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The current research is conducted to investigate the experimental and numerical study of crushing behavior and buckling modes of thin-walled truncated conical shells with or without cutouts and discontinuities under axial loading. In this regard, Instron 8802 servohydraulic machine is used to perform the experiments. Additionally, the buckling modes, derived from the axial collapse phenomenon, are simulated with Finite Element (FE) software. The force-displacement diagrams extracted numerically are compared with experimental results. Various factors, including maximum force, energy absorption, specific energy, and failure modes of each case, are also discussed. The results indicate that the increasing cutout cause a decrease in the maximum force and energy absorption. Moreover, with cutouts reduction, the failure modes of the samples changed from the diamond asymmetric mode and single-lobe mode to multi-lobes, and with removing cutouts, the failure mode is observed to be completely symmetric.

In the present paper, the geometric model of arm suspension has been optimised to reduce mass. The constraint has been assumed to keep the resistance caused by the road roughness such as maximum Von Misses stress. Several holes have been made on the triangular lower arm suspension. Three holes have been used with nine variables and unknown parameters such as centre coordinates (x, y) and radius. The arm suspension has been optimised by using modern (PSO) and classic (complex) methods. The initial weight was 2,955.2 g and it has been reduced 1.6978% and 1.5633% by using classic and modern methods respectively. Finally, the obtained results have been compared for two different types of optimisation method.