. Penguin activities deposited large amounts of excrement in colony tundra and enhanced organic matter and chlorine content in the soil, which promoted the production of CHCl3mediated by microbial activities. Temperature‐controlled incubations indicated that tundra soils showed the maximum CHCl3emission at 4°C, and temperature increase and freeze‐thaw cycles might influence annual and seasonal CHCl3emissions from Antarctic tundra. This study suggested that the strength of CHCl3source will vary in response to changes in penguin population/colony size, and the extent of Antarctic warming. Antarctic tundra is a natural source of CHCl3, emitting up to 0.1 Gg each year into the atmospherePenguins input organic matter and marine halides into the soil through excrement, which facilitates microbial‐mediated CHCl3productionThe strength of CHCl3source will vary in response to changes in penguin population/colony size, and the extent of Antarctic warming Antarctic tundra is a natural source of CHCl3, emitting up to 0.1 Gg each year into the atmosphere Penguins input organic matter and marine halides into the soil through excrement, which facilitates microbial‐mediated CHCl3production The strength of CHCl3source will vary in response to changes in penguin population/colony size, and the extent of Antarctic warming

In recent years, a new generation of storage ring-based light sources, known as diffraction-limited storage rings (DLSRs), whose emittance approaches the diffraction limit for the range of X-ray wavelengths of interest to the scientific community, has garnered significant attention worldwide. Researchers have begun to design and build DLSRs. Among various DLSR proposals, the hybrid multibend achromat (H-MBA) lattice enables sextupole strengths to be maintained at a reasonable level when minimizing the emittance; hence, it has been adopted in many DLSR designs. Based on the H-7BA lattice, the design of the Advanced Photon Source Upgrade Project (APS-U) can effectively reduce emittance by replacing six quadrupoles with anti-bends. Herein, we discuss the feasibility of designing an APS-U-type H-MBA lattice for the Southern Advanced Photon Source, a mid-energy DLSR light source with ultralow emittance that has been proposed to be built adjacent to the China Spallation Neutron Source. Both linear and nonlinear dynamics are optimized to obtain a detailed design of this type of lattice. The emittance is minimized, while a sufficiently large dynamic aperture (DA) and momentum acceptance (MA) are maintained. A design comprising 36 APS-U type H-7BAs, with an energy of 3 GeV and a circumference of 972 m, is achieved. The horizontal natural emittance is 20 pm·rad, with a horizontal DA of 5.8 mm, a vertical DA of 4.5 mm, and an MA of 4%, as well as a long longitudinal damping time of 120 ms. Subsequently, a few modifications are performed based on the APS-U-type lattice to reduce the maximum value of damping time from 120 to 44 ms while maintaining other performance parameters at the same level.

Global budgets of methyl halides are not balanced between currently identified sources and sinks. Among biological sources, rapeseed is regarded as the second largest terrestrial source of CH3Br, extrapolated from laboratory‐based incubations and limited field measurements. This study analyzes the CH3Br budget from rapeseed (Brassica napus“Empire”), using field‐based life cycle measurements, yielding a globally scaled emission rate of 2.8 ± 0.7 Gg year−1. Though this verifies that rapeseed is a significant global source, it is just half of the previous estimation, even after accounting for the doubling of global annual rapeseed production since then. The ozone‐depleting potential of rapeseed is further sustained through CH3Cl and CH3I emissions, which were measured for the first time and scaled to 5.3 ± 1.3 and 4.0 ± 0.8 Gg year−1globally. Stratospheric ozone absorbs incoming solar UV radiation, attenuating the harmful radiation exposure for life on Earth's surface. Halogen atoms transported via halocarbons, including methyl halides, can catalyze ozone destruction efficiently in the stratosphere. Anthropogenic sources of halocarbons have been decreasing consistently since the implementation of the 1987 Montreal Protocol and its amendments. However, some natural sources, especially those influenced by anthropogenic activities, may offset some of the achievement of reduced halocarbon emissions. This study quantifies methyl halide emissions from cultivated rapeseed (Brassica napus, cultivar: Empire), based on life cycle measurements and normalized to seed production. This yields a global crop contribution of 2.8 ± 0.7 Gg of methyl bromide (CH3Br) annually, which is smaller than previous estimates (5.1–6.6 Gg), supporting the conventional view that there must be other unidentified or underestimated sources for CH3Br. This study also quantifies for the first time that rapeseed emits 5.3 ± 1.3 Gg of methyl chloride (CH3Cl) and 4.0 ± 0.8 Gg of methyl iodide (CH3I) each year. Due to the increasing demand on rapeseed products such as canola oil, its global methyl halide emissions are expected to grow in the future. Brassica napus(rapeseed) is a smaller global source of atmospheric CH3Br than previously believed, estimated at 2.8 ± 0.7 Gg year−1in 2018Rapeseed also emits an estimated 5.3 ± 1.3 Gg year−1of CH3Cl and 4.0 ± 0.8 Gg year−1CH3I to the atmosphere over the same time periodEmissions of ozone‐depleting substances from B. napuscroplands continue to increase, becoming an ever‐larger global source

Mediator of IRF3 activation (MITA), also known as stimulator of interferon genes (STING), plays a vital role in the innate immune responses to cytosolic dsDNA. The trafficking of MITA from the ER to perinuclear vesicles is necessary for its activation of the downstream molecules, which lead to the production of interferons and pro-inflammatory cytokines. However, the exact mechanism of MITA activation remains elusive. Here, we report that transmembrane emp24 protein transport domain containing 2 (TMED2) potentiates DNA virus-induced MITA signaling. The suppression or deletion of TMED2 markedly impairs the production of type I IFNs upon HSV-1 infection. TMED2-deficient cells harbor greater HSV-1 load than the control cells. Mechanistically, TMED2 associates with MITA only upon viral stimulation, and this process potentiates MITA activation by reinforcing its dimerization and facilitating its trafficking. These findings suggest an essential role of TMED2 in cellular IFN responses to DNA viruses.

In the construction industry, research is being carried out to look for feasible methods and technologies to cut down project costs and waste. Building Information Modelling (BIM) is certainly currently a promising technology/method that can achieve this. The output of the construction industry has a considerable scale; however, the concentration of the industry and the level of informatization are still not high. There is still a large gap in terms of productivity between the construction industry and other industries. Due to the lack of first-hand data regarding how much of an effect can be genuinely had by BIM in real cases, it is unrealistic for construction stakeholders to take the risk of widely adopting BIM. This paper focuses on the methodological quantification (through a case study approach) of BIM's benefits in building construction resource management and real-time costs control, in contrast to traditional non-BIM technologies. Through the use of BIM technology for the dynamic querying and statistical analysis of construction schedules, engineering, resources and costs, the three implementations considered demonstrate how BIM can facilitate the comprehensive grasp of a project's implementation and progress, identify and solve the contradictions and conflicts between construction resources and costs controls, reduce project over-spends and protect the supply of resources.

Building Information Modelling (BIM) is a process involving the creation and management of objective data with property, unique identity and relationship. In the Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC) industry, BIM is adopted a lot in the lifecycle of buildings because of the high integration of information that it enables. Four-dimensional (4D) computer-aided design (CAD) has been adopted for many years to improve the construction planning process. BIM is adopted throughout buildings' lifecycles, in design, construction and operation. This paper presents five large-scale public and financial projects that adopt BIM in the design, construction and operational phases. Different uses of BIM are compared and contrasted in the context of the separate backgrounds. It is concluded that productivity is improved where BIM is used to enable easy sharing and integration of information and convenient collaboration.