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To investigate the effect of APOE 4 on different cognitive domains in a population of Greek patients with multiple sclerosis (MS).

Zusammenfassung Die superfizielle Siderose des zentralen Nervensystems ist eine seltene, jedoch zunehmend häufiger diagnostizierte Erkrankung, die im Vollbild—wie auch im Fall der hier vorgestellten Kasuistik—durch beidseitige Taubheit, schwere zerebelläre Ataxie mit Pyramidenbahnbeteiligung und selten auch durch Myelopathie und Demenz gekennzeichnet ist. Als Ursache wird eine chronische Subarachnoidalblutung angesehen, die zu einer eindrucksvoll in den T2*-Gradienten-Echo-Sequenzen der Magnetresonanztomographie sichtbaren subpialen und subleptomenigealen Hämosiderinablagerung sowie auch zu einem blutigen oder xanthochromen Liquor führt. Tumoren, vaskuläre Missbildungen, Meningozelen, neurochirurgische Eingriffe, Verletzungen, Medikation mit Antikoagulanzien und Vaskulitis sind als Blutungsursachen beschrieben. Die Blutungsquelle bleibt jedoch fast in der Hälfte der Fälle ungewiss. Die frühest mögliche Diagnosestellung aufgrund der typischen Symptomkonstellation, des charakteristischen MRT- und Liquorbefundes könnte für den Verlauf dieses schwer behindernden Krankheitszustandes von Entscheidung sein.

The effects of a 12-week endurance training programme (treadmill) upon the passive and the noradrenaline-activated properties of the aorta were studied in 15 trained and 24 sedentary rats. Aortic compliance was studied by measuring the length-tension curves of rings of the descending aorta without (passive properties) and with noradrenaline (noradrenaline activated) in a bubbling Krebs bath kept at a temperature of 37°. The training effect on aortic volume compliance was studied by transforming the tension-length curves into a cross-sectional area-pressure curve according to Laplace's law. The noradrenaline responsiveness was studied by the dose-effect curve. The mechanical data were correlated with the results of a histomorphometric study which measured the aortic wall thickness and the percentages and amounts of elastic, connective and muscle components. Passive aortic compliance and volume compliance were higher in endurance-trained rats whose tunica media presented a lower percentage of collagen and a larger amount of elastic tissue. The dose-effect curve showed that the maximal aortic response to noradrenaline was stronger in trained rats but that the half maximal effective dose was not different. As a consequence, the length-tension curves of the noradrenaline fully activated aorta were similar in trained and sedentary rats except at the highest tensions where collagen is the main factor determining aortic stiffness. The increased noradrenaline response in trained rats was probably the result of the hypertrophy of the smooth muscle cells as maximal active strain (Newtons per square metre) was similar in trained and sedentary rats.