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In Washington, the City of Bellevue wanted to break away from the inefficiency of siloed operations and create a unified, data‐based, smart‐city strategy across all city departments. The Bellevue Smart Team tested a water module in its new City Portal, starting with a dashboard that would organize and optimize data for a better customer, utility, and city experience. The platform used to set up the City Portal allows for flexibility in adding modules and adopting new technologies.

The decision of whether to develop a software application in‐house or buy a commercially available software package is a common dilemma faced by information technology (IT) professionals in the water and wastewater industries. The right choice has become even more elusive with recent IT developments such as open‐source software (OSS) and application outsourcing options like pay‐for‐subscription products and direct outsourcing of custom‐built solutions. Application outsourcing has dramatically reduced the overall costs of developing software in recent years, and OSS applications also have substantial advantages that are worth considering. This article explores the software implementation decision process and the effect of OSS and application outsourcing in the water and wastewater industries. There are pros and cons to the various solutions, which is why, more than ever, a hybrid solution that combines features of both “build” and “buy” alternatives may be the best course of action.

A technique of indirect adaptive control based on certainty equivalence for input output linearization of non-linear systems is proven convergent. It does not surfer from the overparameterization drawbacks of the direct adaptive control techniques on the same plant. This paper also contains a semi-indirect adaptive controller which has several attractive features of both the direct and indirect schemes