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Zusammenfassung: Hintergrund: Restinstabilitäten nach komplexen Luxationen und Luxationsfrakturen des Ellenbogens werden zunehmend mit dem Bewegungsfixateur externe behandelt. Er erlaubt eine Transfixation des Gelenks bei geführten Bewegungen im humeroulnaren Gelenk. Methoden: Von April 2001 bis März 2006 wurden 18 Patienten mit einem Durchschnittsalter von 47 Jahren (Range 35–67) mit einem Bewegungsfixateur für 6 Wochen behandelt. Bei 11 Patienten musste zusätzlich eine Osteosynthese durchgeführt werden, 6 Patienten wurden primär mit einem AO-Fixateur behandelt. Nach 8 Tagen (3–14) erfolgte ein Verfahrenswechsel auf einen Bewegungsfixateur. Ergebnisse: Nach 39 Monaten (12–71) waren alle 18 Ellenbogen klinisch stabil. Eine Stressfraktur der Ulna nach Pinentfernung wurde diagnostiziert. Der mittlere Mayo-Elbow-Performance-Index (MEPI) betrug 78 Punkte mit 5 sehr guten (28%), 6 guten (33%) und 7 befriedigenden Ergebnissen (39%). Der DASH-Score („disabilities of the arm, shoulder, and hand“) zur Messung der Patientenzufriedenheit verwies mit 18 Punkten auf eine geringe Beeinträchtigung. Schlussfolgerung: Bei Restinstabilitäten nach Komplexverletzungen des Ellenbogens erzielt der Bewegungsfixateur unter unserem Regime mit anderen Studien vergleichbare Ergebnisse.

Hintergrund: Die Neurofibromatose Typ 1 ist in bis zu ca. 60 % der Fälle mit Deformitäten der Wirbelsäule vergesellschaftet. Diese können als nichtdystrophischer und als seltenerer dystrophischer Typ auftreten. Diese Unterscheidung ist von hoher Relevanz, da sich die Therapie dieser unterschiedlichen Erscheinungsformen nachhaltig unterscheidet. Nichtdystrophischer Typ: Der nichtdystrophische Typ kann wegen eines der idiopathischen Skoliose ähnlichen Verlaufes wie diese therapiert werden. Beachtet werden dabei muss die sogenannte Modulation. Bei dieser kommt es im Verlauf zum Auftreten dyplastischer Veränderungen an der Wirbelsäule und damit zu einem Verhalten wie vom dystrophischen Typ bekannt. Dystrophischer Typ: Der dystrophische Typ zeigt eine Reihe dyplastischer Knochenveränderungen. Diese führen zu einer hohen Progredienz, zu einem fehlenden Ansprechen auf konservative Therapieformen und unbehandelt zu extremen Ausprägungen der Deformitäten. Diese Form der Deformität verlangt ein frühes operatives Eingreifen, auch schon im Kindesalter. Um bei diesen oft herausfordernden Konstellationen gute Ergebnisse erzielen zu können, müssen die Besonderheiten des Krankheitsbildes generell und die typischen Veränderungen an der Wirbelsäule bekannt sein.

Discusses the economy of editing as a function of the amount of condensation of text in language processing operations. Argument that editing can be regarded as an opportunity; How editing is required in automatic abstracting, citation indexing, mechanical translation and other such procedures.

Describes the COPAK automatic data compressor. Component compressors of COPAK; Capabilities of the compressor; Functions of data compressors; Components that can be added to the COPAK compressor.

Die erfolgreiche Behandlung von Patienten mit schwerer und rigider zervikaler Kyphose kann für diese Patienten nachhaltig positiv sein. Die Therapie birgt jedoch sowohl für den Patienten als auch für den Behandler signifikante Herausforderungen. Der vorliegende Artikel möchte dem Leser eine Übersicht über aktuelle Behandlungsansätze und Herangehensweisen geben und Einblick in die Korrekturstrategien zur Behandlung von Patienten mit rigider und hochgradiger zervikaler Kyphose bieten. Erfahrungsbericht unter Diskussion relevanter Literatur und aktuellster Studien. Die Korrektur hochgradiger zervikaler Kyphosen erfordert ein hohes Maß an präoperativer Vorbereitung und Planung sowie eine erprobte Infrastruktur. Technische Nuancen und Erfahrungswerte des Chirurgen entscheiden während der Korrektur über das Ausmaß des Korrekturwinkels und die Maßnahmen zur Komplikationsvermeidung. Der Korrekturwinkel berücksichtigt das Ausmaß der Deformität sowie das Korrekturziel in Anbetracht der vorliegenden zervikalen und globalen Balance. Das Ausmaß der vom Patienten zum Erhalt einer horizontalen Blickachse eingesetzten Kompensationsmechanismen muss sich in der Definition des Korrekturwinkels niederschlagen. Oberstes Behandlungsziel ist die kardiopulmonale und neurologische Sicherheit bei dieser Art rekonstruktiver Eingriffe. Bei Durchführung der Korrekturoperation muss an das potenzielle Auftreten von Komplikationen und ihr Management gedacht werden. Die erfolgreiche Korrektur bei hochgradig zervikaler Kyphose kann für diese Patienten ein ihr Leben positiv verändernder Eingriff sein. Surgical correction of severe and rigid cervical kyphosis with chin-on-chest deformity poses significant challenges to both the patient and surgeon once surgery is considered as the treatment of choice. This article presents the current concepts of corrective surgery for patients with severe and rigid cervical kyphosis. Narrative review and report of clinical experience. The treatment of severe cervical kyphosis indicates a dedicated deformity assessment, the analysis of regional and global imbalance, the identification of spinal sagittal plane compensation mechanisms, detailed radiographic and clinical planning of corrective surgery, and the meticulous performance of surgical correction. Most recent large-scale studies serve as evidence for the benefit of surgical correction and outline the complications that need to be targeted during and after surgery. Surgical correction of severe cervical kyphosis can be a pleasant and life-changing event for the disabled patient.

Die operative Korrektur von Deformitäten der Wirbelsäule im Erwachsenenalter ist anspruchsvoll. Nach Abwägung der individuellen Operationsindikation ist die Präzisierung der Operationsziele und eine genaue Planung essenziell für das Erreichen eines guten postoperativen Ergebnis. Die Ursachen der vergleichsweise hohen Komplikationsrate dieser Operationen sind gut untersucht und manifestieren sich häufig am lumbosakralen Übergang. Neben ungünstigen Allgemeinfaktoren, wie etwa der Osteoporose, sind insbesondere die ungenügende Korrektur des Sagittalprofils und eine insuffiziente lumbo-sakro-pelvine Instrumentation als ursächlich zu nennen. Die wesentlichen Indikationen für eine Revisionsoperation sind der Verlust der LWS-Lordose aufgrund progredienter Degeneration des nicht instrumentierten Segments L5/S1 sowie die Implantatlockerung und Pseudarthrose bei fehlgeschlagener Fusion bis zum Becken. Die Revisionsoperation verfolgt unter Berücksichtigung des Allgemeinzustands des Patienten insbesondere das Ziel der Wiederherstellung der physiologischen Statik sowie eine stabile Instrumentation und Fusion. Anspruchsvoll kann neben den Osteotomien im voroperierten Bereich insbesondere die Reinstrumentation des lumbosakralen Übergangs sein, wobei Ala-Ilium- bzw. Iliumschrauben die größte Stabilität zeigen. Ventrale intersomatische Cages erhöhen die Wahrscheinlichkeit einer knöchernen Fusion, darüber hinaus können sie zur besseren Lordosierung beitragen. PLIF-, TLIF- und ALIF-Cages bieten hier jeweils spezifische Vorteile. Dieser Artikel soll die Ursachen der Komplikationen des LSÜ nach Korrektur einer ASD darlegen und operative Therapieprinzipien bei der Revision aufzeigen. Surgical correction of ASD can be challenging. The indication for surgery is individual and after specification of the therapeutic goals, detailed planning of the surgery is essential to achieve a good postoperative result. The reasons for the comparatively high complication rate are well investigated and are often located at the lumbosacral junction. In addition to negative general factors like osteoporosis, especially undercorrection of the sagittal profile and insufficient lumbo-pelvic stabilization are causative. The main indications for revision surgery are a loss of lordosis due to progressive degeneration of the unfused segment L5/S1 or implant loosening and pseudarthrosis of a failed lumbosacral fusion. The goals of revision surgery are restoration of the spinal balance as well as stable fixation and fusion in consideration of the general condition of the patient. Besides osteotomies in a previously fused region, especially reinstrumentation of the lumbosacral region can be challenging, although ala-ilium and ilium screws give the greatest stability. Additional anterior intersomatic cages allow for a better fusion rate, and, moreover they provide better lordozation. Each PLIF, TLIF, and ALIF cage has its own specific advantages. This article summarizes the reasons for complications of the lumbosacral junction after ASD correction and describes surgical principles for revision surgery.

A series of computer programs has been developed and is now operational for processing the National Aeronautics and Space Administration linear file system on an IBM 1401-7090 combined data processing system. The programs are note-worthy in that they create fixed length logical records and fixed length blocks from variable length source data, and format the output for optimization of processing on the IBM 7090 system. The programs ore completely self-checking and test for both validity and accuracy of the input materials as provided by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AimsThe aims of our study were to provide long-term information on the behaviour of the thoracolumbar/lumbar (TL/L) curve after thoracic anterior correction and fusion (ASF) and to determine the impact of ASF on pulmonary function.Patients and MethodsA total of 41 patients (four males, 37 females) with main thoracic (MT) adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) treated with ASF were included. Mean age at surgery was 15.2 years (11 to 27). Mean follow-up period was 13.5 years (10 to 18).ResultsFor the TL/L curve, the mean curve flexibility evaluated with supine pre-operative bending radiographs was 78.6% (standard deviation 16.5%), with no significant loss of correction observed. On comparing patients with an increase of the TL/L curve increase (> 4º, n = 9, 22%) to those without, significant differences were observed in the correction rate of the MT curve at the final follow-up (p = 0.011), correction loss of the MT curve (p = 0.003) and the proportion of patients who had semi-rigid instrumentation (p = 0.003). Pre-operative percentage predicted forced vital capacity (%FVC) was 80%, dropping to 72% at final follow-up (p < 0.001). The Scoliosis Research Society questionnaire score was not significantly different between patients with and without a TL/L curve increase (p = 0.606). Spontaneous lumbar curve correction (SLCC) was maintained up to 18 years following selective ASF in most patients and demonstrated significant correlation with maintenance of MT curve correction.ConclusionMaintenance of MT curve correction using rigid instrumentation provided stable SLCC over time. An observed 8% decrease in %FVC indicates that ASF should be reserved for patients with no or only mild pulmonary impairment.Cite this article: Bone Joint J2016;98-B:997–1002.

Der Transfer der Sehne des M. latissimus dorsi gilt als etablierte Methode zur chirurgischen Versorgung von irreparablen posterosuperioren Defekten der Rotatorenmanschette. Die Ruptur der transferierten Sehne könnte eine Ursache für ein schlechtes postoperatives Ergebnis nach Transfer der Sehne des M. latissimus dorsi darstellen. Eine technische Modifizierung der Sehnenentnahme mittels Knochenschuppe sollte die Primärstabilität erhöhen und die Versagensrate senken. Insgesamt 42 Patienten (mittleres Alter 58 Jahre) mit irreparablen posterosuperioren Rotatorenmanschettenrupturen wurden mit einem Transfer der Sehne des M. latissimus dorsi versorgt. Die Entnahmetechnik der Sehne des M. latissimus dorsi wurde modifiziert, um eine knöcherne Einheilung zu ermöglichen. Ziel war, die Rupturrate zu senken. Bei 22 Patienten (Gruppe A) wurde die Sehne in herkömmlicher Weise scharf am Ansatz abgelöst, während bei 20 Patienten (Gruppe B) die Sehne mit einer schmalen Knochenschuppe vom Humerusansatz entnommen und superolateral am Tuberculum majus reinseriert wurde. Die durchschnittliche Nachuntersuchungsperiode betrug 47 Monate (Spannweite: 24–67). Die klinische Beurteilung erfolgte mittels Constant Murley Score und American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) Score, sowie einer subjektiven Beurteilung der Zufriedenheit durch die Patienten selbst. Die konventionelle Röntgendiagnostik mit Evaluierung des Omarthrosegrads sowie des Humeruskopfhochstands wurde durch eine Magnetresonanztomographie (MRT) ergänzt, um die Integrität des Sehnentransfers zu beurteilen. In Gruppe A konnte der Constant Murley Score von 43,4 auf 64,8 Punkte und der ASES-Score von 49,3 auf 69,6 Punkte (p<0,05) verbessert werden. In Gruppe B stieg der Constant Murley Score von 40,2 auf 74,2 Punkte und der ASES-Score von 47,2 auf 77,1 Punkte (p<0,05). Die Schmerzintensität verbesserte sich im Constant Murley Score von 5,6 auf 11,9 Punkte in Gruppe A sowie von 5,2 auf 13,8 Punkte in Gruppe B. Die Ergebnisse in Gruppe B waren statistisch signifikant besser als in Gruppe A. Im MRT zeigte sich bei 4 Patienten der Gruppe A eine Ruptur der transferierten Sehne des M. latissimus dorsi, jedoch keine in Gruppe B. Das Endergebnis war nicht zufriedenstellend bei 27% der Patienten in Gruppe A und bei 10% in Gruppe B. Unter dem Aspekt einer „Salvage“-Operation kann bei den meisten Patienten mit irreparablen posterosuperioren Rotatorenmanschettendefekten mittels Transfer der Sehne des M. latissimus dorsi ein zufriedenstellendes Ergebnis erreicht werden. Die Entnahme der Sehne mit einer schmalen Knochenschuppe ermöglicht eine direkte knöcherne transossäre Fixierung mit verbesserter Sehneneinheilung. Latissimus dorsi tendon transfer represents a well-established method for the treatment of massive irreparable posterosuperior rotator cuff defects. Subsequent rupture of the transferred tendon may contribute to the failure rate of the index procedure. We assumed that by modifying our tendon harvesting technique, higher fixation stability and reduced failure rate should occur. A total of 42 patients (average age 58 years) with massive, irreparable posterosuperior rotator cuff tears were managed with latissimus dorsi tendon transfer. The technique of tendon harvesting was modified to include a more stable bone-to-bone fixation aiming at reduction of the rupture rate after this salvage procedure. In 22 patients (group A), sharp separation of the latissimus tendon from the humerus was performed, whereas in the subsequent 20 patients (group B) tendon harvest was performed by a modified technique with a bone chip and reinsertion at the superolateral aspect of the greater tuberosity. The average follow-up was 47 months (range 24–67 months). Outcome measures included the Constant Murley score (CS), the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) score and a patient subjective satisfaction scale. Standard X-rays determining the stage of osteoarthritis and proximal migration of the humeral head were complemented by MRI to assess the integrity of the transferred muscle. In group A, the CS improved from 43.4 to 64.8 points and the average ASES score from 49.3 to s69.6 points (p<0.05). In group B, the CS increased from 40.2 to 74.2 points and the ASES score from 47.2 to 77.1 points (p<0.05). Pain decreased from 5.6 to 11.9 points according the CS in group A, and from 5.2 to 13.8 in group B, respectively. The results of group B were significantly superior to those of group A (p<0.05). MRI revealed complete rupture at the tendon’s insertion with tendon retraction in 4 patients in group A, and in none of the patients in group B. The final outcome was rated as poor in 27% of patients in group A and in 10% of patients in group B. Under the aspect of a salvage procedure, latissimus dorsi tendon transfer represents a reliable treatment method that achieves satisfactory clinical results in most patients with irreparable massive posterosuperior rotator cuff tears. Harvesting the tendon with a wedge of bone enables direct bone-to-bone transosseous fixation, thus, resulting in higher tendon integrity.

After establishing anatomical feasibility, functional reconstruction to replace the anterolateral part of the deltoid was performed in 20 consecutive patients with irreversible deltoid paralysis using the sternoclavicular portion of the pectoralis major muscle. The indication for reconstruction was deltoid deficiency combined with massive rotator cuff tear in 11 patients, brachial plexus palsy in seven, and an isolated axillary nerve lesion in two. All patients were followed clinically and radiologically for a mean of 70 months (24 to 125). The mean gender-adjusted Constant score increased from 28% (15% to 54%) to 51% (19% to 83%). Forward elevation improved by a mean of 37°, abduction by 30° and external rotation by 9°.The pectoralis inverse plasty may be used as a salvage procedure in irreversible deltoid deficiency, providing subjectively satisfying results. Active forward elevation and abduction can be significantly improved.

Mit der vorliegenden Übersichtsarbeit soll ein umfassender klinischer Überblick über diffuse interstitielle Lungenerkrankungen, insbesondere solche, welche mit Erkrankungen aus dem rheumatischen Formenkreis assoziiert sind, gegeben werden. Interstitielle Lungenerkrankungen (ILE) umfassen eine äußerst heterogene Gruppe von Erkrankungen mit unterschiedlichster und teilweise unbekannter Ätiologie, wodurch eine exakte Klassifikation derselben schwierig ist. ILE werden in der klinischen Praxis selten angetroffen und bereiten oft diagnostische und differentialdiagnostische Schwierigkeiten. Die Diagnostik umfasst eine exakte Anamnese, die klinische Untersuchung, serologisch-immunologische und laborchemische Tests, die pulmonale Funktionsdiagnostik, die Thoraxradiologie inklusive hochauflösender Computertomographie (HRCT), die bronchioloalveoläre Lavage (BAL) und lungenbioptische Verfahren. Die exakte Diagnostik von interstitiellen Lungenerkrankungen erfordert daher ein hohes Maß an interdisziplinärer Zusammenarbeit, um rechtzeitig therapeutische Maßnahmen einleiten zu können. This article gives a comprehensive overview of diffuse interstitial lung diseases especially those associated with connective tissue diseases. Interstitial lung diseases (ILD) represent a heterogenous group of diseases of very different and partially unknown etiologies. Therefore, an exact classification of the ILD is difficult. ILDs are rarely seen in clinical practice and often lead to diagnostic problems. Diagnostic procedures require the patient‘s history, physical examination, serological-immunological and routine laboratory tests, pulmonary function testing, chest X-ray and high-resolution CT scan, bronchioloalveolar lavage (BAL) and bioptic procedures. The diagnostic approach to ILD requires an intensive multidisciplinary cooperation to offer early and effective therapeutic regimens.

An aluminosilicate zeolite with IFR topology can be synthesized in a wide range of Si/Al ratios (Si/Al ≥ 20) using benzylquinuclidinium as a structure-directing agent in the presence of fluoride anions. The phase selectivity of the crystallization depends on both the Al and the water content of the synthesis mixture, and by adjustment of the degree of dilution of the mixture, it is also possible to obtain zeolite Beta. The isomorphous substitution of Si by Al in the IFR framework and the acidity of the calcined zeolite has been confirmed by a number of physicochemical techniques. The calcined IFR material contains acid sites of medium strength with large pores and a large void volume. Partial dealumination occurs during calcination, but N2 and pyridine adsorption experiments do not indicate any pore blocking. The aluminosilicate IFR zeolite contains unusual acid sites that are involved in relatively strong hydrogen bonds. Besides the well-known ¹H NMR chemical shift for acid sites at 3.9 ppm and the IR band at 3629 cm^-1, the hydrogen-bonded acid sites are characterized by ¹H NMR chemical shifts of 5.2 and 6.3 ppm and a broad unresolved IR band at 3488 cm^-1.

Hydrothermal syntheses of the microporous gallosilicates TNU-1 (CGS topology), TNU-2 (GIS topology), TNU-3 (a synthetic counterpart of the natural zeolite gonnardite, NAT topology), and TNU-4 (a synthetic counterpart of the natural zeolite natrolite, NAT topology) are presented. In the range of synthesis conditions studied here, the presence of Ga itself is found to be the critical factor directing the crystallization of microporous gallosilicate materials with topologies different from those of the aluminosilicate zeolites obtained when Ga is replaced by Al. This suggests that the introduction of Ga into silicate synthesis mixtures may be a viable route for the synthesis of novel low-silica zeolite structures. The Si, Ga ordering in TNU-3 and TNU-4 materials is investigated in an attempt to understand why the crystallization of the same synthesis mixture at different temperatures results in two materials with the same topology and chemical composition but with different symmetries. A high degree of Si, Ga ordering is observed in TNU-4 by ²⁹Si MAS NMR, and possibly as a consequence, its ⁷¹Ga MAS NMR spectrum clearly shows a line shape affected by second- order quadrupolar interactions rarely found in these kinds of materials.

Al-ZSM-12 samples have been prepared with selectively deuterated benzyltrimethylammonium cations as structure-directing agents (SDAs) to study the motion of the SDA and the spatial relationships between the SDA and the zeolite framework. ²H NMR shows the methyl groups of the structure-directing agent undergo at least two rapid rotations while the benzyl segment is essentially immobile, undergoing only small angle wobbling motions. Cross-polarization and rotational echo double resonance NMR experiments were performed to study the spatial relationships between the SDA and the framework silicon and aluminum. The results from the CPMAS and REDOR experiments show the methylene protons of the structure-directing agent are preferentially located near the silicon atoms adjacent to the framework aluminum. As a consequence there is relative charge ordering between the SDA and the framework aluminum, suggesting that the framework aluminum is directly associated with the charge center of the SDA. Given the reduced number of configurations accessible to the SDAs in the as-made material, we believe the results suggest a possible route to tailoring the spatial arrangement of trivalent framework atoms through selection of SDAs with appropriate charge distributions.

The anisotropic molecular motion of Fe(C5H5)2 and Co(C5H5)(CO)2 molecules in the supercages of faujasite-type zeolites has been examined by NMR and by Mössbauer spectroscopy. Static ²H quad-echo and {¹H-}¹³C CP NMR techniques show that below 225 K the Fe(C5H5)2 molecules have no translational freedom, the only motion being rapid rotation of the cyclopentadienyl rings about their 5-fold axes. This is indicated by an axially symmetric powder pattern (δiso = 69.7 ppm, Ω = 75.0 ppm) in the {¹H-}¹³C CP NMR spectrum and a broad Pake-type powder pattern (QCC = 97.3 kHz) in the ²H NMR spectrum. As the temperature is raised the molecules gain translational freedom, and at temperatures above 358 K isotropic molecular motion is identified as the only type of molecular motion. A model is proposed suggesting that the translational, isotropic motion is mainly caused by intracage, SII→SII jumps of the Fe(C5H5)2 molecules. Based on this model activation energies and diffusion coefficients were calculated from the NMR parameters. The molecular motion of intrazeolite Fe(C5H5)2 depends on the Si/Al ratio of the Na-faujasite host as well, being the highest for Na-faujasites with the lowest Si/Al ratio. The higher amount of sodium cations in the supercages probably causes a decrease in the energy barriers for site-to-site hopping. {¹H-}¹³C CP NMR experiments show that Co(C5H5)(CO)2 molecules get firmly fixed in the zeolite at 183 K. This observation enabled the study of the OC−Co−CO bite angle, ϕ, by use of ¹³C Hahn-echo NMR experiments on enriched Co(C5H5)(¹³CO)2. The presence of an inverted axially symmetric powder pattern with span, Ω, of 127 ppm and a second powder pattern with Ω = 287 ppm indicate changes in the bite angle.

The purpose of this experiment was to examine the interrelationships between CO2‐exchange rate (CER) and certain growth analysis variables in soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr.] plants. Soybean plants representing 16 cultivars were grown in a controlled environment chamber. At 22 and 29 days after planting, leaf area and dry weights of the leaves, supporting tissue, and roots were measured for each plant. From these data, the rate of vegetative growth (GR) was determined for each cultivar as well as leaf area growth rate (LAGR), specific leaf weight (SLW), and other growth analysis variables. At 28 days after planting, the CER per unit leaf area of the terminal leaflet of the second trifoliolate leaf was measured. The resistance to CO2diffusion was partitioned into boundary layer, stomatal, and mesophyll components. Gas exchange was measured independently for each leaf surface. Growth rate was negatively related to CER and SLW and positively related to LAGR. Furthermore, CER was positively and negatively related to SLW and LAGR, respectively. As the leaves increased in SLW and CER across the cultivars, their rate of area expansion decreased. Since GR was positively correlated with LAGR and negatively correlated with CER, it appears that increases in CER did not compensate for decreases in LAGR; consequently, differences in GR among the cultivars were detected.

An evaluation was made of leaf diffusive resistance and chlorophyll concentrations of dark green (normal) and pale green (chlorophyll deficient) phenotypes of a soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merrill] mutant when grown 10‐ and 30‐klux light intensities. When grown at the 10‐klux intensity the two leaf types had similar mesophyll and total CO2diffusive resistances and similar net photosynthetic rates per unit leaf area at normal ambient CO2concentrations (e.g., 300 µl/liter). Chloropyhll concentration of the pale green leaf was one‐fourth that of the dark green leaf. On a chlorophyll basis, rate of CO2fixation was four times faster in the pale green type than in the dark green type. The similarity in net photosynthetic rates per unit leaf area of the two phenotypes when grown at the 10‐klux light intensity was the result of (1) similar CO2diffusive resistances and (2) the ability of the photosynthetic apparatus of the pale green leaf to fix CO2as rapidly as that of the dark green leaf, in spite of a much lower amount of chlorophyll. When grown at the 30‐klux light intensity, chlorophyll concentration of the pale green phenotype progressively declined, to one‐tenth the amount at the 10‐klux intensity. Chlorophyll concentration of the dark green phenotype was not significantly affected by light intensity. Photosynthesis of the pale green leaf grown at the 30‐klux intensity became CO2saturated at concentrations well below 300 µl/liter. Therefore, light intensity during leaf growth strongly influenced the relative CO2assimilation rates of the dark green and pale green phenotypes.

Fischölkapseln werden von selbstmedizierenden Patienten in zunehmendem Maße eingenommen. Hier wurde der Frage nachgegangen, ob 22 kommerziell erhältliche Fischöl- und Lebertranzubereitungen Begleitsubstanzen enthalten, deren Menge unter Umständen nachteilig für den Patienten sein könnten. Gemessen wurden: Cholesterin mit der Gaschromatographie, Schwermetalle mittels Atomabsorption und Vitamin A mit der hochauflösenden Flüssigkeitschromatographie (HPLC). Sowohl der Cholesterin-als auch der Schwermetallgehalt lagen in unbedenklichen Bereichen. Der Vitamin-A-Gehalt von Lebertrankapseln wurde jedoch in Mengen gefunden, bei denen schwangere Frauen die Dosierungsempfehlungen der Hersteller nicht überschreiten sollten. Fish oil capsules are increasingly used by self-medicating patients. We studied 22 commercial fish oil and menhaden oil preparations in respect to accompanying substances that could be harmful. The substances measured were: cholesterol as determined by gas liquid chromatography, heavy metals measured by atomic absorption, and vitamin A as determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The contents of cholesterol and heavy metals were in ranges which can be regarded as negligible; the content of vitamin A in menhaden oils, however, was found in amounts which warrant that pregnant women do not exceed the dosage as recommended by the manufacturers.

A nondestructive indicator of instantaneous seed growth rate in soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr.] and other legumes would useful in studies of the physiology of seed growth. The responsiveness of soybean fruit respiration rate to whole plant environmental treatments known to affect photosynthate supply and seed growth was evaluated. Dark respiration (CO2efflux) rates of individual, intact soybean fruits at the mid‐pod‐filling stage were measured while manipulating photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) or ambient CO2concentration in growth chambers. The PAR levels employed were 450, 110, or 30 μmol m−2s−1and CO2concentrations were 300 or 150 μL L−1. Fruit respiration rate.began to decline within 24 h after plants were subjected to either decreased PAR or CO2concentration. After 2 to 3 days the response was complete and fruit respiration rate remained constant at a level determined by the treatment for an additional 4 days, the longest period evaluated. The respiratory response was rapidly reversible when either PAR or CO2concentration were returned to control levels. As PAR was lowered from 450 to 110 or 30 μmol m−2s−1, seed growth rate declined from 20.3 to 11.0 or 8.7 mg day−1fruit−1, respectively. Fruit respiration and seed growth were apparently responding to changes in photosynthate supply. The results indicate that in situ fruit respiration rate is responsive to changes in the physiological status of the plant and may be useful as an indicator of instantaneous seed growth rate in some situations.

The²³Na MAS and double rotation (DOR) NMR spectra of dehydrated zeolite NaY loaded with two molecules of Mo(CO)6 per supercage show three components distinguished by the corresponding quadrupole coupling constants (QCC). Sodium cations in the hexagonal prisms (SI sites) are characterized by a narrow Gaussian line with a QCC value close to zero. A second component with quadrupole coupling constants between 4.4 and 4.8 MHz is assigned to Na⁺ cations located in the sodalite cages, and the third component with QCC ranging between 2.2 and 2.8 MHz is due to sodium cations in the supercages interacting with Mo(CO)6. These sites are characterized by structural and/or dynamical disorder as observed by typical line shape properties. Adsorption of Mo(CO)6 in Y zeolites, where all Na⁺ cations in the supercages of NaY have been exchanged with NH4⁺ or H⁺, causes the sodium cations in the sodalite cages to migrate into the supercages in order to interact with the adsorbent. For the NH4⁺-exchanged sample, the anisotropic chemical shift parameters for ¹³C in Mo(CO)6 have been analyzed at ambient temperature. From the results a fast anisotropic local reorientation of Mo(CO)6 follows. The rotation is about a 3-fold axis of the octahedral complex. The octahedron is slightly elongated along the rotation axis by about 4° when it is located close to the sodium cations.

Growth analysis techniques were used to study components of dry matter accumulation in field soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merrill] communities at Lafayette, Ind. in 1968 and 1969. An analysis was made of dry matter accumulation in leaf, supporting, pod wall, and seed fractions, as well as the total aboveground portion of the crop. General approach with the 1968 data was to select mathematical functions which describe the dry weight and leaf area vs. time relationships and then to calculate, for each day during the growing season, instantaneous values of relative growth rate (RGR), crop growth rate (CGR), net assimilation rate (NAR), leaf area ratio (LAR), and the components of LAR. From the 1969 data, weekly mean RGR's and CGR's were calculated, using traditional growth analysis formulae. The RGR of each individual plant fraction steadily decreased, at a decreasing rate, as the season progressed, At any given time, the most recently initiated plant fraction had the greatest RGR. The CGR of each fraction rose to a peak and then declined. Growth rate of the leaf component peaked first, followed in sequence by supporting, pod wall, and seed components. Apparently due to late planting in 1968, there was a greater overlap of vegetative and seed growth than in 1969 when planting was earlier. Total aboveground RGR declined until early August, then rose to a secondary peak in mid‐August. At the same time, there also occurred a peak in total aboveground CGR. The increases in RGR and CGR during August are attributable to a concurrent increase in NAR. The increase in NAR is interpreted as a response of the photosynthetic apparatus to an increased demand for assimilates. The increased demand for assimilates was due to rapid growth of the seed fraction.

Leaf area (A) and leaf dry weight (LW) were determined throughout the growing season for lower, middle, and upper main stem segments and branches of a field soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merrill] community. The A/LW ratios were regressed on number of days after planting, using polynomial regression models. For the middle main‐stem segment, A was also regressed on LW. Mean seasonal A/LW decreased from the base to the top of the canopy. Mean A/LW of branches was higher than that of any main‐stem segment. The A/LW ralio of each main‐stem segment continually declined until just prior to leaf senescence. The trend subsequently reversed and A/LW increased rapidly during leaf abscission. The trend in A/LW of the branches differed in that there was an initial increase in A/LW, followed by a decline and then a second increase during leaf abscission. Due to time related changes in A/LW, models for the prediction of soybean leaf area from leaf weight should also include time as a variable if observations are made at different growth stages.

Abstract: Production of cement paste cylindrical specimens developed for creep tests at variable humidities and/or temperatures is described. The wall thickness is only 0.75 mm, which is required so that an equilibrium humidity distribution can be achieved in a short time with the result that the material parameters may be obtained directly by experiment.

Experiments were conducted in 1965 and 1966 at Madison, Wisconsin, to determine effects of row spacing and seeding rate on forage production and chemical composition of 'Piper' sudangrass and 'Sudax, SX‐11' a sorghumsudangrass hybrid, harvested three times at a height of 76 cm or twice at later stages. Row spacings were 17.8, 35.6 and 71.1 cm. Seeding rates were 8.4, 16.8 and 33.6 kg per ha in 1965 and 13.5, 26.9 and 53.8 kg per ha in 1966. Herbage yields were greater, nitrogen concentration lower, and lignin concentration higher under the two‐cut system. Yields of the cultivars were similar under three cuttings. Under two cuttings, SX‐11 outyielded Piper when both were harvested at the same morphological stage. However, since SX‐11 is later maturing, Piper's rate of forage production equalled or exceeded that of SX‐11 under both managements. Nitrogen concentration was higher and lignin concentration lower in SX‐11 at any given time. Forage yields in 17.8‐ and 35.6‐cm rows were similar and exceeded that of 71.1‐cm rows. Row spacing had little effect on chemical composition. Forage production increased as seeding rate increased, particularly in narrow rows. Under three cuttings only, nitrogen decreased and lignin increased at first harvest as seeding rate increased. Seeding rate had no significant effect on chemical composition at second harvest.

Several letters to the editor are presented in response to articles published in previous issues including an article on stock option plans in the February 1962 issue, another on industrial survival in a nuclear attack in the January 1962 issue, and another on the policies practiced at the U.S. Air Force Academy at Colorado Springs, Colorado in the same issue.

Earlier work indicated that pod removal from soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr.] led to increased stomatal dif. fusion resistance (r8) and reorientation of leaflets. In the present experiments, when rapidly growing pods were removed from growth chamber‐grown plants, diffusion porometer measurements showed that r8of the upper leaf surface doubled within 24 hours and plateaued at 48 hours at approximately four times the normal r8. Stomatal diffusion resistance of the lower leaf surface increased by a smaller amount. The extent of stomatal closure on both leaf surfaces was generally proportional to the number of pods removed. The stomatal response was similar when pods were removed from the stem above or below the test leaf. The stomatal response occurred in a leaf even though the pods at that particular node remained on the plant. In the field, depoddinlged to slightly greater increases in r8than in the growth chamber. In the growth chamber, leaflets of depodded plants rotated on their main axes to attain a near vertical orientation. Field‐grown plants did not exhibit a discernible leaflet reorientation following pod removal.

Under a pasture management system, quality of sudangrass forage at the initial harvest decreased as plant population increased. At the second harvest, forage quality improved as plant density increased. Moisture supply did not significantly affect forage quality at either harvest.

Growth analysis techniques were used to study components of dry matter accumulation within distinct strata of a field soybean [Glycline max(L.) Merrill] community at Lafayette, Indiana in 1968. An analysis was made of leaf area development and dry matter accmnulation in leaf, supporting, pod wall, and seed components of lower, middle, and upper main‐stem segments, and also the branches. Mathematical functions were selected to describe leaf area and dry weight vs. time relationships. Crop growth rate (CGR) and relative growth rate (RGR) were calculated for each plant fraction at each day of the growing season. The lower main‐stem segment produced the most leaf area. However, due to abscission of lower leaves, the middle main‐stem segment had the most leaf area by the time of rapid seed development. Approximately 36% of the total dry matter in lower and middle main‐stem segments and 47% of that in branch and upper main,stem segments was in the seed. In each segment, the leaf component was first to reach peak CGR. This was followed in sequence by supporting, pod wall, and seed components. The time interval between vegetative and seed development decreased toward the top of the plant, resulting in a greater overlap of vegetative and seed growth. Seed RGR did not vary due to position on the plant. Supply of assimilates, therefore, apparently limited seed growth to no greater extent at lower nodes than at upper nodes. In view of the decreased potential for photosynthesis toward the base of the soybean canopy, this suggests the occurrence of downward translocation of assimilates during pod filling. Seed growth rate appeared to be controlled primarily by regulatory mechanisms within the seed, rather than by external availability of assimilates.

This investigation tested the hypothesis that differences can exist among soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr.] cultivars in the accumulation rate of seed dry matter during the linear phase of seed growth. At West Lafayette, Ind., in 1971, the fruit of ‘Harosoy 63,’ ‘Beeson,’ ‘Calland,’ and ‘Kent’ cultivars was harvested at weekly or more frequent intervals from replicated, 1‐m row lengths. Sampling extended from soon after anthesis until past maturity. Seeds were separated from subsamples of the dried fruit. Growth rate of the seed component during the linear phase of seed growth was estimated by regressing seed weight on days from planting after eliminating nonlinear data. Seed numbers were also determined for three of the harvests. Contrary to results of an earlier study, seed growth rates differed significantly at the 5% level during the linear growth phase from 7.94 to 9.80 g m−2day−1. Seed numbers did not differ significantly among the cultivars, indicating that the individual seeds had different mean growth rates among the cultivars.

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.

Separation of the title compounds (IV) and (VIII) into the (M) and (P) enantiomers is achieved by liquid chromatography on triacetylcellulose.

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.

Summary 204 cases of blunt abdominal or thoracic trauma are presented, which were investigated by sonography for severe intra-abdominal or intrathoracic hemorrhage demanding urgent surgical intervention. In 202 patients bleeding of this kind was accurately diagnosed or excluded. Two cases were not evaluable. Thus peritoneal lavage was necessary in only 2 of 204 cases. The possibilities and limitations of the two techniques are compared.