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Alpha-enolase (ENO1), also known as 2-phospho-D-glycerate hydrolase, is a metalloenzyme that catalyzes the conversion of 2-phosphoglyceric acid to phosphoenolpyruvic acid in the glycolytic pathway. It is a multifunctional glycolytic enzyme involved in cellular stress, bacterial and fungal infections, autoantigen activities, the occurrence and metastasis of cancer, parasitic infections, and the growth, development and reproduction of organisms. This article mainly reviews the basic characteristics and biological functions of ENO1.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to theoretically investigate the thermal and hydrodynamic performance of the flow pattern of fluid in the charged jet. The flow pattern includes laminar flow in which all fluid layers move at different accelerated speeds, and shear forces between the fluid layers give rise to friction forces. This is a favorable condition for the parallel arrangement of the branches on polymer molecules. Design/methodology/approach – The dynamic mechanism of the flow pattern is conducted through analyzing the forces acting on the charged jet. The differential equation obtained in the analyzing process has the solution designating the laminar flow pattern of the fluid in the charged jet. Findings – The fluid in the charged jet flows in laminar pattern, which is favorable to the parallel arrangement of the branches on polymer molecules. Research limitations/implications – Although the flow pattern is conveyed by means of the simple condition of uniformly accelerated motion, it has the similar effect on the arrangement of the polymer molecules in general conditions, such as non-Newtonian fluids and non-uniformly accelerated motions. Originality/value – The laminar flow introduced by this paper to the charged jet implies anisotropic properties of the electrospun nanofibers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Aim: To investigate the therapeutic effects of different styles of gastric bypass surgery on type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) GK rats. Methods: Twenty 6–8-week-old male GK rats were randomly divided into four groups: group A was operated by Roux-en-Y gastrojejunostomy with duodenum exclusion and stomach capacity maintenance, group B was operated by loop-type gastrojejunostomy with duodenum exclusion and stomach capacity maintenance, group C was operated by Roux-en-Y gastrojejunostomy with partial gastrectomy, and group D was operated by loop-type gastrojejunostomy with partial gastrectomy. Changes of fasting blood glucose, oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), and insulin tolerance test (ITT) in different operations were detected. Results: The operations exerted good effects on controlling blood glucose in groups A, B, C, and D. There was no significant difference between groups A and C (P > 0.05) or between groups B and D (P > 0.05), while operations in groups A and C were more effective than groups B and D (P < 0.05). On the 21st day after surgery, OGTT in animals of groups A and C was significantly improved, as indicated by a 34% reduction in the area under the curve (AUC) for blood glucose (P < 0.05 versus groups B and D); pregavage insulin levels (ng/ml) were significantly decreased in groups A and C (P < 0.05 versus groups B and D). The insulin tolerance test (ITT) confirmed impaired insulin sensitivity in groups B and D, compared with groups A and C. Conclusions: Gastric bypass surgery might be effective to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and Roux-en-Y gastrojejunostomy might be more effective than other operative styles.

Defluorination of 1-fluoronaphthalene was catalyzed by CpTiCl3 and an alkyl Grignard reagent system. The reaction of 1-fluoronaphthalene, however, with 3 equiv of phenethylmagnesium chloride in the presence of a catalytic amount of transition metal catalysts afforded 1-(1-phenethyl)naphthalene in good yield via isomerization of the phenethyl group. Among the examined catalysts, CpTiCl3 and TaCl5 showed much higher activity than the others. The similar coupling reactions of phenethylmagnesium chloride with substituted fluoroarenes proceeded with high regioselectivity at the para-position to produce the corresponding 1-phenethylarenes in good yields.

The evolution characteristics of quantum state fidelity in an interacting system of single-mode light field and atomic Bose-Einstein condensate have been studied and the influence of the initial light field intensity and the interaction among atoms of Bose-Einstein condensate on the quantum state fidelity respectively have been discussed.

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Nickel foams were used as catalysts to dissociate acetylene and deposit carbon atoms. Graphite nanofibers with distinct structures were developed at 550 °C with nickel foams pretreated with hydrogen. HREM observations showed that the graphite layers of the nanofibers were aligned at a certain angle to the fiber axis. It is suggested that hydrogen treatment and metal catalysts have a tremendous impact on the yields and microstructures of the graphite nanofibers. The growth mechanism of these fish-bone graphite nanofibers is also discussed.

Summary. Models to depict the tapering of a tree bole abound in the literature of forest science, and such models are widely used in forestry practice. One important use is the integration of a taper equation to predict the volume of the tree bole. The statistical properties of volume prediction from an integrated taper equation have been obscure. Based on the statistical characteristics of a taper model for the bole's cross‐sectional area, we derive the first two moments of the volume predictor and the prediction error. Bias from the integration is nil. The importance of a reasonable model of the error structure is demonstrated.

One-pot synthesis of cyclohexene derivatives from two alkynes and one maleic acid derivative could be achieved. Two alkynes were treated with [Cp2ZrBu2] to give zirconacyclopentadienes. Addition of 2 equiv of H2O followed by the reaction with maleic anhydride at 100 °C in toluene for 12 h afforded the cyclohexene derivatives in high yields. The corresponding titanacyclopentadiene did not give the desired product under the same conditions. In the case of Hf, only 8% of the product was obtained. Dienylzirconocene, which could be prepared by the addition of one equiv of EtOH or t-BuOH to the zirconacyclopentadiene, also reacted with maleic anhydride to give the cyclohexene derivative in 82 and 62% yield, respectively.

Neuronal apoptosis inhibitor proteins (NAIPs) are members of Nod-like receptor (NLR) protein family. Recent research demostrated that some NAIP genes were strongly associated with both innate immunity and many inflammatory diseases in humans. However, no similar phenomena have been reported in other mammals. Furthermore, some NAIP genes have undergone pseudogenization or have been lost during the evolution of some higher mammals. We therefore aimed to determine if functional divergence had occurred, and if natural selection had played an important role in the evolution of these genes. The results showed that NAIP genes have undergone pseudogenization and functional divergence, driven by positive selection. Positive selection has also influenced NAIP protein structure, resulting in further functional divergence.

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.