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Mesoporous inorganic materials (MIMs) directed by block copolymers (BCPs) have attracted tremendous attention due to their high surface area, large pore volume, and tunable pore size. The structural hierarchy of inorganic materials with designed meso- and macrostructures combines the benefits of mesoporosity and tailored macrostructures in which macropores have increased ion/mass transfer and large capacity to carry guest material and have a macroscale particle morphology that permits close packing and a low surface energy. Existing methods for hierarchically structured MIMs require complicated multistep procedures including preparation of sacrificial macrotemplates (e.g., foams and colloidal spheres). Despite considerable efforts to control the macrostructures of mesoporous materials, major challenges remain in the formation of a structural hierarchy with ordered mesoporosity.

This study aimed to identify local diners' perceptions of Singaporean hawkers. It tested an integrated model incorporating place attachment, emotional solidarity, empowerment, and hawker culture ethnocentrism. Using a quantitative process, the dimensional structures of place attachment, emotional solidarity, and empowerment were ascertained. Four of six hypotheses incorporating structural relationships were supported. Interestingly, relationships between place attachment and emotional solidarity, between place attachment and empowerment, and between empowerment and hawker culture ethnocentrism were not signficant. Since this study applied concepts such as place attachment, emotional solidarity, empowerment, enthnocentrism to local street food consumption, this conceptual model is novel. The results of this study are expected to offer managerial implications to understand local patrons’ attitude and behavioral intentions toward hawker centers.

This study attempts to identify the role of research related to people with disabilities in the intellectual structure of the hospitality and tourism (H&T) literature through bibliometric analysis. A total of 119 articles related to people with disabilities, published between 1980 and 2021 in the H&T field, were extracted from the Scopus database. VOSviewer and BibExcel software were used to visualize the bibliometric and intellectual structure. The findings show an increasing trend in disability research. Five research clusters were identified, and the customer perspective outweighed the other stakeholder perspectives. In addition, qualitative research and case study approaches slightly predominated for exploratory research purposes. Finally, the heterogeneity of disability communities requires further research in the future.

In this study, vitrimer solid polymer electrolytes (V-SPEs) with dynamic imine bonds are synthesized for use in lithium metal batteries (LMBs). The optimal composition of V-SPEs is investigated by changing the ratio of ethylene oxide (EO) to lithium-ion and the length of the EO units. V-SPEs with longer EO segments exhibit high ionic conductivity of up to 3.25 × 10−4 S/cm at 60 °C. The stress relaxation behavior of the V-SPE demonstrates a gradual decrease in viscosity following the Arrhenius law and an activation energy of 52 kJ/mol, attributed to the dynamic exchange reaction. Furthermore, the imine exchange reaction endows self-healing capability to V-SPEs at ambient temperature. Note that the reduction in initial interfacial resistance over 40 charge-discharge cycles indicates enhanced compatibility between the electrode and electrolyte due to the dynamic exchange reaction. The LMB full cell having V-SPE shows a large initial discharge capacity of 154.7 mAh/g, good C-rate capability, and long cycle lives for at least 100 charge-discharge cycles at 60 °C and 0.1 C. This suggests that V-SPEs hold a great potential as solid electrolytes for LMBs.

This study aimed to examine the spiritual well-being outcomes that encompass eudemonic well-being elements within transnational religious festivals. Employing a constructivist grounded theory method, the study focused on two UNESCO inscribed transnational religious festivals attended by an Ethiopian diaspora community. Through this research, six dimensions of spirituality were identified: attachment to God, spiritual reward, spiritual growth, self-transcendence, religious knowledge, and sense of meaning. Each of these dimensions contributed to various domains of well-being, such as personal growth, environmental mastery, engagement, and positive relationships. The study also discovered that the experience of spirituality is influenced by individuals' roles and levels of engagement within the festivals. Key activities such as prayer, attending mass services, baptism, participating in religious programs, singing, and volunteering, are instrumental in yielding spiritual well-being outcomes. The findings offer valuable insights for event organizers and destination managers seeking effective strategies for marketing and managing religious-themed migrant festivals.

This study attempted to analyze the evolution of key documents about corporate social responsibility (CSR). A total of 172 CSR articles in the tourism and hospitality field published between 2006 and 2019 were derived from the Scopus database. A bibliometric mapping method was adopted to visualize the results using the VOSviewer software. Findings showed that hospitality- and tourism-focused journals were the main sources cited in CSR articles. In addition, the use of social identity theory and structural equation modeling was prevalent in such studies, and financial impact was the most common research topic. This study is insightful in mapping the intellectual structure of CSR research as well as the relationships among the subfields of CSR research in the tourism and hospitality field.

Two-dimensional (2D) porous inorganic nanomaterials have intriguing properties as a result of dimensional features and high porosity, but controlled production of circular 2D shapes is still challenging. Here, we designed a simple approach to produce 2D porous inorganic nanocoins (NCs) by integrating block copolymer (BCP) self-assembly and orientation control of microdomains at polymer–polymer interfaces. Multicomponent blends containing BCP and homopoly(methyl methacrylate) (hPMMA) are designed to undergo macrophase separation followed by microphase separation. The balanced interfacial compatibility of BCP allows perpendicularly oriented lamellar-assembly at the interfaces between BCP-rich phase and hPMMA matrix. Disassembly of lamellar structures and calcination yield ultrathin 2D inorganic NCs that are perforated by micropores. This approach enables control of the thickness, size, and chemical composition of the NCs. 2D porous and acidic aluminosilicate NC (AS-NC) is used to fabricate an ultrathin and lightweight functional separator for lithium–sulfur batteries. The AS-NC layer acts as an ionic sieve to selectively block lithium polysulfides. Abundant acid sites chemically capture polysulfides, and micropores physically exclude them, so sulfur utilization and cycle stability are increased.

Two-dimensional (2D) carbon nanosheets with micro- and/or mesopores have attracted great attention due to unique physical and chemical properties, but well-defined nanoporous carbon nanosheets with tunable thickness and pore size have been rarely realized. Here, we develop a polymer–polymer interfacial self-assembly strategy to achieve hierarchically porous carbon nanosheets (HNCNSs) by integrating the migration behaviors of immiscible ternary polymers with block copolymer (BCP)-directed self-assembly. The balanced interfacial compatibility of BCP allows the migration of a BCP-rich phase to the interface between two immiscible homopolymer major phases (i.e., homopoly(methyl methacrylate) and homopolystyrene), where the BCP-rich phase spreads thinly to a thickness of a few nanometers to decrease the interfacial tension. BCP-directed coassembly with organic–inorganic precursors constructs an ordered mesostructure. Carbonization and chemical etching yield ultrathin HNCNSs with hierarchical micropores and mesopores. This approach enables facile control over the thickness (5.6–75 nm) and mesopore size (25–46 nm). As an anode material in a potassium ion battery, HNCNSs show high specific capacity (178 mA h g–1at a current density of 1 A g–1) with excellent long-term stability (2000 cycles), by exploiting the advantages of the hierarchical pores and 2D nanosheet morphology (efficient ion/electron diffusion) and of the large interlayer spacing (stable ion insertion).

ABSTRACTThis review study examines evolving themes in the scholarly literature on religious tourism and identifies research gaps that provide a basis for future investigations. The researchers evaluate a total of 84 studies of religion-induced tourism using content and thematic analyses. The findings show a plurality of approaches, both disciplinary and interdisciplinary, that extend to diverse methods, themes, applications, geographical foci and manifestations of the phenomenon. Understandings of religious tourism have evolved beyond pilgrimage and now encompass the meaningfulness of a destination. Recent explorations have extended beyond visitor motivations to consider their identities, such as individual religious affiliations and religiosity. The current paper contributes to knowledge by embracing infrastructure and the activities which occur in and around religious places as a legitimate study domain.

Mutations affecting spliceosomal proteins are frequently found in hematological malignancies. DDX41/Abstrakt is a metazoan-specific spliceosomal DEAD-box RNA helicase found to be recurrently mutated in relapsing cases of acute myeloid leukemia, as well as in inherited myelodysplastic syndromes...Mutations affecting spliceosomal proteins are frequently found in hematological malignancies, including myelodysplastic syndromes and acute myeloid leukemia (AML). DDX41/Abstrakt is a metazoan-specific spliceosomal DEAD-box RNA helicase that is recurrently mutated in inherited myelodysplastic syndromes and in relapsing cases of AML. The genetic properties and genomic impacts of disease-causing missense mutations in DDX41 and other spliceosomal proteins have been uncertain. Here, we conduct a comprehensive analysis of the Caenorhabditis elegansDDX41 ortholog, SACY-1. Biochemical analyses defined SACY-1as a component of the C. elegansspliceosome, and genetic analyses revealed synthetic lethal interactions with spliceosomal components. We used the auxin-inducible degradation system to analyze the consequence of SACY-1depletion on the transcriptome using RNA sequencing. SACY-1depletion impacts the transcriptome through splicing-dependent and splicing-independent mechanisms. Altered 3′ splice site usage represents the predominant splicing defect observed upon SACY-1depletion, consistent with a role for SACY-1in the second step of splicing. Missplicing events appear more prevalent in the soma than the germline, suggesting that surveillance mechanisms protect the germline from aberrant splicing. The transcriptome changes observed after SACY-1depletion suggest that disruption of the spliceosome induces a stress response, which could contribute to the cellular phenotypes conferred by sacy-1mutant alleles. Multiple sacy-1/ddx41missense mutations, including the R525H human oncogenic variant, confer antimorphic activity, suggesting that their incorporation into the spliceosome is detrimental. Antagonistic variants that perturb the function of the spliceosome may be relevant to the disease-causing mutations, including DDX41, affecting highly conserved components of the spliceosome in humans.

People are exposed to a diverse range of music genres through numerous media in everyday life. Pop music, being a significant cultural symbol, has evolved into a major tourist attraction; an example is found in Korean pop (K-pop) music and its fandoms. This study aimed to examine an integrated structural model which included consumption values and their consequences. Three key domains of K-pop music consumption values were identified: character and visual performance, imitation and attachment, and message and vocal value. Interestingly, the study found that character and visual performance value were not significant influences on emotional involvement or referential reflection. Moreover, the study affirmed that music plays a substantial role in fostering familiarity with the music's country of origin, and in driving the intention to consume its products or travel within the country. Another notable finding from our study is the relative homogeneity of K-pop fans; their responses to the music did not vary significantly according to factors such as sex, age, or ethnicity.

This study assesses the multidimensionality of employee-perceived hotel corporate social responsibility (CSR) performance and its influences on three organizational attitudes and behavior. Impact range-performance analysis (IRPA) and impact-asymmetry analysis (IAA) were applied, using data from 410 hotel staff. A five-domain solution (financial, legal, ethical, social/philanthropic, and environmental) was created using exploratory factor analysis. The results of IRPA and IAA indicated that the five domains of CSR were categorized into various performance and impact range segments. These findings provide theoretical and industrial insights that advance the extant CSR literature and the development of managerial tactics.

This study assessed whether a celebrity writer endorsement affects festival brand equity and attachment to a festival destination. Subjects were non-residents who attended a local literary festival. Among celebrity attributes, expertise was revealed to be most related to brand equity and destination attachment. Additionally, loyalty to the festival was found to affect attachment to the festival destination, while festival brand awareness had a positive impact on festival brand loyalty. Results provide theoretical implications related to how celebrity endorsements influence destination brand, and festival community attachment. The results of this study also have practical implications related to how festival organizers can more efficiently promote visitation to the host destination. It is also believed results significantly contribute to understanding the efficacy of endorsements in an event context.

ABSTRACTTo provide an enhanced understanding of performing arts tourism in the Asian context, the present study investigates the motivations, intentions and performance preferences of a particular source market – Japan. Five primary motivations identified for this group when travelling to Korea to watch a theatre-based performance were: to relieve stress, to learn about Korean culture, to socialise, to enhance their life satisfaction, and curiosity. The various motivations were significantly different in the case of the following independent variables: socio-demographics, prior experiences of travel and of attending performances. Diverging results were reported from the respective analyses using the multinomial logit and BN regression models. The respondents who were most favourably disposed to attending a future theatre-based performance in Korea were (based on their future intentions), married, aged over 40, had prior experience of attending a Korean performance, had at least a college level education, preferred modern-style performances and were ready to pay an admission fee of US$40 or above.

ABSTRACTThe hospitality industry has been struggling to attract and retain quality employees. Labor force demographics in the hospitality industry are changing. The first wave of Millennials has started to enter the workforce, and Millennials are the fastest growing segment of said workforce. In addition, the rate of participation of females in today’s hospitality workforce is growing. Even though several researchers have studied Millennials as hospitality employees, limited research has explored the importance of the quality of relationships Millennials have with colleagues and customers; in addition, gender differences among Millennials have not been extensively examined. The Commitment-Trust (CT) theory suggests that relationship commitment and trust encourage cooperative behaviors that sustain long-term relationships. This study attempted to investigate whether the relationship quality encountered by Millennials during their internships has an impact on their job satisfaction or career decisions based on commitment-trust theory; in addition, gender differences in relationship quality were examined.

ABSTRACTThis paper proposes a suite of diplomatic protocols that may be employed to assist the development of bilateral tourism between countries that have been or are currently involved in serious political conflict. The need for protocols of this nature is demonstrated by the difficulties that currently define tourism between South Korea and North Korea. Each country is open to international tourism except for cross-border tourism from the other Korean state. The potential for tourism to assist in the development of peaceful relations between countries has been advocated by a number of scholars but to date a policy mechanism to achieve this has not been suggested. Given the success of international protocols in a wide range of diplomatic, trade and cultural circumstances, the development and adoption of tourism protocols to assist bilateral tourism between states involved in conflict offers a mechanism to promote peaceful bilateral tourism flows. Four tourism protocols are proposed as a mechanism that reduces travel barriers.

We compare the actuation speeds of the azobenzene-doped nematic liquid crystal polymer (azo-LCP) by examining its activation mechanisms: photoisomerization and trans–cis–trans reorientation (TCTR) (also known as Weigert effect). Both experiments and modeling are carried out in this study to compare the speed of bending and contraction acting on azo-LCP. We identify that the TCTR-based photobending of azo-LCP generated less than half the photostrain in a unit cell than that in the photoisomerization case but involves a larger azo-LCP thickness in triggering photodeformation. Because photodeformation occurs in a deeper region than that in the photoisomerization case, the TCTR-based photobending of azo-LCP exhibits a faster bending speed than the photoisomerization-based photobending of azo-LCP, even though less strain is generated in the TCTR case.

This study describes underlying dimensionality in quarantine hotel customer perceptions of service quality by examining 3896 online reviews of 52 quarantine hotels in five jurisdictions. Notable quality dimensions of quarantine hotel service that were identified using semantic network analysis (SNA) included: caring service from hotel staff, friendliness, meal quality, room comfort, exceptional services, and service efficiency. The review content for the quarantine hotels across various jurisdictions was similar overall, with minor differences evident for some dimensions. It is observed that the importance that quarantine guests attach to compassionate treatment and psychological caring resembles the requirements of hospital patients. The findings offer implications for scholars and practitioners in coping with disease-related crises.

Although numerous studies have highlighted the significance of pro-environmental behavior in mitigating environmental degradation the tourism and hospitality industry, there is a scarcity of research that examines how individual values influence behavior within the context of cultural impact. Drawing on value-attitude-behavior model and social cognitive theory, this study investigated the impact of perceived hedonic and utilitarian values on pro-environmental behavior through the mediating role of supportive attitude toward tourism and the three-way moderating role of long-term orientation and individualism. To empirically test the above-mentioned relationships, 525 questionnaires were used. Confirmatory factor analysis and path analysis were performed using AMOS and PROCESS Macro SPSS. The findings showed that perceived hedonic and utilitarian values, through supportive attitude toward tourism, significantly increased pro-environmental behavior. There was also an interaction effect of perceived hedonic and utilitarian values on supportive attitude toward tourism with the three-way interaction effect of cultural values, including long-term orientation and individualism. This study is expected to make important academic and industry contributions to the hospitality industry by highlighting the significant impact of cultural values on the relationship between individual values and sustainability.

Mesoporous nanoparticles provide rich platforms to devise functional materials by customizing the three-dimensional (3D) structures of nanopores. With the pore network as a key tuning parameter, the noninvasive and quantitative characterization of these 3D structures is crucial for the rational design of functional materials. This has prompted researchers to develop versatile nanoprobes with a high penetration power to inspect various specimens sized a few micrometers at nanoscale 3D resolutions. Here, with adaptive phase retrievals on independent data sets with different sampling frequencies, we introduce multidistance coherent X-ray tomography as a noninvasive and quantitative nanoprobe to realize high-resolution 3D imaging of micrometer-sized specimens. The 3D density distribution of an entire mesoporous silica nanoparticle was obtained at 13 nm 3D resolution for quantitative physical and morphological analyses of its 3D pore structure. The morphological features of the whole 3D pore network and pore connectivity were examined to gain insight into the potential functions of the particles. The proposed multidistance tomographic imaging scheme with quantitative structural analyses is expected to advance studies of functional materials by facilitating their structure-based rational design.

Airline and hotel employees are experiencing multiple forms of precariousness amid the COVID-19 pandemic, which have increased workers' distrust of their respective airline/hotel businesses and affected job performance and retention. This research builds and tests two sturdy theoretical frameworks to explain airline and hotel employees' job performance and behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic. The frameworks, developed using a quantitative method, adequately account for employees' company attachment and job performance by using their perceived job insecurity, life satisfaction, and job satisfaction as the key antecedents; while employees' perceived job insecurity influences the formation of attachment to the company and job performance. The mediating nature of life and job satisfaction is also examined alongside the moderating role of two different industry types (airline versus hotel). The results show that the process of generating job performance differs between airline and hotel employee groups. The research implications and value are discussed.

We report mesoporous composite materials (m-GeO2, m-GeO2/C, and m-Ge-GeO2/C) with large pore size which are synthesized by a simple block copolymer directed self-assembly. m-Ge/GeO2/C shows greatly enhanced Coulombic efficiency, high reversible capacity (1631 mA h g–1), and stable cycle life compared with the other mesoporous and bulk GeO2electrodes. m-Ge/GeO2/C exhibits one of the highest areal capacities (1.65 mA h cm–2) among previously reported Ge- and GeO2-based anodes. The superior electrochemical performance in m-Ge/GeO2/C arises from the highly improved kinetics of conversion reaction due to the synergistic effects of the mesoporous structures and the conductive carbon and metallic Ge.

Recently, hybrid supercapacitors (HSCs), which combine the use of battery and supercapacitor, have been extensively studied in order to satisfy increasing demands for large energy density and high power capability in energy-storage devices. For this purpose, the requirement for anode materials that provide enhanced charge storage sites (high capacity) and accommodate fast charge transport (high rate capability) has increased. Herein, therefore, a preparation of nanocomposite as anode material is presented and an advanced HSC using it is thoroughly analyzed. The HSC comprises a mesoporous Nb2O5/carbon (m-Nb2O5–C) nanocomposite anode synthesized by a simple one-pot method using a block copolymer assisted self-assembly and commercial activated carbon (MSP-20) cathode under organic electrolyte. The m-Nb2O5–C anode provides high specific capacity with outstanding rate performance and cyclability, mainly stemming from its enhanced pseudocapacitive behavior through introduction of a carbon-coated mesostructure within a voltage range from 3.0 to 1.1 V (vsLi/Li+). The HSC using the m-Nb2O5–C anode and MSP-20 cathode exhibits excellent energy and power densities (74 W h kg–1and 18 510 W kg–1), with advanced cycle life (capacity retention: ∼90% at 1000 mA g–1after 1000 cycles) within potential range from 1.0 to 3.5 V. In particular, we note that the highest power density (18 510 W kg–1) of HSC is achieved at 15 W h kg–1, which is the highest level among similar HSC systems previously reported. With further study, the HSCs developed in this work could be a next-generation energy-storage device, bridging the performance gap between conventional batteries and supercapacitors.

AbstractSince the Thai government established a 5-year medical tourism promotion plan in 2004, Thailand has become a global leading country as a international medical tourism hub. Thus, this study attempted to assess Thailand’s medical tourism market, which is the largest in the world in terms of the number of foreign medical tourists and revenues. Strengths include strong government support, effective marketing policies, and high quality hospitals and infrastructure. Opportunities are globally increasing senior population, quick medical treatments, and development of digital technologies. However, weaknesses are found as having not cooperative teamwork between public and private medical sectors, language barrier, distrust on medical facilities or services, no regular quality assessment program for hospitals, and existence of only a few internationally well-known Thai hospitals. Thailand is also committed to threats such as uncontrollable global factors, intense competition in an Asian medical tourism market. Pursuant to attract more foreign medical tourists to Korea, this study suggests potentials of benchmarking Thai medical tourism market.

AbstractThis study aims to develop a model and a scale for evaluating the intercountry competitiveness of tourism destinations. Three-round Delphi surveys and the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) approach were used to ensure research objectivity. In two rounds of the Delphi surveys, the questionnaire items were reduced from the initial 196 items to 139, and finally to 61. The relative importance of the items, key domains, and sub-domains were established through AHP analysis. Among the key domains, “sustainability management” and “demand” were perceived to have the highest relative importance. Among the items, “level of service quality” was found to show the highest relative weight.

Abstract: Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation is frequently used in exploring the mechanical behaviors of nanowires, which have strong dependency on parameters such as size, strain-rate, temperature, and so on. However, the MD simulations require heavy computation power. For efficient parametric study on the mechanical behaviors, the use of a snapshot-based proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) is proposed. Per-atom virial stress and atom arrangement, which are chosen as the snapshots in this study, are expressed by the linear combinations of POD basis. As a next step, the moving least square method approximates the corresponding POD coefficients. The mechanical behaviors are then predicted by these POD expressions in the parametric ranges of interest. It is demonstrated from the parametric study that the proposed method not only obtains the snapshots but also predicts the abrupt drop-down of stress at the onset of inelastic deformation more efficiently than the original tedious repeated MD simulations.

The purpose of this research was to identify the effects of message contents and framings that airline companies communicate with potential airline passengers during the COVID-19 pandemic to enhance behavioral intentions to engage in international air travel. A survey of 1300 respondents was conducted using the Posttest Control Group experimental design method. Several meaningful findings were generated. Among them, the “loss” message regarding cash-redeemable coupons was most effective in raising intentions to take an international flight and obtaining favorable assessments of the message contents. Covariates including income level, travel purpose, premium card ownership, perceived risk, importance of airline brand, and sanitation were significant in determining the intention to take international flights. The results of this study can help with establishing promotional strategies to foster international travel in the post-pandemic era.

Diaspora tourism offers potential benefits for emerging African destinations that are rarely associated from traditional mass tourism - preserving historic sites, creating a sense of place and increasing awareness of the dark history of slavery, particularly amongst upcoming generations. Noting the importance of managing diaspora tourism effectively, this in-depth empirical investigation identifies whether the motives of diaspora tourists explain their evaluations of Ghana as a destination, satisfaction, place attachment, and future travel intentions. The study concludes that four of the five motivational dimensions have a significant influence on evaluations of the diaspora homeland destination, with escape being the exception. The study contributes to knowledge by providing a comprehensive analysis of the dynamics of diaspora tourism.

The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted peer-to-peer (P2P) accommodation markets. However, how the interplay between tourists and destination attributes has affected P2P accommodation consumption during the pandemic has not been investigated. To address this gap, this study first explored the spatially varying relationship between destination attributes and COVID-19-disrupted Airbnb performance change across Florida counties. Subsequently, we performed two experimental studies to examine whether trip purpose and the level of perceived threat affect Airbnb use intention. The results of the spatial analysis show that, depending on the type of destination attribute, Airbnb listings experienced different revenue losses across urban and rural areas. Additionally, results of experimental studies show that business tourists with a low perceived threat of COVID-19 are more willing to consume Airbnb listings than leisure tourists. This study contributes to ascertaining the destination and behavioral heterogeneity in pandemic-induced P2P accommodation consumption using spatial analytic and experimental studies.

This study attempts to find the underlying dimensionality in online reviews of fine-dining ethnic food restaurant experiences in Hong Kong. This research adopted semantic network analysis with Clauset–Newman–Moore clustering. Consequently, diverse and specific dimensionality was explored in this research, including ambiance, service, food, drinks, desserts, view, location, occasions, reputation and price. The content of the reviews on five types of ethnic restaurants was different in some dimensions. Marketers of fine-dining ethnic restaurants can select a particular focus when they promote their restaurants, develop menu plan and train staff members. This study implies that the quality dimensions of traditional restaurants may not accurately represent the factual dimensions, thereby resulting in implications for developing a new index of restaurant quality.

An equilibrium configuration of a Si/SiGe bilayer thin film is investigated using the finite element method. In the $\langle 100 \rangle$ direction, a nanoband, nanoring, and nanopipe are shaped in turn as the width-to-thickness ratio increases. In the $\langle 110 \rangle$ direction, a nanoband, nanospring, and nanopipe are shaped. The type of curved shape is determined by the width-to-thickness ratio and tilt angle from the $\langle 110 \rangle$ direction. The pitch angle of the nanospring is determined by the tilt angle from the $\langle 110 \rangle$ direction. The helix diameter is determined by the thickness, thickness ratio of the two layers, and composition ratio of the SiGe layer.