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The eye, as a specialized visual organ, is directly exposed to the external environment, and, therefore, it faces constant challenges from external pathogenic organisms and toxins. In the ocular mucosa (OM) of mammals, mucosal-associated lymphoid tissues (MALTs) constitute the primary line of defense. However, the immune defense role of the OM remains unknown in aquatic vertebrates. To gain insights into the immune processes within the OM of teleost fish, we developed an infection model of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) OM using a parasite, Ichthyophthirius multifiliis(Ich). Immunofluorescence, qPCR, and H&E staining revealed that Ich successfully infiltrates the OM of rainbow trout, leading to pathological structural changes, as evidenced by A&B staining. Importantly, the qPCR results indicate an up-regulation of immune-related genes following Ich infection in the OM. Moreover, transcriptome analyses were conducted to detect immune responses and impairments in eye function within the OM of rainbow trout with Ich infection. The results of the transcriptome analysis that Ich infection can cause an extensive immune response in the OM, ultimately affecting ocular function. To the best of our knowledge, our findings represent for the first time that the teleost OM could act as an invasion site for parasites and trigger a strong mucosal immune response to parasitic infection.

Surface defect passivation, which plays a vital role in achieving high-efficiency perovskite solar cells (PSCs) in a spin-coating process, is rarely compatible with a printing process. Currently, printing PSCs with high efficiency remains a challenge, as only a few laboratories realized an efficiency of over 20%. In this work, zwitterionic compounds 2-hydroxyethyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (HETACl) and butyltrimethylammonium chloride (BTACl) were introduced, both of which can spontaneously adsorb on the surface perovskite and form an ultrathin passivation layer by a dip coating method. The complex formed by the strong interaction of HETACl with MAI on the surface of the perovskite film leads to the formation of a rough perovskite surface, which affects the enhancement of device performance. BTACl with a chemically inert side chain induces a weak interaction with the perovskite. It is demonstrated that BTACl not only passivates surface defects of the perovskite but also heals the grain boundaries and results in more uniform crystallizations. Finally, PSCs upon BTACl treatment were blade-coated in an ambient environment with a relative humidity of <50%, which produced a champion efficiency of 20.5% with negligible hysteresis, and the active area of the cell device was 0.095 cm2. After being stored in air for 30 days, unencapsulated PSCs treated with BTACl retained 95% of their initial efficiency, which is far superior to that of the control and those treated with HETACl.

A highly efficient construction of chiral γ-substituted α-allyl-α,β-butenolides with up to >99% enantiomeric excess from readily available allylic ynoates is realized. In this asymmetric gold catalysis, the cationic gold(I) catalyst featuring a bifunctional phosphine ligand enables a four-step cascade which permits the conversion of a diverse array of allylic ynoates into valuable chiral α,γ-disubstituted α,β-butenolides.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of dietary Bacillus cereussupplementation on the growth performance, serum biochemistry, intestinal health, and Nrf2 and TLR/NF-κB signaling pathways of juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). Four different concentrations of B. cereusin the feed were prepared: 0 (control group), 2×107CFU/g, 4×109CFU/g, and 8×1011CFU/g. Each group had three replicates, and each replicate was fed 20 juvenile coho salmon (initial body weight = 128.78 ± 5.75 g) for 10 weeks. Results showed that the addition of B. cereusto the weight gain rate, specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio, protein efficiency ratio, crude protein, and expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1B, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione S-transferase, glutathione-disulfide reductase, superoxide dismutase, catalase, toll like receptor 3 (TLR3), TLR7, heat shock protein family A member 8 (Hsp70), lysozyme, complement C3, nuclear factor NF-kappa-B, tumor necrosis factor, transforming growth factor beta, interferon gamma, interleukin-1 beta, interleukin-6, and interleukin-8 genes, as well as serum physiological and biochemical and liver antioxidant enzyme activity indicators, were significantly affected (P< 0.05). It could effectively improve the intestinal structure, intestinal flora, and function. However, the survival rate did not significantly differ among the groups (P> 0.05). In conclusion, the addition of B. cereusat a concentration of 4×109CFU/g to diets can effectively promote the growth of juvenile coho salmon, enhance antioxidant and immune capabilities, and improve intestinal health.

The high density of defects in MAPbI3perovskite films brings about severe carrier nonradiative recombination loss, which lowers the performance of MAPbI3-based perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Here, methylamine cyanate (MAOCN) molecules were introduced into MAPbI3solutions to manipulate the crystallizatsion of the MAPbI3films. MAOCN molecules can slow down the volatilization rate of the solvent and delay the crystallization process of the MAPbI3film. The crystal quality of the MAPbI3films is effectively optimized without an additive residue. Perovskite films treated by MAOCN have lower defect density and longer carrier lifetime, which lowers the carrier recombination loss. Meanwhile, the MAPbI3film based on MAOCN has a more hydrophobic surface. The final MAPbI3-based device efficiency reached 21.28% (VOC= 1.126 V, JSC= 23.29 mA/cm2, and FF = 81.13). After 30 days of storage under atmospheric conditions, the efficiency of unencapsulated MAOCN-based PSCs only dropped by about 5%.

A 10-week growth trial was carried out to study the impact of dietary manganese (Mn) level on growth, tissue Mn content and anti-oxidative capacity of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) post-smolts (186.51 ± 1.43 g). Six iso-nitrogenous (42.40% Protein) and iso-lipidic (10.27% Lipid) purified diets based on casein-gelatin were formulated to contain varied graded (MnSO4·H2O as a Mn source) levels of 0.40, 9.50, 16.80, 25.80, 33.40 and 41.20 Mn mg/kg. Fish were reared in a freshwater flow-through rearing system and fed to apparent satiation 3 times daily. No significant effects were found on the survival rate, morphological indices, whole-body proximate composition (p > .05) among the groups. However, higher dietary Mn supplementation level than 25.80 mg/kg improved the growth performance, increased the deposition of Mn in whole-body and vertebral, improved hepatic digestive enzyme activity, enhanced anti-oxidative enzyme activities, and decreased the malondialdehyde content in liver and serum (p < .05). Hepatic and serum total antioxidant capacity, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, total superoxide dismutase, Mn-superoxide dismutase and catalase activities were enhanced with increasing level of dietary Mn, and then stabilized when dietary Mn level up to 25.80 mg/kg. Using the cubic analysis (based on specific growth rate and feed conversion ratio), the optimal dietary Mn levels were 33.25 and 29.55 mg/kg, respectively. Using the broken-line analysis (based on the deposition of Mn, Mn-superoxide dismutase in liver and serum), the dietary Mn requirements of coho salmon post-smolts were estimated to be 24.52, 26.34, 24.74 and 26.05 mg/kg, respectively.

An efficient gold-catalyzed hydroarylation of alkynes under soft reaction conditions is developed by utilizing a bifunctional ligand. This transformation features a broad substrate scope and thus exhibits moderate to excellent efficiency.

Inverted perovskite solar cells (PSCs) with a C60framework are known for their common drawback of low power conversion efficiency (PCE) of <20% because of nonradiative recombination and inefficient charge transport at their perovskite interfaces. Here, we report an ultrathin [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) as a cap layer on perovskite films to overcome this issue. Such a functional cap layer efficiently passivates trap states and establishes a gradient energy level alignment onto perovskite, facilitating the efficient charge transfer and extraction. The as-fabricated inverted PSCs capped with such ultrathin PCBM exhibit a record PCE of 20.07%. After the storage under a N2atmosphere for more than 500 h, the PCE of PSCs retains over 85% of its initial level. Our work provides an effective method to upgrade inverted PSCs with the C60framework with improved efficiency and stability.

Numerous fabrication methods have been developed for high-efficiency perovskite solar cells (PSCs). However, these are limited to spin-coating processes in a glove box and are yet to be commercialized. Therefore, there is a need to develop a controllable and scalable deposition technique that can be carried out under ambient conditions. Even though the doctor-blade coating technique has been widely used to prepare PSCs, it is yet to be applied to high-efficiency PSCs under ambient conditions (RH∼45%, RT∼25 °C). In this study, we conducted blade-coating fabrication of modified high-efficiency PSCs under such conditions. We controlled the substrate temperature to ensure phase transition of perovskite and added dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) to the perovskite precursor solution to delay crystallization, which can facilitate the formation of uniform perovskite films by doctor-blade coating. The as-prepared perovskite films had large crystal domains measuring up to 100 µm. Solar cells prepared from these films exhibited a current density that was enhanced from 17.22 to 19.98 mA/cm2and an efficiency that was increased from 10.98% to 13.83%. However, the open-circuit voltage was only 0.908 V, probably due to issues with the hole-transporting layer. Subsequently, we replaced poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) with NiOxas the hole-transporting material and then prepared higher-quality perovskite films by blade-coating under ambient conditions. The as-prepared perovskite films were preferably orientated and had large crystal domains measuring up to 200 µm; The open-circuit voltage of the resulting PSCs was enhanced from 0.908 to 1.123 V, while the efficiency increased from 13.83% to 15.34%.

This study investigated the effects of dietary supplementation with the probiotic Bacillus pumiluson coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). A total of 360 juvenile fish, with an average initial weight of 130.75 ± 1.33 g, were randomly assigned to four treatment groups, each with three replicates of 30 fish. The fish were then fed for 70 days using formulated diets containing four concentrations of B. pumilus: 0 (control group), 2 × 106, 4 × 108, and 8 × 1010CFU/g. We then evaluated growth, nutrient metabolism, immune-related serum biochemical markers, enzyme activity, gene expression, and muscle composition. Additionally, we assessed intestinal histology and microbiota composition. Our findings revealed that B. pumilussignificantly improved growth, protein and fat metabolism, and immune function compared to the control group. It also had a positive effect on the structure and function of the intestinal microbiota. The group receiving 4 × 108CFU/g showed the greatest improvements. Overall, B. pumilusappears to be a promising probiotic for enhancing the health and performance of coho salmon in aquaculture.

High-efficiency hole transport layer free perovskite solar cells (HTL-free PSCs) with economical and simplified device structure can greatly facilitate the commercialization of PSCs. However, eliminating the key HTL in PSCs results usually in a severe efficiency loss and poor carrier transfer due to the energy-level mismatching at the indium tin oxide (ITO)/perovskite interface. In this study, we solve this issue by introducing an organic monomolecular layer (ML) to raise the effective work function of ITO with the assistance of an interface dipole created by Sn–N bonds. The energy-level alignment at the ITO/perovskite interface is optimized with a barrier-free contact, which favors efficient charge transfer and suppressed nonradiative carrier recombination. The HTL-free PSCs based on the ML-modified ITO yield an efficiency of 19.4%, much higher than those of HTL-free PSCs on bare ITO (10.26%), comparable to state-of-the-art PSCs with a HTL. This study provides an in-depth understanding of the mechanism of interfacial energy-level alignment and facilitates the design of advanced interfacial materials for simplified and efficient PSC devices.

A novel radical-involved alkene difunctionalization catalyzed by the copper/B2pin2system has been developed, leading to the difluoroalkylation–thiolation of aryl alkenes. The use of B2pin2as an organic reductant enables the simultaneous installation of a C(sp3)–C(F2R) bond and a C(sp3)–S(R) bond across the C═C bond of aryl alkenes by utilizing two electrophilic reactants. The reaction exhibits broad substrate scope, excellent diastereoselectivity, and moderate to good yields. Moreover, the reaction can be conducted on a gram scale with good yield achieved.

Although great efforts have been devoted to enhancing the efficiency and stability of perovskite solar cells (PSCs), the performance of PSCs has been far lower than anticipated. Interface engineering is helpful for obtaining high efficiency and stability through control of the interfacial charge transfer in PSCs. This paper demonstrates that the efficiency and stability of PSCs can be enhanced by introducing stable α-CsPbI3quantum dots (QDs) as an interface layer between the perovskite film and the hole transport material (HTM) layer. By synergistically controlling the valence band position (VBP) of the perovskite and the interface layer, an interface engineering strategy was successfully used to increase the efficiency of hole transfer from the perovskite to the HTM layer, resulting in the power conversion efficiency increasing from 15.17 to 18.56%. In addition, the enhancement of the stability of PSCs can be attributed to coating inorganic CsPbI3QDs onto the perovskite layer, which have a high moisture stability and result in long-term stability of the PSCs in ambient air. Researchers have used tiny inorganic crystals known as quantum dots to engineer improved moisture resistance and enhanced power conversion into low-cost solar cells. Perovskites, a family of crystals that includes methylammonium lead tri-iodide, can be easily assembled into photovoltaic devices that harvest sunlight nearly as well as silicon. Baomin Xu and Chun Cheng from China’s Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, and co-workers report a solar cell containing cesium–lead–iodine quantum dots inserted between a perovskite film and an organic conducting material. The dots introduce new electronic states that improve extraction of photogenerated charge. They also migrate through pores in the perovskite film to form a water-repelling surface layer. This strategy enabled the team to operate the device with high efficiency for over a month in humid conditions that normally degrade perovskite films. Due to the matching energy level of CsPbI3quantum dots and perovskite layer, the efficiency of perovskite solar cells was substantially enhanced from 15.17% to 18.56% by introducing CsPbI3quantum dots as interface engineering layer. Moreover, perovskite solar cells with CsPbI3QDs maintained 82% of its initial performance for 30 days at over 30% RH without any encapsulation.

Excess PbI2can improve the efficiency of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). However, it usually leads to poor cell stability due to the chemically active nature of PbI2. Improving the stability of PbI2-rich perovskite solar cells without scarifying the efficiency remains challenging. In this work, it is found that the non-uniform and multiple nucleation of perovskite induces crystallographic disorders at grain boundaries (GBs) of PbI2-rich perovskite. These disorders working as the n-type shallow dopant reduces the energy barrier for photogenerated electrons to reach GBs, triggering the decomposition of excess PbI2there. Therefore, the instability of PbI2-rich PSCs is related with the remote coupling of excess PbI2with the disorders at GBs. In light of this finding, we introduced a small amount (0.5 mol%) of CdI2into precursor solution to optimize the crystallization of PbI2-rich perovskite, and finally achieved a trade-off between efficiency and stability in PbI2-rich PSCs. The optimized PSCs with 10 mol% excess PbI2(PC-Device) achieved a champion efficiency of 24.26% at the bandgap 1.55 eV with robust stability. PC-Devices maintain more than 90% of the initial efficiency after being stressed under UV light in ambient with a relative humidity of 50% for 500 h, and 70% under heat at 85˚C for 400 h, both of which are far superior to the pristine PbI2-rich solar cells.

Methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI3) perovskite has emerged as a dazzling nova in the solar cell realm. However, the robustness or stability of the material exposed to different ambiences is a key issue. In this paper, resonance Raman spectroscopy is combined with surface and bulk crystal characterizations to interpret the oxygen intercalation phenomenon on the surface of MAPbI3. We observe that oxygen can intercalate into the frameworks of MAPbI3with the assistance of laser excitation. By lowering down the pressure in the experimental chamber, the intercalated oxygen can be readily removed. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction characterizations suggest that Pb–O bonds are mainly formed on the surface of MAPbI3but are constrained to avoid the formation of PbO compound. The quantum chemical calculation based on density functional theory supports the above conclusions. The understanding of oxygen intercalation in MAPbI3shall benefit the improvement of stability of the important solar cell materials.