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The author juxtaposes two extreme approaches to the relationship between consciousness and the physical world: phenomenological-idealistic (represented by Edmund Husserl) and radically naturalistic (represented by Paul Churchland). These two positions are interpreted in terms of opposite if symmetrical types of reduction (on the one hand, the reduction of the world to a sense for consciousness, and on the other hand, the reduction of consciousness to an element of the physical world). They emerge as two ways of abstracting from the ambivalence of ordinary experience, in which consciousness and the physical world are both mutually entangled and non-identical with each other. In conclusion, the author argues that contemporary philosophy, which follows both the idealistic and the naturalistic path, fails to solve the problem of this relationship.

Ethylcellulose polymer was used as a coating material in the preparation of controlled release fertilizers. The materials have been prepared with the use of an immersion method. The mass ratio of polymer to fertilizer was in the range of 0.165–0.285 and the layer thickness was in the range of 204–244 μm. Mechanical properties of the prepared materials were significantly better in comparison with the initial fertilizer. Measurements of time and the degree of release of mineral components from the obtained materials were determined with a standard method. Ethylcellulose-coated materials have met the requirements of controlled release fertilizers.

This paper presents the results of studies on the preparation of cellulosic membranes, from a solution in 1-ethyl-3- methylimidazolium acetate (EMIMAc), using the phase inversion method. Initially, the membranes were obtained by coagulation of the polymer film in water and primary alcohols (methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, 1-butanol, 1-pentanol), 1-hexanol, 1-octanol) resulting in membranes with significantly differing morphologies. Subsequently, composite membranes were produced, with the support layer being a membrane with the largest pores, and the skin layer a membrane with smaller pores. The resulting membranes were tested for physicochemical and transport properties. The morphology of the membrane surfaces and their cross-sections were investigated by using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The structure of the membranes, on the other hand, was investigated by FTIR spectroscopy and WAXS structural analysis.

Hip fractures are often considered to be one of the most common osteoporotic fractures. In our previous study, we noted the increasing trend in the total number of hip fractures as well as crude and standardized rates, for both women and men. This observation enabled us to delve deeper into the study of osteoporotic fractures. Hospital records between 1.01.2002 and 31.12.2014 with ICD-10 codes S72.0. S72.1 and S72.2 (femoral neck. intertrochanteric, subtrochanteric, and inter and subtrochanteric fracture) were analysed. All fractures occurred in citizens who lived in the district Tarnowskie Góry and the city of Piekary Śląskie aged 50 years and more. 1507 fragility hip fractures (400 in men, and 1107 in women) were registered. The rates increase in both sexes was still observed. The tendency to sustain fractures was lower in female (29.3%) than in the male population (63.6%). We observed a lower increase in urban (35.8%) population when compared to rural (40.8%) population. Incidence rate ratios for female gender were 1.89 (95% CI 1.65–2.18). The rates in 2014 were as follows: crude rate of 216.2 (men 140.9; women 276.5) and standardized 183.9 (131.6 and 219.4, respectively). This observation allowed as to project a total crude rate of 467.2 (men 329.6; women 584.7) for the year 2050. The number of osteoporotic hip fractures in Polish men and women is still relatively low, but the epidemiological situation is getting worse. The over 13 years of follow-up demonstrated that the trend to increase in total number of hip fractures for men and women is still observed. This prognosis is of a major concern.

Patients with hip fractures present a great challenge for surgeons due to multimorbidity, polypharmacy as well as difficulty in communicating. These could be attributed to a recent trend in the aging patient population (80 years and older) as compared to the past. The aim of this study is to analyze age structure and location in male and female patients’ population with hip fracture over 50. Hospital records between 2005 and 2014 with ICD-10 codes S72,0, S72,1 and S72,2 were included in the analysis. All fractures occurred in citizen aged 50 years and over living in the district of Tarnowskie Góry and the city of Piekary Śląskie in Poland. Within the study period, 1258 hip fractures were registered. The mean age of the patients was higher every year, starting from 77.27 ± 9.52 in 2005 to 80.80 ± 9.65 years in 2014 (p< 0.01). The average age also increased in both gender groups from 73.85 ± 8.30 to 77.89 ± 9.52 years in male and from 78.14 ± 9.66 to 81.98 ± 9.49 years in female, respectively. The median age value was changed from 78.00 to 83.00 years in the total population. We noted a significant increase in female with trochanteric fracture; however, the level of neck fracture was almost the same. In men, crude rates for both trochanteric and cervical fractures slightly increased. As the age of patients increases, fractures were shown to be more complicated. Given the scale of the phenomenon and its determinants, we emphatically conclude orthogeriatrics is needed in Poland.

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AbstractThe objective of the described tests was to determine the impact of selected activators and inhibitors on the efficiency of removing mixtures of haloacetic acids (HAAs) from water. The tests were conducted in the bioreactor equipped with an ultrafiltration polyacrylonitrile membrane with native and immoblised enzymes. The scope of tests included three series of measurements for reference waters, where each acid (monochloroacetic acid—MCAA, dichloroacetic acid—DCAA, trichloroacetic acid—TCAA, monobromoacetic acid—MBAA, and dibromoacetic acid—DBAA) was mixed with another acid. The mixtures with HAA concentrations within the range from 0.01 to 0.005 mmol/dm3varied in their qualitative and quantitative composition. The obtained test results led to the conclusions that three of five tested acids were competitive inhibitors—MCAA and MBAA for DCAA, TCAA and DBAA, and DCAA for TCAA and DBAA. Such a regularity was observed for both native and immobilised enzymes. The catalytic activity of native enzymes was higher by ca. 38%, compared to immobilised enzymes. However, immobilised biocatalysts were far less prone to the impact of inhibitors. It was noticed that Cl−, , Mg2+, Zn2+, Ca2+, and Fe3+ions had no effect on the activity of applied enzymes, both in the case of native and immobilised enzymes. Only a slight increase (by ca. 3–4%) in the catalytic activity of enzymes was observed in both cases in the presence of Mn2+.

Study aim: To determine the content of the main groups of fatty acids in pastries, confectionery, and potato products, paying special attention to transfatty acids and the products of fat oxidation and hydrolysis, as factors affecting the safety of consumption.Methods: A total of 157 products were collected in Poland in 2009–2010. In fats extracted from samples, products of oxidation and hydrolysis were assayed using peroxide (PV), anisidine (AnV), and acid (AV) values. The fatty acid (FA) composition, especially the transFAs (TFAs) content, was determined by gas chromatography. When assessing the TFA intake, Household Budget Surveys were considered.Results: Highest content of fat was found for wafers with filling and crisps (32.3% and 29.3%, respectively). In 4 out of 9 groups of pastry and confectionery products studied, the quality of fat was decreased due to an excessive oxidation, as evidenced by a substantial content of secondary products of fat oxidation. The extracted fat was rich in SFA (on average, 50 g SFA/100 g FA) except fries and mixes. A great diversity of TFA content in fat of the products was found (0.1–24.8 g TFA/100 g FA). Wafers were characterized by the highest average content of TFA in the group of pastries (1.94 g TFA/100 g of product). Products of natural origin supplied 0.496 g of TFA per day, and those of industrial origin supplied about 1.5 g.Conclusions: The average TFA consumption, about 2 g/day, does not seem to affect health. However, an excessive consumption of pastry and confectionery products may present a risk, due not only to TFA but also to a high consumption of toxic secondary oxidation lipid products. Moreover, because 75% of TFAs in the diet were isomers of industrial origin, their further limitation and monitoring of their level in food seems highly recommendable.

W artykule poruszono kwestię komunikacji wewnętrznej w systemie bibliotecznoinformacyjnym AGH. Opisano niektóre formy komunikowania się pomiędzy pracownikami Oddziału Opracowania Zbiorów BG AGH (OOZ) a bibliotekarzami sieci odpowiedzialnymi za opracowanie zbiorów w swoich bibliotekach w aspekcie tworzenia wspólnej bazy katalogowej. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the project was to analyze the gene expression profile in laryngeal carcinoma, having in mind a search for new molecular markers for that carcinoma.

The purpose of this study was the attempt to determine the influence of character and average particle size of fatliquoring emulsion on the chosen properties of leather (especially leather softness). The results of these determinations were used to selection of the fatliquoring composition. The range of this work was following: The selection of fatliquoring composition was done on the basis of the results of the particle size of emulsion of single fatliquoring agent .Determination of particle size of water emulsion of fatliquoring compositions and determination of their stability by using laser spectrometer. Analysis IR of fatliquoring compositions. Determination of the composition of fatty acids of using fats. The manner of fatliquoring process with using given fatliquoring compositions. The research of leather after fatliquoring process (softness, the content of water, determination of disconnected fat in the leather and determination of water vapour permeability of leathers) were done. On the basis of the conduced research of fatliquered leathers, the best effect has been noticed for the leather treated the fatliquoring composition with synthetic and modified fatliquoring agents and natural fats with the addition of silicone oil and with softeners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dyskusja obejmująca poglądy na temat przyczynowego lub protekcyjnego wpływu narażenia na alergeny zwierząt w odniesieniu do astmy oskrzelowej znajduje odzwierciedlenie w praktyce klinicznej, przy czym zalecenia w tej mierze są zwykle formułowane po rozpoznaniu astmy u dziecka. Niezależnie od treści zaleceń ich egzekwowanie w praktyce jest sprawą indywidualną, zależną od decyzji rodziców dziecka, u którego rozpoznano astmę.

Strains and defects due to deposition of layered GaN/AlGaN heteroepitaxial structures generated both in α-sapphire substrates and the layers were studied by X-ray high-resolution diffraction and diffuse scattering. Dislocation loops in α-sapphire were identified by calculations of diffuse-scattering intensity in the reciprocal-space maps. (© 2006 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

The purpose of the present study was to determine in vitrothe effect of sodium azide, ethanol, trans-β-carotene, and the reduced form of glutathione on phototransformations in the lens crystallin. These photostabilizers show a specific affinity for different kinds of free radicals. The water-soluble protein from the cortical part of the eye was irradiated with doses of UV C ranging from 0 to 4.07 J/cm2. Changes in the structure of the crystallins have been monitored by steady-state absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy. Irradiation of dialyzed samples of these proteins at a wavelength of 254 nm (1.13 ± 0.02 mW/cm2) caused photooxidation of aromatic residues; the crystallin solutions became opaque and turbid. The samples displayed increasing attenuance at a wavelength of 280 nm as photodamage proceeded. The fluorescence of tryptophan at 333 nm systematically decreased and a new band between 400 and 500 nm appeared during the UV C irradiation. Our results show that the antioxidants can protect proteins from UV C-induced photodegradation and the protective effect is significantly dependent on their concentration in the protein solution. There are no dramatic differences in the rates of exogenous and endogenous scavenging of generated free radicals for all concentrations used, with rate constants varying by a factor no greater than 2. The mechanism and the rate of scavenging or quenching are dependent on the nature of the radical species and the photostabilizer structure. Although this study provides evidence for free radical scavenging and protein protection, extrapolations to possible antioxidant effects in vivomust be made cautiously.

Abstract: Serum levels of gastrointestinal cancer antigen (GICA) and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) were determined in 167 patients with colorectal carcinoma. Eighty-eight patients were studied preoperatively, and 79 postoperatively, before, at the time of, and after the diagnosis of relapse. The authors aimed to assess how often the GICA test failed,i.e., was false-negative in patients in whom the CEA test was true-positive and, more importantly, whether it could give diagnostic information in patients in whom the CEA test failed. Before surgery, serum GICA gave similar information to serum CEA in 56 percent of the patients: true-positive in 18 percent and false-negative in 38 percent; less information in 42 percent; and more information in only 2 percent. During the postoperative follow-up, serum GICA gave similar information to serum CEA in 55 percent of the patients: true-positive (i.e., rising persistently from a postoperative nadir) in 27 percent and falsenegative in 28 percent; less information in 44 percent; and more information in only 1 percent. Therefore, this test in its present version, where both the catcher and the tracer antibody are the same, NS 19-9, is redundant.