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Environmentally friendly biological mosquito control by Bacillus thuringiensisvar. israelensisformulations needs appropriate breeding maps. The mapping accuracy depends on the quality of the used remote sensing data. Further, the mapping is expected to be cost-effective. Our aim was to study the effect of the quality of various remote sensing data on the applicability of the maps. We depicted larval habitats by manual interpretation in Quantum GIS 3.16.1 software using remote sensing data of SENTINEL, Google Earth, commercial geoTIFF RGB orthophoto, individual unoccupied aerial systems (UAS) RGB, and multispectral mosaics. Based on our results, after classification of the target area by sorting, mixed-use of remote sensing data is required to achieve a highly cost-efficient mapping: RGB aerial photographs with 0.5 m per pixel resolution can be used efficiently in areas dominated by grassland habitats, while forest areas need customised footage taken by UAS or drones during the foliage-free period (15 cm per pixel resolution, multispectral technique). Our cost–benefit analysis showed that the aim-optimised method could reduce investment to 6–8% and the cost of data collection to 20–50% of the highest budget. This result is significant for all participants of biological mosquito control.

The Pannonian basin is an extensional back-arc basin that has undergone neotectonic inversion and is currently shortening. The understanding and quantification of present-day deformation processes during this inversion are still incomplete. To this end, we investigate the active deformation of the Circum-Pannonian region via the interpolation of GNSS-derived velocity field and the derivation of the strain rate fields. For the interpolation of the velocity field, we use ordinary kriging, a strochastic interpolation method. Our results show that estimating a strain rate field that is virtually free of short-wavelength noise requires the scaling of the velocity uncertainties, i.e. assuming a minimum standard deviation of 1 mm/yr in our case. The deformation of the Circum-Pannonian region is defined by the 2–3 mm/yr, NNE-directed motion of the Dinarides, and by the 0.5–1.5 mm/yr, WSW to SSW directed motion of the eastern areas (European foreland, East Carpathians, South Carpathians, Transylvanian basin). These opposite-sense motions define a large-scale, on average NE-SW shortening and transpression-type deformation in the Dinarides as well as in the Pannonian basin, while the East and South Carpathians undergo regional N–S extension. Neotectonic structures generally show good agreement with the strain rate field, for example in the Dinarides, Eastern Alps, or in the western Pannonian basin. However, the presence of fault-parallel shortening or biaxial shortening along sinistral neotectonic structures in the central and eastern Pannonian basin show some discrepancy between current geodetic and observed neotectonic deformation. The vertical velocity field shows dominantly 100 and 1000 km wavelength signals, the former is probably related to the response of the Pannonian lithosphere-asthenosphere system to neotectonic basin inversion, while latter can possibly be explained by far-field subsidence patterns induced by the mantle response to melting of the Fennoscandian ice sheet during the current interglacial period.

Following the rediscovery after 200 years of Ablepharus kitaibelii fitzingeriin 2017, we carried out data collection its habitats regarding vegetation, microclimate, and soil on two prominent dolomite hills of the Eastern Bakony. Data collections were carried out in habitat mosaics (xerothermic forest edges on the plateaus, karst shrub forests in south-facing exposure, dry grasslands among forest patches on the plateaus, rocky grasslands in south-facing exposure) of three sampling blocks. Vegetation was examined by phytosociological relevés, microclimate from April to November continuously by TMS-2 dataloggers, and soil by laboratory analyses focused mainly on percentage of different fractions. According to our results a) shrub forests with a south-facing exposure provide a cooler microclimate with temperated fluctuation in the spring–early summer and late summer–early autumn periods; b) plateau grasslands and shrubs are characterised by looser soil structure. Based on our results, heterogeneous habitat character of forest–grassland mosaics of the Pannonicum can mitigate the expected negative effects of climate change on reptiles.

Bearing in mind the current dramatic decline in biodiversity, in addition to preserving remaining natural habitat patches, performing successful habitat restorations and land-use is increasingly essential. In this study, the effect of patch size and connectivity on the early succession of orthopteran assemblages was examined in reconstructed Central European sand habitats. The first comprehensive study on this topic demonstrated that the diversity of the assemblages in mid-successional stages (4thand 5thyears of research) reached the value which characterised the control areas. Grazing can preserve habitats in this successional stage. Based on the results of the study in sand habitats belonging to low-productivity dry grasslands, to maintain heterogeneous habitat structures, traditional moderate grazing is recommended. Grazing by sheep is the most beneficial for maintaining the presence of open surfaces, closed patches, and fallen foliage cover in optimal proportions for orthopterans. It was also revealed, that during habitat restorations of sand grasslands, patch size and connectivity affect the species richness of habitat specialist orthopteran species strongly.

Objective Follicular lymphoma (FL) is an indolent, lymphoproliferative disease of B-cell origin that has a heterogeneous disease course with varying outcomes. Certain patients may undergo autologous stem cell transplantation. We investigated the outcome of autologous stem cell transplantation in patients with FL.Methods Patients who received autologous stem cell transplantation at the University of Debrecen’s Department of Hematology between 2004 and 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. The overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) after transplantation of patients with FL were examined. Prognostic factors that may influence the course of the disease were chosen.Results Data were collected from 49 patients. OS was influenced only by age, whereas PFS was affected by age and the lymphocyte/monocyte ratio. The combination of age and lymphocyte/monocyte ratio defined a patient population with a particularly unfavorable prognostic risk profile: patients over 47 years of age with a pre-transplant lymphocyte/monocyte ratio greater than or equal to 2.675.Conclusion Age and lymphocyte/monocyte ratio were identified as useful prognostic factors for PFS in patients with FL following autologous stem cell transplantation.

Aim of the study was to find relations between the habitat pattern and the pattern of mosquito assemblages. Microhabitats of shallow lakes, riversides, forests and humid grasslands were studied. 1,239 samples (mosquito assemblages and potential habitat variables) were taken in different habitats in Hungary. Cluster analysis, Pearson correlation, MDS and PCA were used. Results showed that the mosquito larval assemblages are related to characteristic vegetation types: (a) reed beds and sedge-marshes with temporary character; (b) reed beds and/or sedge-marshes with permanent character; (c) the fresh grasslands characterized by temporary water supply; (d) the marginal zone of the open permanent waters (e.g., lakes); (e) the closed forest vegetation types of temporary water supply. Presence of mosquito species and their larval assemblages is dependent on characteristic habitat-mosaics. Mapping of this background pattern covers the mapping of mosquito assemblages.

There is increasing awareness among physicians of the risks of traumatic brain injury (TBI)-induced hypopituitarism. We have assessed the prevalence and risk factors of posttraumatic hypopituitarism by analyzing the TBI database of the University of Pecs. This consecutive analysis of 126 TBI survivors (mean age: 42.4 years, average follow-up time: 48 months) revealed that 60.3% had severe and 39.7% moderately severe trauma based on GCS score. Subdural hemorrhage (29.3%) and diffuse injury (27%) were the most common types of injury; 17.5% of patients suffered basal skull fractures. The prevalence of major anterior pituitary failure was 57.1%. Occurrence of total and partial growth hormone deficiency (GHD/GHI) was 39.7%, while LH/FSH, TSH and ACTH deficiencies were less frequent, namely 23.0%, 16.7% and 10.3%, respectively. Of the 82 patients with multiple endocrine evaluations, 31.7% presented significant changes in hormonal deficiencies during the follow-up period: new hormone deficiencies developed in 16 patients, while hormonal disturbances resolved in 10 subjects. Looking for factors influencing the prevalence of pituitary dysfunction, endocrine results were analyzed in relation to age, gender, GCS scores, injury types, basal skull fracture, ventricular drain insertion and necessity of neurosurgical intervention. All hormonal disturbances were more prevalent after severe trauma (OR: 3.25, p = 0.002), while the need for surgery proved to be an independent determinant of multiple and GH deficits (OR: 3.72 (p = 0.004) and 9.33 (p = 0.001)). Post-traumatic hypopituitarism is common and may evolve or resolve over time. Victims of severe TBI and/or patients who have undergone neurosurgical intervention for head injury are the most prone to post-traumatic hypopituitarism.

Abstract: The extent of tumor removal determines the effectiveness of postoperative oncotherapy. This is especially true for primary brain tumors, where peritumoral invasion usually makes radical resection impossible. The aim of the study was to determinate the specific expression pattern of invasion related molecules of different intracranial tumors and to identify molecules that are principally responsible for the peritumoral invasiveness of grade II astrocytoma mRNA expression of 26 extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules was determined in tissue samples from grade II astrocytoma, schwannoma, intracerebral metastases of non-small cell lung cancer and normal brain. Immunohistochemical staining for brevican, neurocan, tenascin-C and versican was also performed for each tumor group. Comparing astrocytoma to metastasis, schwannoma and normal brain; and metastasis and schwannoma to normal brain, 22, 17, 20, 21, and 19 molecules, respectively, were found to be significantly overexpressed at the mRNA level. Cluster analysis of mRNA expression showed a specific gene expression pattern for each histological group. Four molecules of 26 were found to be associated to astrocytoma. Immunohistochemical staining confirmed the results of the mRNA analysis at the protein level. Tumors of different origin have a specific invasive phenotype that can evidently determinate on gene expression level. This characteristic expression pattern of the invasion-related molecules might help to screen exact targets for anti-invasion drugs. In case of low-grade astrocytoma. brevican, neurocan, tenascin-C and versican were found to correlate principally with the invasive phenotype of low-grade astrocytoma, thus these molecules can potentially serve as targets for anti-invasion therapy in the future.

Background: Altered secretion of adipokines and non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) seems to play a pivotal role in the abdominal obesity-related insulin resistance (IR). Aim: To determine semi-quantitatively the impact of serum NEFA, interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), leptin, adiponectin, and resistin levels on IR measured by homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR). Material/subjects: Seventy-four Caucasian subjects forming 3 age-, and sex-matched groups were included into the study [Group 1 and 2: non-diabetic obese patients, no.= 25, body mass index (BMI): 28–39.9 kg/m2, no.=25, BMI≥40 kg/m2, respectively, and Group 3: 24 healthy, normal weight control subjects]. Methods: Serum levels of NEFA and adipokines as well as other metabolic variables including HOMA-IR were measured. Results: HOMA-IR was associated positively with BMI, waist circumference, serum NEFA, leptin, IL-6, and TNF-α levels, negatively with adiponectin, with no significant relation to resistin. In multiple regression analyses, of these factors leptin was a strong, IL-6 and adiponectin were weak independent predictors of HOMA-IR, while the others were not significant determinants of HOMA-IR. However, even together, they explained only 35–36% of variance of HOMA-IR. Conclusions: Although IR has associations with many of the investigated parameters, of these, only serum level of leptin, and in lesser degree IL-6 and adiponectin are independent determinants of the severity of IR. Moreover, even together they explain only a minority of variance IR.

Az agydaganatok kezelésének hatékonyságát környezeti infiltrációs képességük jelentősen befolyásolja. A várható túlélés az intrakraniális tumorok eltávolíthatóságától nagymértékben függ. A glioblasztómák kifejezetten magas kiújulási arányában döntő szerepe van a környezeti infiltrációnak. Ezzel szemben a hasonlóan anaplasztikus bronchogén adenokarcinóma agyi áttétei sokkal kevésbé szűrik be az agyállományt, így radikális eltávolításuk általában rutinszerűen kivitelezhető. A glioblasztómák kiugróan magas infiltrációs képessége molekuláris hátterének pontosabb megismeréséhez az invázióban résztvevő molekulák mRNS-expressziójának meghatározásával kerülhetünk közelebb. E molekulák együttes, panelszerű vizsgálatát végeztük el két eltérő inváziós képességgel rendelkező tumorban. Idegsebészeti műtéttel eltávolított öt glioblasztóma és öt adenokarcinóma áttéti tumormintán 29 molekula mRNS-expresszióját határoztuk meg kvantitatív reverz transzkriptáz polimeráz láncreakcióval (QRT-PCR), majd 9 célmolekulára vonatkozóan immunhisztokémiai vizsgálatok történtek. Célmolekuláink az epidermális növekedési faktor receptorok (EGFR), az integrin-receptorcsalád és legfontosabb ligandjaik: a kollagének, fibronektin és lamininek köréből kerültek ki. Hat molekula esetében észleltünk szignifikáns mRNS-expresszióbeli különbséget a glioblasztóma és az áttéti daganat között. Immunhisztokémiai vizsgálatokkal négy esetben találtunk proteinszinten verifikálható eltéréseket. A glioblasztómák agyi áttéti daganatot jelentősen meghaladó inváziós tulajdonságáért felelős molekulák panelszerű vizsgálatával egyszerűen és gyorsan meghatározhatók a két daganattípusra jellemző fő különbségek: eredményeink a gliómák invazivitásában már ismert ErbB1 mellett az alfa7 integrin szerepére is felhívják a figyelmet.

We examined the microclimate of different grasslands and the relationships between the seasonal changes in the microclimatic conditions and the structural characteristics of orthopteran assemblages in the most typical grassland types of the plain, hilly and submontaneous territories of Central Europe in 2000–2005 years. According to our results: (i) The seasonal changes of humidity were characteristic of the vegetation units; (ii) The microclimate components of grasslands with similar habitat structure could be similar independently from their ecological circumstances; (iii) The microclimatic changes influenced the structure of the orthopteran assemblages.

In order to examine the complex role of the vegetation structure determining microclimate, the authors carried out temperature and relative humidity measurements in beany fens, drying fens, semidry grasslands, hayfields, steppe grasslands, rocky grasslands and open sandy grasslands of the Transdanubian mountains. In the course of this process, measurement and data recording took place annually with four repetitions (June, July, August, September) per sampling area in identical weather conditions, resulting in altogether 162 sampling occasions in 84 sampling areas on the ground surface and at a height of 10, 20, 30 and 120 cm in the grassland. In the present paper measurement data concerning the humidity of grasslands researched to a lesser extent in previous works are assessed. The comparative study ascertains that based on the relative humidity curves depicting microclimate, the samples of the examined types of grassland should be handled as separate groups in each sampling period. A further result to be seen is that in the case of several grasslands (semidry grasslands, drying fens) aspect change can also be detected in the change of microclimate (decrease of the relative humidity). The shift in relative humidity curves towards drying can be most conspicuously seen in the case of semidry grasslands.

The EUREF permanent network (EPN) is a network of continuously operating global navigation satellite system (GNSS) stations, primarily installed for reference frame maintenance. In order to ensure the long term reliability of the EPN products, a thorough station performance monitoring has been initiated and carried out in addition to the routine GNSS data management, processing and analysis. This paper addresses the main factors influencing the quality of the coordinate time series in a permanent GNSS network. Relevant examples, based on the EPN experience are given, the analysis strategy is introduced, the estimated coordinate offsets are published and the importance of this analysis for site velocity estimation is demonstrated. The results are derived from the analysis of the EPN weekly combined solutions covering the period from 1996 to 2003. Our target is the identification, interpretation and elimination of offsets and outliers present in the EPN coordinate time series in order to estimate reliable coordinates and velocities and consequently maintain a high quality kinematic reference network.

We investigated how cluster analysis and diversity-ordering can be used for the classification of geographically and historically distinct plant and insect communities. The study sites include fens and Brachypodium pinnatum dominated grasslands. The stands of the fen vegetation type could be arranged into similar groups by cluster analysis, principal component analysis and diversity ordering techniques. In the case of the B. pinnatum dominated grasslands of diverse development, however, no groups could be differentiated on the basis of either diversity ordering or ordination. Of the various cluster analyses, the result of global optimisation was similar to those of PCA ordination and diversity ordering techniques.

We investigated how cluster analysis and diversity-ordering can be used for the classification of geographically and historically distinct plant and insect communities. The study sites include fens and Brachypodium pinnatumdominated grasslands. The stands of the fen vegetation type could be arranged into similar groups by cluster analysis, principal component analysis and diversity ordering techniques. In the case of the B. pinnatumdominated grasslands of diverse development, however, no groups could be differentiated on the basis of either diversity ordering or ordination. Of the various cluster analyses, the result of global optimisation was similar to those of PCA ordination and diversity ordering techniques.

U.G.H. syndrome is a known complication of IOL implantation associated with the use of anterior and rarely, posterior chamber intraocular lenses. It is due to mechanical excoriation of the angle or iris by the haptics or optic of an IOL and consists of uveitis, glaucoma and hyphema (U.G.H.). The advised therapeutic approach is explantation of the IOL. Following implantation of a posterior chamber IOL, three patients presented with bleeding into the posterior chamber, one associated with glaucoma. No patient had signs of uveitis. We decided to adress the symptoms and not to explant the IOL. We believe that this constitutes a variant of the ‘classical’ U.G.H. syndrome, namely an incomplete posterior U.G.H. (I.P.U.G.H.) syndrome, in which explantation of the I.O.L. is not compulsory.

The establishment of the Hungarian National GPS Network (OGPSH) had been completed in 1997. It is exclusively settled on the traditional horizontal network sites, no leveling benchmarks were included. The OGPSH network consists more than 1100 GPS points, but less than 30% of the sites have trustful leveled heights. Our task was to supply the remaining points with cm-accuracy heights above the geoid in a uniform system. For this purpose a technique had been developed using the GPS data and the geoid information available. A specialized geoid solution, covering the whole country was computed and used for supporting the GPS-heighting procedure.

On isolated ileum preparations of the rat and guinea-pig, hemicholinium-3 antagonizes contractions elicited by acetylcholine and oxotremorine to the same extent. Hemicholinium-3 was a mild antagonist to acetylcholine but a stronger one to oxotremorine and carbachol on the ileum of the rabbit. Whereas hemicholinium-3 has no anti-acetylcholine activity on the isolated urinary bladder of the rat, it antagonizes the contractions elicited by oxotremorine and carbachol, and acetylcholine after eserine. Morphine has an anti-oxotremorine activity on this organ. Increasing concentrations of oxotremorine release increasing amounts of acetylcholine from the rat isolated intestine.

With the method of Lemmingson it is possible to take pictures and to measure the marginal plasma zone of retinal vessels in living cats eyes. On photographs of fluorescein angiography this marginal plasma zone is visible in conjunction with the axial red cell column, but it is not possible to calculate exactly its width by comparison of the widths of red cell column and vessels calibre during fluorescein angiography. Optical conditions effect the picture of red cell column to be to narrow. The picture of the vessel calibre stained with fluorescein represents the true width of the vessel, but irradiation, a well known phenomenon of physiology, makes bright vessels on dark background to appeare wider.

We described in 1966 an equipment for takeing photographs of the optical section in the fundus of the eye. A bright illumination of the optical section as well as illumination of the surrounding parts is necessary for satisfactory photographs. This illumination of the surrounding parts made by the usual photoslitlamps is not suitable for photography of the fundus. Therefore an attachment for photoslitlamps is described enabling pictures of the optical section of the fundus to be taken. The light of the slitlamp is devided in two parts: one for the illumination of the optical section, the other to light up the surrounding parts.

Hitherto slit-lamp photography of the fundus of the eye was confined to the central parts and the middle periphery. Now it is possible with the aid of a new photo contact glass, to perform slit-lamp photography with illumination of the surrounding area of the optical section, thus extending it to the ora serrata zone and pars plana of the ciliary body.

The method of slit-lamp photography of the ora serrata and the pars plana of the ciliary body was described in the previous paper. Now the technical details are explained. Stereoscopic photographs give almost the same visual impression as examination with the slit-lamp with depression contact glasses.

Different methods of taking photographs with the Haag-Streit 900 slit lamp are discussed. Other papers on this subject are completed by our own experiences especially in the field of documentation of clinical findings and slitlamp photography of the fundus.

Zu der vonStepanik angegebenen Einrichtung zur Photographic des optischen Schnittes der Spaltlampe wird eine Zusatzapparatur zum Anfertigen stereoskopischer Aufnahmen angegeben. Sic besteht zum größten Teil aus handelsüblichen Bestandteilen und erlaubt auf ein in zwei Hälften geteiltes 24 × 36 mm-Format den optischen Schnitt der Spaltlampe im Maßstab von ca. 1:1 räumlich abzubilden.

Erstmals werden photographische Aufnahmen des optischen Schnittes der Spaltlampe des hinteren Augenabschnittes gezeigt. Sie konnten mit einer eigens zusammengestellten Apparatur angefertigt werden. Es werden die Voraussetzungen, Probleme und Schwierigkeiten derartiger Aufnahmen erörtert.

Ciliary block or malignant glaucoma is thought to be caused by the misdirection ofaqueous into the vitreous. It is refractory to medical treatment and often requires vitreous aspiration. We present a case of ciliary block glaucoma caused by sodium chondroitin sulfate-sodium hyaluronate (Viscoat®) gaining access to the vitreous through an unsuspected, small zonular dialysis. Vitrectomy performed through a peripheral iridectomy resolved this severe condition.

To correct the problem of intraocular lens tilt after ciliary sulcus fixation, we developed a simple technique that uses one half of a 10-0 polypropylene suture.

Introduction Postoperative care after oesophageal tumour resection holds a high risk of respiratory complications. We therefore aimed to determine the value of systemic inflammatory markers in predicting arterial hypoxaemia as the earliest sign of developing lung injury after oesophageal tumour resection.Methods In a prospective observational study, 33 consecutive patients were observed for three days (T1–T3) after admission (T0) to an intensive care unit following oesophageal tumour resection. The daily highest values of the heart rate, axillary temperature, leukocyte count and PaCO2 were recorded. Serum C-reactive protein and procalcitonin concentrations and the leukocyte antisedimentation rate (LAR) were determined at T1 and T2. Respiratory function was monitored 6-hourly measurement of the PaO2/FIO2 ratio, and the lowest value was recorded at T3. Patients were categorised as normoxaemic or hypoxaemic using the cutoff value of 300 mmHg for PaO2/FIO2.Results Seventeen out of 33 patients were classified as hypoxaemic and 16 patients as normoxaemic at T3. Increases of temperature at T0 and of the procalcitonin and LAR values at T2 were predictive of hypoxaemia at T3 (P < 0.05, P < 0.01 and P < 0.001, respectively). The area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve was 0.65 for the temperature at T0, which was significantly lower than that for the procalcitonin level at T2 (0.83; 95% confidence interval, 0.69–0.97; P < 0.01) and that for LAR at T2 (0.89; 95% confidence interval, 0.77–1.00; P < 0.001).Conclusion These results suggest that an elevated LAR (>15%) and an elevated procalcitonin concentration (>2.5 ng/ml) measured on the second postoperative day can predict next-day arterial hypoxaemia (PaO2/FIO2 < 300 mmHg) after oesophageal tumour resection.