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Byline: Pooja. Tiwari, Ram. Shukla, Maneesh. Joleya, Sarvagya. Jain, Ashok. Ladda, Shashi. Sharma, Vinod. Raj, Brijesh. Lahoti, Manoj. Joshi Introduction: Hernia of the umbilical cord (HUC) is an uncommon problem [...]

As the population of human beings is increasing, everyone is concerned about food security. In India, the problem of weeds is like pouring oil on fire in the context of food security. Several weeds are responsible for that but Parthenium hysterophorusL. is the most harmful amongst them. It is reported as the major source of botheration and health hazards to life in general and also a threat to biodiversity and the environment. Various efforts have been made for its control but without much success. It would be worthy if one can develop a strategy by which the valuable nutrients of the weed biomass could be released, recycled, and reach again to the soil for the expected crop. Composting might be used in the conversion of its biomass to an applicable material. This article will provide imprecise information for various methods of composting the weed.

Conversational Artificial Intelligence (CAI) is a combination of Conversational Commerce, Chatbot, Voicebot and Virtual Assistant. CAI has enabled interstellar opportunities for large companies, collaborating with start-ups towards sustainable development. This has to simplify the services and optimised customer bookings, utility payments, queries, complaints and resolutions. CAI aided with a framework based on Technopreneurship Innovation (TIN) has been adopted at different stages of the start-up life cycle, hence, ensuring sustainable development with growth. A qualitative case study method of examination and enquiry, with an interpretive ontology, was tested for AI-based firms established between 2013 and 2020 across India in the services sector. Through purposive sampling, the Haptik application (app) for the case study was selected for investigation deploying inductive reasoning. The results stated that CAI is a futuristic living and is here to stay for industries like banks, travel, tourism, hospitality, insurance, healthcare, education, agriculture, e-commerce, retail, etc.

Entrepreneurship has always been a central point of discussion amongst educators, practitioners and policymakers, besides the incumbents intending to emerge as an entrepreneur. Other than the core of venture creation, these entrepreneurs have a critical role to play in the wealth creation, resource optimisation and economic development of the region they belong to. Hence, they must reflect or possess some kind of foresightedness to be sustainable and contributory in their long-standing entrepreneurial journey, which is a turbulent one. The authors, tabled their diverse experience after reviewing the extent literature on entrepreneurship realising that there is a critical need to identify and classify these firms engaged in true sense of entrepreneurship, before embarking upon the principal research question, which is, 'do entrepreneurial firms possess foresightedness in a volatile, uncertain, complex and ambiguous (VUCA) world? ' We selected enterprises seeded between 2000-2019, examining their entrepreneurial journey, using qualitative method and interpretivism.

Do incumbent entrepreneurs possess foresight? The COVID-19 pandemic has transformed, leaving us unshielded against unknowns. It has altered our approach becoming a prodigious Volatile, Uncertain, Complex, and Ambiguous (VUCA) moment. The post-COVID-19 world is likely to break the classical models of existing economic theories, compelling economies, and businesses to improvise their business models for sustaining in the 'new normal'. It requires a complex symphony between hindsight-insight-foresight combination to steer a deeper understanding. This statement embarks upon a principal research question, as to how do entrepreneurial firms muster resources in building sustainable and resilient strategies while surviving in a VUCA world? The authors deployed exploratory design, using case method for capturing insights on resilient strategies adopted by an entrepreneurial firm, Zolostays. This enterprise validated the proposition of optimal unification of entrepreneurial orientation and building resilient strategies indispensable for any organisation against the unfavourable and turbulent VUCA situations.

Isn't it that turbulence has taught us to be sustainable and resilient? Structural resilience has concerted towards sustenance, recovery, and re-alignment for a sustainable route. Borrowed from engineering sciences, the four dimensions as in Robustness, Resourcefulness, Redundancy and Rapidity, have been discussed in this paper to comprehend disaster resilience of business structure. It is endeavoured to study the pandemic induced behaviour aiming to probe if the business structure of the renewable energy segment in India has revealed resilience, because of Volatile, Uncertain, Complex and Ambiguous (VUCA) environment causing turbulence. Published resources supplemented with multiple linkages and qualitative research were used for establishing authentication. The findings attempt to decipher formative entrepreneurial steps driven by innovation and foresightedness in shaping up of the Indian renewable energy sector. This sets future scenarios for transition to cleaner energy to meet committed global sustainable goal of affordable, sustainable and clean energy for all.

Recently, there has been renewed interest in understanding factors and contexts that influence innovative firms. However, mechanisms and boundary conditions are yet to be understood. Accordingly, we contend that foresightedness and readiness are important factors that help start-ups shape up into innovative firms in the context of the VUCA world. We empirically validated our propositions using data from both primary and secondary sources utilising the inductive method for analysis. Results show that both foresightedness and readiness shape innovation in the VUCA world. These findings contribute to a better understanding of factors that shape innovation. This study should, therefore, be of value to practitioners wishing to help entrepreneurs to survive and grow in the context of the VUCA world.

Entanglement is a distinguishing feature of quantum many-body systems, and uncovering the entanglement structure for large particle numbers in quantum simulation experiments is a fundamental challenge in quantum information science1. Here we perform experimental investigations of entanglement on the basis of the entanglement Hamiltonian (EH)2as an effective description of the reduced density operator for large subsystems. We prepare ground and excited states of a one-dimensional XXZ Heisenberg chain on a 51-ion programmable quantum simulator3and perform sample-efficient ‘learning’ of the EH for subsystems of up to 20 lattice sites4. Our experiments provide compelling evidence for a local structure of the EH. To our knowledge, this observation marks the first instance of confirming the fundamental predictions of quantum field theory by Bisognano and Wichmann5,6, adapted to lattice models that represent correlated quantum matter. The reduced state takes the form of a Gibbs ensemble, with a spatially varying temperature profile as a signature of entanglement2. Our results also show the transition from area- to volume-law scaling7of von Neumann entanglement entropies from ground to excited states. As we venture towards achieving quantum advantage, we anticipate that our findings and methods have wide-ranging applicability to revealing and understanding entanglement in many-body problems with local interactions including higher spatial dimensions.

The control over quantum states in atomic systems has led to the most precise optical atomic clocks so far1–3. Their sensitivity is bounded at present by the standard quantum limit, a fundamental floor set by quantum mechanics for uncorrelated particles, which can—nevertheless—be overcome when operated with entangled particles. Yet demonstrating a quantum advantage in real-world sensors is extremely challenging. Here we illustrate a pathway for harnessing large-scale entanglement in an optical transition using 1D chains of up to 51 ions with interactions that decay as a power-law function of the ion separation. We show that our sensor can emulate many features of the one-axis-twisting (OAT) model, an iconic, fully connected model known to generate scalable squeezing4and Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger-like states5–8. The collective nature of the state manifests itself in the preservation of the total transverse magnetization, the reduced growth of the structure factor, that is, spin-wave excitations (SWE), at finite momenta, the generation of spin squeezing comparable with OAT (a Wineland parameter9,10of −3.9 ± 0.3 dB for only N= 12 ions) and the development of non-Gaussian states in the form of multi-headed cat states in the Q-distribution. We demonstrate the metrological utility of the states in a Ramsey-type interferometer, in which we reduce the measurement uncertainty by −3.2 ± 0.5 dB below the standard quantum limit for N= 51 ions.

Future increases in stratospheric water vapour risk amplifying climate change and slowing down the recovery of the ozone layer. However, state-of-the-art climate models strongly disagree on the magnitude of these increases under global warming. Uncertainty primarily arises from the complex processes leading to dehydration of air during its tropical ascent into the stratosphere. Here we derive an observational constraint on this longstanding uncertainty. We use a statistical-learning approach to infer historical co-variations between the atmospheric temperature structure and tropical lower stratospheric water vapour concentrations. For climate models, we demonstrate that these historically constrained relationships are highly predictive of the water vapour response to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide. We obtain an observationally constrained range for stratospheric water vapour changes per degree of global warming of 0.31 ± 0.39 ppmv K−1. Across 61 climate models, we find that a large fraction of future model projections are inconsistent with observational evidence. In particular, frequently projected strong increases (>1 ppmv K−1) are highly unlikely. Our constraint represents a 50% decrease in the 95th percentile of the climate model uncertainty distribution, which has implications for surface warming, ozone recovery and the tropospheric circulation response under climate change.

Byline: Sandeep. Bhalla, Tanu. Soni, Manoj. Joshi, Vasudha. Sharma, Rajesh. Mishra, Viswanathan. Mohan, Ranjit. Unnikrishnan, Ramasamy. Kim, G. Murthy, Dorairaj. Prabhakaran, Padmaja. Rani, Ramachandran. Rajalakshmi In India, more than 72 [...]

Byline: Shilpa. Sharma, Manoj. Joshi, Devendra. Gupta, Mohan. Abraham, Praveen. Mathur, J. Mahajan, A. Gangopadhyay, Simmi. Rattan, Ravindra. Vora, G. Prasad, N. Bhattacharya, Ram. Samuj, K. N. Rao, A. BasuThe [...]

Many real-world applications rely on head pose estimation. The performance of head pose estimation has significantly improved with techniques like convolutional neural networks (CNN). However, CNN requires a large amount of data for training. This article presents a new framework for head pose estimation using computationally efficient first-order model-agnostic meta-learning (FO-MAML)-based method and compares the performance with existing MAML-based approaches. Experiments using one-shot, five-shot, and ten-shot settings are done using MAML and FO-MAML. A mean average error (MAEavg) of 7.72, 6.30, and 5.32 has been achieved in predicting head pose using MAML for one-, five-, and ten-shot settings, respectively. Similarly, MAEavg of 8.33, 6.84, and 6.23 has been achieved in predicting head pose using FO-MAML for one-, five-, and ten-shot settings, respectively. The computational complexity of an outer-loop update in MAML is found to be O(n2) whereas for FO-MAML it is O(n).

Entrepreneurship is a central theme of discussion, with 'entrepreneur' coined by Jean-Baptiste, implying one who undertook a new venture. This field has its genesis from the field of economics, sociology and economic history, agglomerating as an interplay between wealth creation, resource optimisation and economic development. It is interesting to posit 'do all entrepreneurial firms survive in a volatile, uncertain, complex and ambiguous (VUCA) world with a discussion on their sustainability?' We identified select papers published between 2000 and 2019 and entrepreneurial firms incepted between 2000 and 2015 but reeling under VUCA, deploying qualitative method for examining various dimensions of VUCA. We undertook a typical case of iTiffin, incepted in 2013. iTiffin has struggled to capitalise the market in VUCA times, undergoing sustainability perspectives. Similarly, start-ups posed with vulnerability often fail to steer the rough waters of the VUCA environment. We triangulated, reducing biases and concretised evidence to address the subject.

In a volatile, uncertain, complex and ambiguous (VUCA) world, when all others perspire in chaos, entrepreneurs perceive opportunities, the story of 'India City Walks™, (ICW™) is an expedition to the world of opportunities that laid in the disguise of heritage tourism. The purpose of this study is to capture the venture ideation of ICW™, based on the imaginativeness of the protagonist and to identify the value of heritage tourism. The entrepreneurial actions were captured using qualitative research techniques, identifying the incumbent firm from amongst 50 start-ups in the tourism cohort. In this research, exploratory research design was adopted with comprehensive research approach and building theory from case. The research attempts to reflect how an entrepreneur Sachin Bansal (Sachin) by harnessing experiential learning, inculcated innovation in the heritage tourism industry by incepting a start-up, ICW™, which has remodelled on how heritage and experiential tourism is viewed from Indian perspective.

This scholarly contribution attempts to explore the role of business incubators (BIs) on Indian start-ups, leading to unanswered queries. Can it impact innovation? How does it leverage job generation? Does it lead to an effective business creation? The authors manoeuvred to an important posit on BIs' impact on job generation, wealth creation and economic development of India. Primary data through structured and unstructured interviews was chosen as a research method, with founders of start-ups, entrepreneurs and BIs. Out of the existing 40 BIs spread across PAN India, barring few, most responded. A healthy start-up spin-off from these BIs leads to job generation in turn wealth creation. The research provides an insight to the Indian perspective based on the interaction with the founders of start-ups and BIs. The authors propose a new business incubation model based on mentoring, which has been tested in reducing the start-up mortality rate by 1%.

Consumers across the world have been creating a whirlpool around non-rationality, which has immersed the retail industry into volatility, uncertainty, complexity and ambiguity (VUCA). This study has attempted to capture the non-rational behaviour of Indian consumers with reference to the apparel retail sector through experiential design of research. The review of the literature brings about various situations or conditions; wherein non-rational decisions were undertaken by a buyer. The Indian retail industry holds over 10% of the gross domestic product of the country. The findings reveal a genesis of rationality and non-rationality. It explores the antecedents and epistemology of non-rational purchases from the economic perspective. Parametric statistical tools were employed to test the stated hypothesis. The outcome of the study may reveal methods to marketers for pushing products. On the contrary an important research query emerges, whether the seeing and buying nature in consumerism, will burden any economy?

ABSTRACTThis research paper reports a high frequency Third Order Electronically Tunable Quadrature Oscillator (TOETQO) using an active element termed as Dual-X Current Conveyor Transconductor Amplifier (DXCCTA) in which active element MOS and passive Capacitor (C) contribute the implementation performance of the proposed design as MOS-C TOETQO. Due to the presence of DXCCTA with active grounded capacitor and MOS-based resistor, the proposed quadrature oscillator facilitates a suitable design for integrated circuits (ICs). The proposed TOETQO circuit produces current as well as voltage outputs simultaneously. Moreover, the non-ideal analysis of the proposed oscillator circuit is also included. The proposed design shows a good agreement for the oscillation criteria due to the acceptable limit of %THD and gives the variation in frequency of oscillation (up to MHz) values with respect to bias current. Moreover, by keeping the bias current constant, frequency of oscillation can also be electronically tuned independently by varying the values of resistor. Finally, Cadence simulation results are depicted to verify the theoretical analyses and practical feasibility of proposed TOETQO design is also well verified with experimental set up by using IC AD844 and CA3080. A fair comparison of the proposed quadrature oscillator with existing literatures is also tabulated.

Purpose: The COVID-19 crisis has affected almost all the global sectors. The hotel industry, however, was hit hardest challenging the leadership. This study, therefore, attempts to explore the challenges hospitality leadership in India face to navigate the crisis. The study additionally addresses how leaders manage the expectations of key stakeholders; communicate hard decisions with employees, pursue strategies for revival and explores the role of technology to survive the crisis. Design/methodology/approach: The study adopts a qualitative approach involving structured interviews with 16 senior hospitality leaders consisting of CEO, vice president, general managers, directors, entrepreneur and general managers from various organisations like hotels, restaurant chains, food services and facilities management services. Data were content analysed involving coding techniques. Findings: The leadership challenges included making customers and employees feel safe, optimising operations, agility and resilience of leaders, maintaining a balance between stakeholders, managing employee stress and ensuring cash reserves. The study found that leaders manage the expectation of various stakeholders by maintaining balance, demonstrating empathy and agility. The hard decisions are communicated with the employees through involvement, empathy and alleviating stress. Research limitations/implications: The study contributes by identifying twelve themes from the participants' responses under five major themes-labelled as leadership challenges, managing stakeholders, communicating with the employees, the role of technology and best practices of surviving the crisis. Future research can be conducted on such sub-themes in different countries. Practical implications: As the tourism industry in India is recovering after the second wave, the governments along with all stakeholders, must launch special events for promoting the tourism sector. Safety measures like making vaccination certificates for all tourists and employees of the tourism sector should be made mandatory. Further, special certification following the COVID-19 protocol needs to be introduced for hotels and catering establishments. A fund generated from the sector's direct tax contribution needs to be established to support the employees. Social implications: The study has several social implications. The study results can unite all industry stakeholders to shape the post-pandemic era through collaboration. Empathetic leadership can take the industry out of chaos by balancing the interests of the various stakeholders of society. The pandemic has proven that we all are vulnerable to risks and challenges; leaders have a vital role in taking proactive steps to ensure that such uncertainties do not cause unprecedented damage. Originality/value: This study expanded the research on the hospitality leadership challenges in managing crises in the backdrop of the crisis caused by COVID-19 pandemic. The conceptual model, variables, themes and sub-themes utilised are original contributions to the hospitality literature.

Byline: Divya. Jain, Anjan. Dhua, Venkateshwar. Ravisankar, Lavanya. Chellam, Manoj. Joshi Sir, Anti-cholinergic drugs are often used by pediatric surgeons after hypospadias operation to prevent catheter-induced bladder spasms. [sup][1] Common [...]

Byline: Anjan. Dhua, Ravindhra. Bharathi, Chokka. Kiran, Pappu. Lingam, Manoj. Joshi Extra-osseous Ewing's Sarcoma (EES) arising from the peripheral nerve is rarely reported in children. Here, we report an instance [...]

This study thoroughly examines the influence of conventional and selective laser melting (SLM) routes and surface mechanical attrition treatment (SMAT) on the microstructural and electrochemical properties of 316L steel. Compared to wrought specimens, the SLM specimens exhibit significantly smaller grains (∼41 vs. ∼83 µm) and higher dislocation density (∼7.2 × 1013vs. ∼3.7 × 1012m−2). Both specimens show nearly doubled surface hardness after SMAT, with the SLM surface displaying a ∼30 nm grain size and minimal α’ phase. The microstructure significantly influences passivation and corrosion behaviour. The SLM specimens exhibit superior electrochemical characteristics to wrought counterparts in SMATed (0.00299 mmpy) and non-SMATed (0.00771 mmpy) conditions. SMAT effectively eliminates surface porosity, enhancing the passivation and corrosion resistance of SLM steel.

This research case elucidates the methodology for building organisational citizenship behaviour (OCB) with an exploratory study undertaken in a seven-day training camp conducted by Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), a non-profit, voluntary organisation in India. The authors explored 18 distinct states of India spread across NEWS and randomly picked up a camp in the southern state. At this camp, the character moulding process was observed. The data was collated through participant observation followed by a series of interviews. It was revealed that, the sportive and intellectual activities for engagement inculcated a subset of 'character merits' focused towards OCB. The implications derived are the impact of specific environment and training, which opens a new dimension to human resource (HR) practices, for building of explicit patterns of OCB. Case writers accept the methodological challenges in interpreting the changes in real-life consequences in the absence of a grounded theory, which may be a limitation.

Dotcom-based start-ups have steered their existence, sailing through rough weather, undergoing turbulence, i.e., volatile, uncertain, complex and ambiguous times, termed as VUCA. The objective of this research is to discover the VUCA challenges that the dotcom enterprises have undergone in the last decade, keeping in mind the ontological and epistemological dimensions and the foresighted required for survival in a world of chaos. An influential case selection technique was administered, where one case was selected that influenced the identified findings among a set of similar cases. BookMyShow (BMB), as the incumbent entrepreneurial firm, from the dotcom space was chosen for the study. This research reflects that in the age of turbulence, dotcom-based enterprises (or entrepreneurial firms) should 'think like a futurist', with new leadership literacies engaging 'foresight and innovation', while moving swiftly acquiring a 'strategic foresight', emanating from hindsight-insight-foresight combination.

The purpose of the study is to explore and examine the taxonomy of VUCA in Indian start-ups in anticipation of what the future of entrepreneurship shall be! Researchers have examined fields such as robotics, artificial intelligence, genomics, etc. that will shape the industry. In order to adapt, what kind of entrepreneurship and dynamic capabilities will be required, needs deeper thinking. The world is under turbulence and will be volatile, uncertain, complex and ambiguous, termed as VUCA. We build on our previous studies on 'entrepreneur readiness' and 'Dotcoms' readiness'. Based on our thesis, we investigated around 50 Indian start-ups by deploying qualitative methods, like phenomenological studies supported by in-depth interviews, after examining and drawing knowledge from select start-ups, their VUCA readiness belonging to countries like Israel, China, USA and Singapore. Thus, successful economies with a well-defined entrepreneurial ecosystem, enable organisations to drive innovation, whether they are too fast or too furious but need to be a VUCA learner. The authors diagnose the combined response to VUCA in terms of 'entrepreneur-manager' and not 'manager-entrepreneur'. The study proposes a response model as a foresight required for entrepreneurial businesses for survival and growth in their VUCA journey.

Apparently, the western and eastern theories of human resource management (HRM) uncover a gap in the hypothetical learning in regard of human asset improvement through character building. Further research is required in building a down to earth structure on portraying character and clarifying its progression towards sustainable business development. This research study presents a logical model, which explains the connection amongst character and HRM. The goal of this research paper is to investigate what character implies, and how it could be assessed through a methodological study? The layout of this paper is reflective and expressive. Character is characterised as the sum total of the bend of a person's mind; greater part of the generally tenacious good qualities a man has that consolidates to frame his genuine character. For any organisation to grow and sustain, human resource department should maintain a systematic training methodology focused on character building with continuity.

The purpose of this paper is to explore and study the antecedents of character merit and dimensions of organisational citizenship behaviour (OCB) and their influence on volunteers in a non-profit organisation. The study also examines the performance outcome of character merits inculcated to enhance OCB of trained members of the organisation. Inductive and deductive research methodologies were adapted to interpret the data, which was collected by visiting 18 states, spread across North-East-West-South geographies of India. Stratified random sampling technique was administered to collate data from 1,084 samples. The findings reveal that character building through training may lead to development of OCB, which would further enhance the performance outcome of individuals in public life. The findings indicate that character could be built by continuity in training. The 'shakha model' of training methodology illustrated in this study may be adapted in public organisations for improving performance.

This scientific study reports on the practical as well as modelling of active hybrid inductor based chaotic oscillators using Current Feedback Amplifier (CFOA) and Op-Amp. Furthermore, a workable design strategy for the chaotic oscillator and its application to secure communication are provided. Here, the transient analysis of chaos waveforms is verified by using MATLAB, Multi-SIM, and LT-Spice tools. The numerical outcomes based on LT-Spice and MATLAB are closely matched. Additionally, results from the multi-SIM platform show how a secure communication network was implemented utilising the master-slave technique of synchronisation. Finally, a comparison analysis is conducted to demonstrate the originality of the suggested work.

Byline: K. Satish Kumar, Manoj. Joshi, Naveen. Vishwanath, Tanveer. Akhtar, Sanjay. Oak Enteric duplication cysts occurring in tongue is rare. They present with feeding difficulty and rarely with respiratory distress. [...]

Over geological timescales, mountain building or orogenesis is associated with increased weathering, the drawdown of atmospheric CO2, and global cooling. However, a multimillion‐year delay appears to exist between peaks in low‐latitude mountain uplift and the maximum extent of Phanerozoic glaciation, implying a more complex causal relationship between the two. Here we show that global silicate weathering can be modulated by orogeny in three distinct phases. High, young mountain belts experience preferential precipitation and the highest erosion. As mountains are denuded, precipitation decreases, but runoff temperature rises, sharply increasing chemical weathering potential and CO2drawdown. In the final phase, erosion and weathering are throttled by flatter topography. We conclude that orogeny acts as a capacitor in the climate system, granting the potential for intense transient CO2drawdown when mountain ranges are denuded; the mechanism suggests such a scenario potentially happening 10–50 × 106years in the future. Over timescales of tens of millions of years or more, plate tectonics can raise large mountain ranges. CO2can be removed from the atmosphere through a complex series of processes involving the weathering of rocks, which depends on processes such as rainfall, which in turn is affected by the presence of mountains. The result is that mountain ranges are associated with a reduction of atmospheric CO2and global cooling on these very long timescales. An analysis of geological data suggests a multimillion‐year delay between peaks in mountain range uplift at low latitudes and the maximum extent of glaciation over the last 400 × 106years. Our manuscript explains the delay using two numerical or computer models: a climate and circulation model and a geochemical model that simulates weathering processes. We show that weathering, and the implied reduction of atmospheric CO2, happens most intensely when mountain ranges are eroded, because the ability of weathering to remove CO2depends not just on precipitation but also on the temperature of river runoff. Our mechanism intriguingly suggests such a scenario potentially happening 10‐50 × 106years in the future associated with projected changes to the height of the Tibetan plateau. A multimillion‐year delay appears to exist between peaks in low‐latitude mountain uplift and the maximum extent of Phanerozoic glaciationWe describe a mechanism to explain the delay using a combination of climate and geochemical modeling of the periods surrounding upliftThe mechanism suggests such a scenario potentially happening 10–50 × 106years in the future

ABSTRACTWear behaviour of the AISI 4140 steel specimens with various surface conditions was tested against the DLC-coated boronized disc of AISI 4140 steel. Specific wear rate and coefficient of friction (COF) of the as-boronized (AB) pins at 100 and 150 N loads were substantially lower than the boronized–polished (B-P) pins. COF of AB pins was in the range of 0.07–0.09. However, the COF of B-P pins was about 0.13. In case of the DLC-coated pins, underlying boronized surface outperformed the hardened–tempered surface. Wear properties of the DLC-coated pins were improved with an increase in the load. DLC coating on both contacting surfaces gave the lowest specific wear rate of 0.21 × 10−8mm3N−1m−1, which was about 30 times lower than the B-P pins, and COF was in the range of 0.08–0.09.

The purpose of this case is to investigate the nature of conflicts that arise in a closely held family business (CHFB) and to identify variables that ensure successful transition from one generation to the next. This case necessitates that in order to decide on the inheritance, a three-step process, prevention, management and resolution of conflict, is essential. It also highlights the gender bias in succession planning, ignoring the capabilities and competence of women in the family. Unstructured interviews around multiple stakeholders in the family business (FB) were taken identifying the core issues leading to conflicts. Triangulating with multiple sources or incumbents has reduced biases. It is observed that conflicts are inevitable within CHFBs. However, it is widely accepted that conflicts are paramount to forward progression both for the family and for the business, when it is constructive in nature. The case reflects the importance of understanding the critical issues around family and business. The outcome is useful in relaying better understanding on dimensions of conflicts that plague family-controlled business. Family businesses must relay importance of managing conflicts and bringing in earlier resolutions before they become extinct. The aftermath of not resolving such conflicts can be as catastrophic of destroying the FB and its wealth in the longer run.

To explore the mechanisms linking Arctic sea ice loss to changes in midlatitude surface temperatures, we conduct idealized modeling experiments using an intermediate general circulation model and with sea ice loss confined to the Atlantic or Pacific sectors of the Arctic (Barents‐Kara or Chukchi‐Bering Seas). Extending previous findings, there are opposite effects on the winter stratospheric polar vortex for both large‐magnitude (late 21st century) and moderate‐magnitude sea ice loss. Accordingly, there are opposite tropospheric Arctic Oscillation (AO) responses for moderate‐magnitude sea ice loss. However, there are similar strength negative AO responses for large‐magnitude sea ice loss, suggesting that tropospheric mechanisms become relatively more important than stratospheric mechanisms as the sea ice loss magnitude increases. The midlatitude surface temperature response for each loss region and magnitude can be understood as the combination of an “indirect” part induced by the large‐scale circulation (AO) response, and a residual “direct” part that is local to the loss region. Sea ice losses confined to the Atlantic or Pacific sector of the Arctic have opposite effects on the winter stratospheric polar vortexTropospheric Arctic Oscillation response is dependent on the sea ice loss region (Atlantic or Pacific sector of the Arctic) and magnitudeBroader Arctic Oscillation‐induced midlatitude surface temperature response is modulated by the local influence of the sea ice loss region

Aridity—the ratio of atmospheric water supply (precipitation; P) to demand (potential evapotranspiration; PET)—is projected to decrease (that is, areas will become drier) as a consequence of anthropogenic climate change, exacerbating land degradation and desertification1–6 . However, the timing of significant aridification relative to natural variability—defined here as the time of emergence for aridification (ToEA)—is unknown, despite its importance in designing and implementing mitigation policies7–10 . Here we estimate ToEA from projections of 27 global climate models (GCMs) under representative concentration pathways (RCPs) RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, and in doing so, identify where emergence occurs before global mean warming reaches 1.5 °C and 2 °C above the pre-industrial level. On the basis of the ensemble median ToEA for each grid cell, aridification emerges over 32% (RCP4.5) and 24% (RCP8.5) of the total land surface before the ensemble median of global mean temperature change reaches 2 °C in each scenario. Moreover, ToEA is avoided in about two-thirds of the above regions if the maximum global warming level is limited to 1.5 °C. Early action for accomplishing the 1.5 °C temperature goal can therefore markedly reduce the likelihood that large regions will face substantial aridification and related impacts. Arid regions are projected to expand in the future. An ensemble of climate model simulations reveals that limiting anthropogenic warming to 1.5 °C instead of 2 °C can markedly reduce the area undergoing, and thus the population exposed to, aridification.

Clear‐air turbulence (CAT) is one of the largest causes of weather‐related aviation incidents. Here we use climate model simulations to study the impact that climate change could have on global CAT by the period 2050–2080. We extend previous work by analyzing eight geographic regions, two flight levels, five turbulence strength categories, and four seasons. We find large relative increases in CAT, especially in the midlatitudes in both hemispheres, with some regions experiencing several hundred per cent more turbulence. The busiest international airspace experiences the largest increases, with the volume of severe CAT approximately doubling over North America, the North Pacific, and Europe. Over the North Atlantic, severe CAT in future becomes as common as moderate CAT historically. These results highlight the increasing need to improve operational CAT forecasts and to use them effectively in flight planning, to limit discomfort and injuries among passengers and crew. Clear‐air turbulence is potentially hospitalizing in‐flight bumpiness experienced by aircraft. Often, pilots cannot avoid it, because it is invisible to the naked eye and undetectable by onboard sensors. Previous research suggests that climate change will increase instabilities in the North Atlantic jet stream in winter, generating more clear‐air turbulence. This study analyzes changes to clear‐air turbulence over the entire globe by the second half of this century. We consider eight geographic regions, two flight levels, five turbulence strength categories, and all four seasons. We find strong increases in clear‐air turbulence over the entire globe and in particular the midlatitudes, which is where the busiest flight routes are. We also find that the strongest turbulence will increase the most, highlighting the importance of improving turbulence forecasts and flight planning to limit discomfort and injuries to passengers and crew. Clear‐air turbulence diagnosed from a climate model more than doubles in some locations by 2050–2080Locally, severe turbulence increases more than light and moderate turbulenceThe increases depend on altitude and are larger at 39,000 feet than 34,000 feet

In FinFET technology, device threshold voltage (Vt) stability is a pre-requisite for volume manufacturing. Device architectural elements, process parameters and room temperature aging (Q-time) are the main source of Vt instability. For the first time, we report a method to minimize Vt instability due to Q-time in gate stack work function (n-WF) layer film depositions. Underlying mechanism was investigated using elemental analysis. The optimized n-WF layer recipes were developed that are less sensitive to the Q-time. Device benefits such as Tinv scaling and thereby Ion-Ioff performance improvement is demonstrated without compromising the reliability.

Time of emergence, which characterizes when significant signals of climate change will emerge from existing variability, is a useful and increasingly common metric. However, a more useful metric for understanding future climate change in the context of past experience may be the ratio of climate signal to noise (S/N)—a measure of the amplitude of change expressed in terms of units of existing variability. Here, we present S/N projections in the context of emergent climates (termed ‘unusual’, ‘unfamiliar’ and ‘unknown’ by reference to an individual’s lifetime), highlighting sensitivity to future emissions scenarios and geographical and human groupings. We show how for large sections of the world’s population, and for several geopolitical international groupings, mitigation can delay the onset of ‘unknown’ or ‘unfamiliar’ climates by decades, and perhaps even beyond 2100. Our results demonstrate that the benefits of mitigation accumulate over several decades, a key metric of which is reducing S/N, or keeping climate as familiar as possible. A relationship is also identified between cumulative emissions and patterns of emergent climate signals. Timely mitigation will therefore provide the greatest benefits to those facing the earliest impacts, many of whom are alive now.

The prevailing paradigm for the climatic effects of large asteroid or comet impacts is a reduction in sunlight and significant short‐term cooling caused by atmospheric aerosol loading. Here we show, using global climate model experiments, that the large increases in stratospheric water vapor that can occur upon impact with the ocean cause radiative forcings of over +20 W m−2in the case of 10 km sized bolides. The result of such a positive forcing is rapid climatic warming, increased upper ocean stratification, and potentially disruption of upper ocean ecosystems. Since two thirds of the world's surface is ocean, we suggest that some bolide impacts may actually warm climate overall. For impacts producing both stratospheric water vapor and aerosol loading, radiative forcing by water vapor can reduce or even cancel out aerosol‐induced cooling, potentially causing 1–2 decades of increased temperatures in both the upper ocean and on the land surface. Such a response, which depends on the ratio of aerosol to water vapor radiative forcing, is distinct from many previous scenarios for the climatic effects of large bolide impacts, which mostly account for cooling from aerosol loading. Finally, we discuss how water vapor forcing from bolide impacts may have contributed to two well‐known phenomena: extinction across the Cretaceous/Paleogene boundary and the deglaciation of the Neoproterozoic snowball Earth. Large increases in stratospheric water vapor following large bolide impact events over the ocean cause positive radiative forcingsImpact events are capable of warming climate and stratifying upper ocean over 1‐2 decades even after initial surface coolingThe process could have significantly reduced or possibly even reversed decadal cooling following Chicxulub impact

This work reports that, for the first time, the engineering of eSiGe proximity and eSiGe layer-one (L1) thickness modulates gate oxide integrity and device performance simultaneously in the leading edge FinFET technology. It is observed that there is a tradeoff between the benefit of transistor performance and the cost of gate oxide breakdown voltage (Vbd) degradation. TEM analysis indicates that eSiGe L1 is exposed to interfacial-layer/high-K in replaced-metal-gate (RMG) processes, suggesting gate oxide Vbd is compromised by germanium oxide formation at the L1 and high-k boundary. Thus, the strategy of FinFET junction optimization needs to consider not only transistor performance but also the gate oxide integrity.

Venous aneurysms are uncommon clinical entities. Venous aneurysms involving the head and neck region are distinctly uncommon, and a saccular aneurysm of the external jugular vein with thrombus is extremely rare. We present a case of saccular aneurysm of the external jugular vein with partial thrombosis in a 30-year-old woman, which was diagnosed on duplex ultrasound and contrast-enhanced computed tomography, and treated by surgical excision.

A conjoined twin of male gender, weighing 3 kgs was born at 36 weeks of gestation to a primigravida mother. The twin cried immediately after birth. The twin had a single trunk, three upper limbs, two lower limbs and two separate heads joined at the trunk , single anal opening and male external genitalia. Antenatal USG at 35 weeks showed polycephaly live intrauterine fetus with breech presentation with anteriorly placed placenta maturity grade II with gross fetal anomaly, polyhydramnios with distended fetal urinary bladder (bladder volume: 63ml). The twin had respiratory distress on admission, so oxygen support was given. Babygram done was suggestive of two separate vertebral columns from cervical to lumbosacral region. 2D echo shows 2 hearts. Twin was managed conservatively, started on NG feeds and discharged in stable condition.

We investigate the individual and joint decadal variability of Southern Ocean state quantities, such as the strength of the Ross and Weddell Gyres, Drake Passage transport, and sea ice area, using the National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research UK Chemistry and Aerosols (NIWA‐UKCA) model and CMIP5 models. Variability in these quantities is stimulated by strong deep reaching convective events in the Southern Ocean, which produce an Antarctic Bottom Water‐like water mass and affect the large‐scale meridional density structure in the Southern Ocean. An increase in the (near) surface stratification, due to freshwater forcing, can be a precondition for subsequent strong convection activity. The combination of enhanced‐gyre driven sea ice and freshwater export, as well as ongoing subsurface heat accumulation, lead to a time lag between changes in oceanic freshwater and heat content. This causes an ongoing weakening of the stratification until sudden strong mixing events emerge and the heat is released to the atmosphere. We find that strong convection reduces sea ice cover, weakens the subpolar gyres, increases the meridional density gradient and subsequently results in a positive Drake Passage transport anomaly. Results of available CMIP5 models confirm that variability in sea ice, Drake Passage transport, and the Weddell Gyre strength is enhanced if models show strong open ocean convective events. Consistent relationships between convection, sea ice, Drake Passage transport, and Ross Gyre strength variability are evident in most models, whether or not they host open ocean convection. Overly strong Southern Ocean open ocean convection is a common feature in CMIP5 modelsIntermittent deep convection events stimulate decadal to multidecadal oceanic variabilityFreshwater triggered positive stratification anomalies often precede strong convection events

Opportunity recognition is the first nascent step towards entrepreneurship and in the high tech sector it differs due to the tacit knowledge component. The purpose of this case is to complement existing theories and demonstrate how entrepreneurs' internal and external motivators have an impact on diagnosis and assessment of informational cues present in the external environment. This case describes how an entrepreneur assesses opportunity-related information in order to arrive at a decision while connecting them via innovative practices. It also demonstrates how strategic business alliances help new ventures to constantly meet continuous innovation pressure and how dynamic customisation and social network acts as a key driving force behind venture creation. RTAP is a small time engineering service provider, seeded by its founder when Indian economy moved towards liberalisation. The founding members were first generation entrepreneurs without any prior start-up experience. The case attempts to examine the antecedents of, and the relationships between, entrepreneurial opportunity recognition, individual-level motivation and innovation performance, strategic alliances and social networking.

State-of-the-art climate models now include more climate processes simulated at higher spatial resolution than ever. Nevertheless, some processes, such as atmospheric chemical feedbacks, are still computationally expensive and are often ignored in climate simulations. Here we present evidence that the representation of stratospheric ozone in climate models can have a first-order impact on estimates of effective climate sensitivity. Using a comprehensive atmosphere–ocean chemistry–climate model, we find an increase in global mean surface warming of around 1 °C (20%) after 75 years when ozone is prescribed at pre-industrial levels compared with when it is allowed to evolve self-consistently in response to an abrupt 4×CO2forcing. The difference is primarily attributed to changes in long-wave radiative feedbacks associated with circulation-driven decreases in tropical lower stratospheric ozone and related stratospheric water vapour and cirrus cloud changes. This has important implications for global model intercomparison studies in which participating models often use simplified treatments of atmospheric composition changes that are consistent with neither the specified greenhouse gas forcing scenario nor the associated atmospheric circulation feedbacks.

We assess the roles of long‐lived greenhouse gases and ozone depletion in driving meridional surface pressure gradients in the southern extratropics; these gradients are a defining feature of the Southern Annular Mode. Stratospheric ozone depletion is thought to have caused a strengthening of this mode during summer, with increasing long‐lived greenhouse gases playing a secondary role. Using a coupled atmosphere‐ocean chemistry‐climate model, we show that there is cancelation between the direct, radiative effect of increasing greenhouse gases by the also substantial indirect—chemical and dynamical—feedbacks that greenhouse gases have via their impact on ozone. This sensitivity of the mode to greenhouse gas‐induced ozone changes suggests that a consistent implementation of ozone changes due to long‐lived greenhouse gases in climate models benefits the simulation of this important aspect of Southern Hemisphere climate. The ozone‐mediated impact of GHGs on the summer SAM offsets the direct effectIn climate simulations prescribed ozone needs to be consistent with GHG forcing