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The article discusses the role and adaptation of nuclear energy to climate change mitigation based on the brochure "Nuclear Energy: Combating Climate Change," by the National Electrification Administration (NEA), and offers information on carbon emission reduction and global electricity production.

The article presents an analysis of nuclear new build projects based on three perspectives; the management of long-term electricity price risk, the investment phase, and project management and structure of supply chain. Topics include the state of technical, geographical and structural transition of new build, long-term stabilisation of electricity prices required by capital-intensive projects, and key steps in promoting competition and public confidence in construction of nuclear reactors.

The article discusses the system effects of nuclear energy and renewables on the structure, financing and operational mode of low-carbon electricity systems. It offers a definition of system effects, its measurement, improved regulatory frameworks for internalising system effects and policy recommendations such as ensuring the transparency of power generation costs at the system level. Tables are presented including grid-level system costs in selected countries like Germany, France and the U.S.

The article examines the economic costs of the temporary closing of the operation of energy-producing nuclear reactors in Japan following the March 2011 Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant accident in Japan. The direct costs of the shutdown involved the costs for constructing and operating replacement capacity on the supply side, increased electricity imports, and higher electricity prices. An important element in determining the cost of the decision of the German government is cited.

The article highlights a study conducted by the Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA) entitled "Carbon Pricing, Power Markets and the Competitiveness of Nuclear Energy" which examines the competitiveness of nuclear power against coal and gas-fired power generation in liberalised electricity markets with either carbon trading or carbon taxes. It applies daily price data for electricity, gas, coal, and carbon from 2005 to 2010. It provides a robust framework for evaluating cost and investment issues.

The article discusses a study by the Nuclear Energy Agency on the contribution and security of nuclear energy supply. According to the study, nuclear energy holds advantages that other fuels have which enables it to contribute to both external and internal dimensions of energy supply security. However, due to its fixed costs, nuclear energy is increasingly being dispassionately viewed as solution to questions on security of supply and reductions in greenhouse gas emissions.

The article discusses the International Energy Agency/Nuclear Energy Agency (IEA/NEA) study on "Projected Costs of Generating Electricity: 2010 Edition" which indicated the competitiveness of nuclear energy in Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) member countries and four non-OECD countries. Factors influencing the competitiveness of nuclear energy include interest rates, carbon and fuel prices, and the volatility of electricity prices. Recommendations to bolster the long-term competitiveness of nuclear energy are discussed.

Abstract and Summary: In the last few decades, flavor research has developed along different main routes. The first step was the discovery of the complex mixtures of volatile components that together build the particular flavors. Apart from this, interest became focused on the taste substances which, through interaction with the flavor carriers, impart aroma to a food. The third main route was the investigation of the deterioration in odor and taste due to oxidative or microbial spoilage. As these investigations progressed, it became clear that these flavor areas show considerable interaction and that, in addition, other sensory impressions of a product as regards shape, texture, color, etc., play a role in the ultimate subjective perception by the consumer. In this way, flavor research has widened into a complex branch of science, and it is becoming more and more apparent that consumer testing that encompasses all the elements mentioned above will have to indicate the real preferences of the public.

A survey was made to ascertain the reliability of analyses for lead in blood when performed by different laboratories. Specimens of blood containing “natural” lead in the range of 30 to 80 µg/100 gm blood and “spiked” specimens were analyzed by more than 60 laboratories, each by their method of choice. Only the spectrophoto-metric and the atomic absorption techniques were used by enough laboratories to give realistic data on reliability. Statistical analysis of the data showed no significant differences by types of laboratories nor by procedures used. Approximately half of the laboratories in each of two studies and 40% of those in both reported results of acceptable precision. A proposal for a reference sample service for the analysis of biological fluids for trace substances related to industrial exposures has been made.

The characteristic hardening flavor which develops in hardened linseed and soybean oils during storage has been coned from hardened linseed oil by stripping with nitrogen. After separating the volatile substances by adsorption chromatography on silica, the fraction containing the hardening flavor has been converted into 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazones (DNPHs) and separated by means of partition chromatography. On regeneration of the fractions of DNPSs obtained, the characteristic hardening flavor was observed in one specific band. Both by hydrogenation and by oxidation of the free carbonyl the carrier of the flavor was found to be an unsaturated aldehyde; however, not of the ?-? unsaturated type. Further separation of the regenerated carbonyls by means of gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) points to a C9-aldehyde. After synthesis of the 4-,5- and 6-cis- andtrans-nonenals, comparison made it probable that the carrier of the hardening flavor is a mixture of 6-cisand 6-trans-nonenal, the latter of which has the greatest share in the hardening flavor. In order to confirm the location of the double bond in the carrier of the hardening flavor a recent isolation technique was applied. The volatile substances from hardened linseed oil were first separated via GLC. After conversion of the carbonyls in question into their DNPHs, the latter have been separated by means of thin-layer chromatography (TLC). By means of IR-analysis and oxidation with osmium tetroxide of the pure derivative, the principal carrier of the hardening flavor has been identified as 6-trans-nonenal.

The hardening flavor that develops in hydrogenated linseed oil and soybean oils during storage was recently identified as 6-nonenal. According to the theory of Farmer, certainiso-linoleic acids must be the precursors of this unsaturated aldehyde. By means of oxidation experiments on 9,15-, 8,15-, and 7,15-iso-linoleic acids, it was established that only the first twoiso-acids are the precursors of this typical flavor.

ACCORDING to Farmer's theory (see Bolland1and Bateman2), the following isomeric hydroperoxides (Ia, IIa, and IIIa) are formed in the autoxidation of linoleic acid, from the mesomeric linoleic acid free-radicals (I, II and III):

THE rapid gas-chromatographic analysis of fatty acid methyl esters was applied by Cropper and Heywood1and by Dijkstra, Keppler and Schols2to the saturated fatty acids up to and including behenic acid. James and Martin3and James and Wheatley4analysed unsaturated and saturated fatty acid methyl esters up to and including a C19-acid.

The article focuses on the publication of the Electricity Generating Cost (EGC) from Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA). It states that EGC is a study on the cost of generating electricity which is published approximately every five years and the last of these studies was published in 2005 under the title "Projected Costs of Generating Electricity." Moreover, the paper examines on what kind of methodology NEA will be applying to its new edition of EGC which is set to be released in 2010.