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Objective Describe the first hybrid global simulation-based comprehensive cleft care workshop, evaluate impact on participants, and compare experiences based on in-person versus virtual attendance.Design Cross-sectional survey-based evaluation.Setting International comprehensive cleft care workshop.Participants Total of 489 participants.Interventions Three-day simulation-based hybrid comprehensive cleft care workshop.Main Outcome Measures Participant demographic data, perceived barriers and interventions needed for global comprehensive cleft care delivery, participant workshop satisfaction, and perceived short-term impact on practice stratified by in-person versus virtual attendance.Results The workshop included 489 participants from 5 continents. The response rate was 39.9%. Participants perceived financial factors (30.3%) the most significant barrier and improvement in training (39.8%) as the most important intervention to overcome barriers facing cleft care delivery in low to middle-income countries. All participants reported a high level of satisfaction with the workshop and a strong positive perceived short-term impact on their practice. Importantly, while this was true for both in-person and virtual attendees, in-person attendees reported a significantly higher satisfaction with the workshop (28.63 ± 3.08 vs 27.63 ± 3.93; P= .04) and perceived impact on their clinical practice (22.37 ± 3.42 vs 21.02 ± 3.45 P= .01).Conclusion Hybrid simulation-based educational comprehensive cleft care workshops are overall well received by participants and have a positive perceived impact on their clinical practices. In-person attendance is associated with significantly higher satisfaction and perceived impact on practice. Considering that financial and health constraints may limit live meeting attendance, future efforts will focus on making in-person and virtual attendance more comparable.

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This analysis of data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth shows that cumulative job mobility had statistically significant effects on wages in the years 1979-88. The direction of the wage effects (positive or negative) and their magnitude varied depending on the type of cumulative mobility examined: employee-initiated versus employer-initiated separations, economic versus family-related quits, layoffs versus discharges. The results also indicate that although men and women had different mobility histories--men, for example, had been discharged more often than women, and women had quit for family-related reasons more often than men--the wage effects of each type of cumulative mobility (economic quits, family-related quits, layoffs, and discharges) were similar for men and women., In this paper we examine the impact of cumulative job mobility on the subsequent wages of young men and women. Most previous work on this subject has focused on the [...]

The history and motives of the American trusts are examined. Trusts were an innovative and efficiency-increasing institutional solution to a markets with empty cores and characterized by indivisible supply and variable demand. In such markets, institutional arrangements will evolve to enforce an equilibrium. As such, trusts were primarily interested in securing market control so that efficient industry configurations could be achieved.

Objective: Evaluate simulation-based comprehensive cleft care workshops as a reproducible model for education with sustained impact.Design: Cross-sectional survey-based evaluation.Setting: Simulation-based comprehensive cleft care workshop.Participants: Total of 180 participants.Interventions: Three-day simulation-based comprehensive cleft care workshop.Main Outcome Measures: Number of workshop participants stratified by specialty, satisfaction with the workshop, satisfaction with simulation-based workshops as educational tools, impact on cleft surgery procedural confidence, short-term impact on clinical practice, medium-term impact on clinical practice.Results: The workshop included 180 participants from 5 continents. The response rate was 54.5%, with participants reporting high satisfaction with all aspects of the workshop and with simulation-based workshops as educational tools. Participants reported a significant improvement in cleft lip (33.3 ± 5.7 vs 25.7 ± 7.6; P< .001) and palate (32.4 ± 7.1 vs 23.7 ± 6.6; P< .001) surgery procedural confidence following the simulation sessions. Participants also reported a positive short-term and medium-term impact on their clinical practices.Conclusion: Simulation-based comprehensive cleft care workshops are well received by participants, lead to improved cleft surgery procedural confidence, and have a sustained positive impact on participants’ clinical practices. Future efforts should focus on evaluating and quantifying this perceived positive impact, as well reproducing these efforts in other areas of need.

Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, the authors estimate the returns to job search, mobility, and the interaction of search and mobility for young men and women. They find statistically significant gender differences in mobility patterns and search behavior, but not in the returns to a given behavior. Both men and women engaged in substantial job search and mobility early in their careers, which resulted in wage growth premiums. There is evidence of an interactive effect: returns to search were realized through mobility, and returns to mobility were augmented by search., Young workers are very mobile. Most of them change jobs several times during the first decade of work. This mobility seems to pay off, as wage growth is also high [...]