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Pflegende Externa genießen den Ruf, bei irritativen Einflüssen auf die Haut eine therapeutische sowie schützende Wirkung zu haben. Leider ist bei vielen Externa eine Überprüfung dieses Anspruches entweder gar nicht, oder nur ungenügend durchgeführt worden. Mit dem vorgestellten Testdesign wird versucht, am Beispiel einer Hautpflegecreme aufzuzeigen, ob ein Halbseitenversuch geeignet ist, die Eigenschaften eines Produktes (eher Hautschutz- oder Hautregenerationscreme) herauszuarbeiten. An 30 hautgesunden Probanden wurde ein Waschversuch mit Natriumlaurylsulfat an beiden Unterarmen durchgeführt. Eine Gruppe (15 Probanden) cremte sich 30 Minuten vor der Waschung einen Unterarm ein, und die andere Gruppe cremte sich 30 Minuten nach der Waschung einen Unterarm ein. Der andere Unterarm wurde in beiden Gruppen nicht eingecremt. Es zeigte sich bei den eingecremten Unterarmen eine geringere Schädigung der Wasserpermeabilitätsbarriere (evaluiert durch Messung des TEWL) sowie eine höhere Hautfeuchtigkeit als an dem nicht behandelten Arm. Die Behandlung nachder Waschung war dabei deutlich effektiver als die vorder Waschung. Mit diesem Testdesign ist es demnach möglich, den Unterschied zwischen dem protektiven und dem regenerativen Effekt eines Externums herauszuarbeiten. Die untersuchte Hautpflegecreme zeigte im Wesentlichen eine regenerative Wirkung.

One hundred seventy adult patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) or acute undifferentiated leukemia (AUL) were entered into a prospective multicenter therapy trial at 25 hospitals. The aim of the trial was to improve remission duration by using a modified form of an intensified induction regimen that was successful in childhood ALL, to define immunologic subtypes of ALL by use of cell-surface markers, and to extract other possible prognostic factors. The overall complete remission rate was 77.8%. The median overall survival time was 26 months, being 4 months for nonresponders and 32 months for responders. The median remission duration for the 126 patients with complete remission was 20 months. Prognosticatly favorable factors for remission duration were response to chemotherapy within 4 weeks, age <35 years, a low initial leukocyte count, and the immunologic subtypes c-ALL with early response to therapy and T-ALL, where 61 % and 58%, respectively, are still in complete remission at 3 years. An adverse influence on remission duration was observed for the subtype null-ALL, with a median survival of 13 months, and for patients with a delayed response to induction therapy, independent of phenotype.

One hundred fifty-one children with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) entered the cooperative study BFM-78 between December 1978 and October 1982. The initial therapy consisted of an intensive induction and consolidation regimen over eight weeks with seven different drugs and cranial irradiation. It was followed by maintenance with thioguanine and cytosine arabinoside for two years and additional Adriamycin during the first year. One hundred nineteen (79%) patients achieved a complete remission. Thirteen (9%) children died of early hemorrhages. After a median follow-up time of 36 (12 to 57) months, 47 relapses have occurred, with CNS involvement in seven cases. The life table analysis revealed a probability for overall survival after almost five years of 45% (SD, 4%), for event-free survival 41% (SD, 4%), and for the event-free interval 52% (SD, 5%). Up to now, no relapse was seen after 2½ years. Risk factor analysis showed that early fatal hemorrhages occurred predominantly in children with M5 FAB type and with initial leukocytosis. An initial high WBC count and liver enlargement were unfavorable parameters for achieving remission. No factors could be identified concerning the risk for relapse. These data indicate that the applied treatment strategy is successful in inducing complete remissions in about three fourths of children with AML and also in enhancing considerably the chances for long-term remission. © 1985 by Grune & Stratton, Inc.

The lineage affinity of 57 cases of acute unclassified leukemias (AUL) was reevaluated by ultrastructural analysis of peroxidase expression (POEM) in combination with immunophenotyping and analysis of immunoglobulin gene configuration. Twenty-three cases of myeloid and three cases of megakaryocytic differentiation were identified by detection of ultrastructural myeloperoxidase (UMPO) and platelet peroxidase (UPPO). No significant correlation was noted between myeloid marker expression and POEM positivity, whereas presence of CD 19 or CD 24 antigen significantly correlated with POEM negativity (P =.001 and .023, respectively). Ig gene rearrangements including oligoclonal patterns were also recorded in 8 of 14 UMPO+patients tested. Fourteen UMPO+patients responded poorly to an ALL/AUL chemotherapy regimen with a low complete remission (CR) rate of 29% and a short median remission duration (MRD) of 5 months. The POEM-patients proved very heterogenous with respect to immunophenotype and Ig gene rearrangement. Seventeen of 21 patients tested had Ig gene rearrangements, including oligoclonal patterns. Combined data suggest that a proportion of these cases probably derive from a very immature lymphoid progenitor cell, particularly because 15 POEM-AUL patients showed a response to ALL/AUL chemotherapy comparable to that observed in patients with definitive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) (CR rate 80%, MRD 20 months). Thus, ultrastructural analysis of peroxidase expression can provide decisive prognostic information in AUL patients.

Summary A pericentric inversion of chromosome 16 and acute myelomonocytic leukemia [AMMoL, M4 French-American-British (FAB)] with abnormal bone marrow eosinophils has recently been shown to form a new cytogenetic-clinicopathological entity. A patient otherwise undistinguishable from the more typical cases but lacking the FAB criteria for AMMoL is described. In such a situation, in vitro colony formation closely resembling that of acute myoblastic leukemia together with the clinical, morphological, cytochemical, and cytogenetic characteristics reported might serve as an indicator that these patients run an acute course justifying a diagnosis of acute eosinophilic leukemia and immediate institution of aggressive chemotherapy. The importance of the in vitro growth pattern regarding the differential diagnosis of disorders associated with predominant proliferation of eosinophils is discussed.

Summary The results obtained in the treatment of Hodgkin's disease, stages I and II, are discussed comparing survival data of the literature after various radiotherapy programs and after combined modality using additional chemotherapy. In stage I A 90 to 97% and in stage II A 75 to 80% of patients are not prone to relapse after extended-field irradiation. In stage IIB 0 to 80% long-lasting remissions are reported after radiotherapy.

This review surveys the present knowledge of the mechanisms of decomposition processes in Al-Zn-Mg alloys. The various experimental observations connected with the formation and properties of the different second phase particles are described and critically analysed. The effect of different heat treatments, compositions, impurities, etc on the different stages of the decomposition process is discussed in detail.

Summary Fifty-one consecutive patients with Hodgkin's disease (HD) have been treated with high-dose chemotherapy (HDT) and transplantation of autologous bone marrow (BM) (n=44), autologous BM plus peripheral blood stem cells (PBSC) (n=2), PBSC (n=1), syngeneic (n=1), or allogeneic BM (n=3). All patients had received standard salvage chemotherapy prior to HDT and were classified as sensitive (n=33) or resistant (n=17) to this treatment; one patient was in untreated relapse prior to BMT. The preparative regimens for patients receiving autologous BM and/or PBSC consisted of cyclophosphamide, VP 16, and BCNU (CVB) (n=44) or BCNU, etoposide, ara-C, and melphalan (BEAM) (n=3). The patients receiving allogeneic transplants were treated with the CVB regimen (n=2) or busulfan (16 mg/kg body wt.) and cyclophosphamide (200 mg/kg body wt.). With a median follow-up of 12 months, overall survival for 44 patients grafted with autologous BM is 61%±9%, progression-free survival for patients with sensitive disease is 44%±11%; no patient with resistant relapse survived beyond 1 year post transplant. Two of three patients grafted with allogeneic BM still survive 15 and 24 months after BMT with Karnofsky performance scores of 70% and 100%, respectively. The main toxicity encountered with the CVB regimen was interstitial pneumonia (IP), seen in four of 15 patients (27%) receiving =600 mg/m2 of BCNU. Three of these patients have died. The results show that HDT followed by hematopoietic stem cell rescue may effectively salvage an important fraction of patients with relapsed HD who respond to standard chemotherapy. The same approach is largely unsuccessful in patients with proven refractoriness to standard chemotherapy. Whether HDT followed by BMT or PBSC support is superior to intensive chemotherapy without stem cell support can be answered only by a prospectively randomized trial.

Addition of 1 g urea or NH4Cl per kg dry soil (0.1%) reduced the population ofFusarium oxysporum f. sp.dianthi in one of two soils tested. Ammonia does not seem to be the responsible factor since it accumulated similarly in both soils upon addition of NH4Cl or urea. Addition of Nitrapyrine in combination with 0.1% urea or NH4Cl increased ammonia concentrations in soil but decreased the population-declining effect. Addition of nitrate in amounts corresponding to those measured after decomposition of urea in soil had no effect on population development. Addition of nitrite in amounts corresponding to those measured during decomposition of urea in soil decreased the population ofF. oxysporum f. sp.dianthi. In vitro, nitrite inhibited chlamydospore formation. Upon addition of 0.1% urea, nitrite accumulated 10 to 100 times more in the susceptible soil than in the not-susceptible soil. It is concluded that nitrite rather then ammonia is responsible for the decline effect of ammonia-generating compounds on populations ofF. oxysporum f. sp.dianthi in soil.

Prospects of durability of resistance in lily to basal rot have been evaluated by testing the virulence and aggressiveness of 31 isolates ofFusarium oxysporum f. sp.lilii towards a number of different resistance sources inLilium spp. Isolates differed strongly in aggressiveness as did species and cultivars ofLilium spp. in resistance. Significant interactions were observed between isolates of the pathogen and genotypes ofLilium spp., but the magnitude was very small compared to the main effects. The interactions were mainly due to a small group of isolates with low aggressiveness. It is argued that the interactions might be based on minor genes. No major break down of the resistance was found. For practical purposes it will be sufficient to use highly aggressive isolates in screening tests.

Abstract: A phytotoxic fraction of high molecular weight was isolated from the culture filtrate ofClavibacter michiganensis subsp.michiganensis, the causal agent of bacterial canker of tomato, and partly purified. This high molecular weight fraction consists of sugars and a minor protein moiety and is therefore probably of similar nature to that of the toxin fromC. michiganensis subsp.michiganensis reported earlier in literature.The high molecular weight fraction was albe to induce wilting, the predominant symptom of the disease, as shown in a bioassay with tomato cuttings. However, this wilting reaction turned out to be non-specific in the bioassay, since (partially) resistant and susceptible genotypes responded similarly. No correlation could be found between the degree of virulence of fiveC. michiganensis subsp.michiganensis strains and the amount of the phytotoxic high molecular weight fraction produced in vitro.As the isolated high molecular weight fraction showed a phytotoxic effect on tomato plants it is worthwhile to test its potential for use as a selective agent in in vitro selection.

The influence of Mg concentrations on the dissolution of Guinier-Preston (GP) zones formed at room temperature (RT) and on the formation of more stable phases has been investigated during continuous heating of Al-4.5 at % Zn-xMg alloys. The Mg content was varied from 0.05 to 3 at %. After different aging periods at RT, calorimetric investigations were carried out at heating rates of 40 and 80° C min-1. In the case of alloys with a lower Mg content (x ? 0.5 at %) only the dissolution of GP zones could be observed during the heating, whereas in the case of alloys with a higher Mg content the formation of the?'-phase started before the total dissolution of GP zones and at higher temperatures the formation of the?-phase also took place. These phases were identified by transmission electron microscopy. The heat-of-solution of GP zones shows saturation as a function of RT aging time. The time needed for the saturation increased monotonously with increasing Mg content. The reversion of zones was followed byin situ X-ray small angle scattering measurements. The change of the total scattered intensity was measured during continuous heating at a rate of 40° C min-1. These investigations have confirmed the results of the calorimetric measurements which indicate that the total dissolution of zones takes place only in the case of the alloys with a Mg content lower than 0.5 at %. In the case of alloys with a Zn concentration of 4.5 at % studied here, 1 at % Mg is sufficient to initiate the formation of more stable phases during the reversion of zones.

Traunsee is the deepest (189 m) lake in Austria and has been holomictic until the beginning of industrial discharges from the alkali works in Ebensee. The input of soluble compounds such as CaCl2 and NaCl have produced meromictic conditions. The relatively high oxygen content of the monimolimnion is due to water movements promoted by the large inflow and wind-action.

Zusammenfassung: Gest�tzt auf eine Enquete in den L�ndern der EG werden einige Aspekte der Mechanisierung in der Forstwirtschaft dieses Raumes diskutiert. Vermehrter Einsatz technischer Hilfen ist zwingend erforderlich, sollen das Arbeitsvolumen bew�ltigt und die vom Wald erwarteten Leistungen auch in Zukunft erbracht werden. Trotz verbreiteter Arbeitslosigkeit herrscht in der Forstwirtschaft der meisten L�nder ein erheblicher Arbeitskr�ftemangel. Waldarbeit in Form schwerer Handarbeit ist unattraktiver als Arbeitslosenunterst�tzung. Vordringlich ist die Entwicklung geeigneter Ger�te, Maschinen und Arbeitsverfahren f�r das Entasten mit mobilen Aggregaten, f�r die Beseitigung des Schlagabraumes und f�r das Vorliefern und R�cken von Langholz oder Vollb�umen bei selektiven Eingriffen. Die Holzernte in j�ngeren Durchforstungsbest�nden wird in den kommenden Jahren als eines der gr��ten forstbetrieblichen Probleme betrachtet, zu deren L�sung alle forstlichen Disziplinen aufgerufen sind. Kleinfl�chigkeit der Arbeitsfelder, R�cksichtnahme auf Bestand und Boden sowie Gel�ndehindernisse bieten der weiteren Mechanisierung gro�e Schwierigkeiten. Auf dem gr��eren Teil der Waldfl�che der EG werden Gro�maschinen in der �berschaubaren Zukunft nur sehr beschr�nkte Einsatz- und Absatzchancen einger�umt. Entschieden bessere Aussichten haben Anbau- und Anh�ngeger�te an die in reichlicher Zahl vorhandenen, in der Landwirtschaft h�ufig nur schlecht ausgelasteten Schlepper.

Zusammenfassung:

Yeast Aminopeptidase I, Molecular Forms, Immunological Behaviour Yeast aminopeptidase I, when purified from autolysates of brewer’s yeast, is obtained in two molecular forms a) the enzymatically active dodecameric complex (Mr= 640 000, s20, w = 22 S) and b) inactive hexamers (Mr= 320 000, s20, w= 12 S). Although the amino acid composition of the 12 S protein is very similar to that of the active enzyme, the hexamers behave differently in ionic exchange chromatography and during electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels. Moreover, the antigenic properties of 12 S and 22 S aminopeptidase forms suggest a considerable degree of structural diversity. Several strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae did not contain hexameric forms although their 22 S aminopeptidase was immunologically indistinguishable from brewer’s yeast amino­ peptidase. It is proposed that the hexameric protein is the result of “unproductive ” aggregation of aminopeptidase subunits.

The appearance of the chemiluminescence spectra from the reactions of the alkaline earth metals M = Ca and Sr with SF6is only understood by the participation of excited metal atoms in the reactions. This has been ascertained by measuring the dependence of the intensities of the metastable Ca-line 657.3 nm and of a representative CaF band on the SF6gas pressure in the reaction chamber. By a detailed analysis of the well resolved A -X-and B - X-systems of both of the reactions some earlier values of Do(F-SF5) given in the literature can be excluded, while the recently found value (Kiang et al.) of 3.9 ±0.14 eV is well confirmed.

The use of retinoic acid is a new approach in the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia. We outline the therapy in a 61-year-old patient with acute promyelocytic leukemia who had not responded to standard chemotherapy but in whom the administration of 13-cis-retinoic acid resulted in complete remission for 24 months. In relapse the patient was treated with all-trans-retinoic acid in combination with two cycles of daunorubicin and cytosine arabinoside and achieved another complete remission.

Evidence for the occurrence of a hitherto unknown metastable phase (ßm) is found by lattice fringe imaging an Al-6.8 at. % Zn alloy aged at 120° C for about 4 days. Additional information is obtained by the analysis of Moiré fringes related to the precipitates of theßm phase. It is suggested that the novel phase has an h c p structure withahex = 0.274 nm andchex = 0.450 nm as the lattice parameters. The ratiochex/ahex = 1.64, which corresponds to an almost ideal h c p structure. The possibility of whetherßm precipitates can form directly from large ellipsoidal Guinier-Preston zones or small precipitates of the rhombohedralaR' phase is discussed.[/p]

The decomposition processes taking place in the Al-4.5 at % Zn-2 to 3 at % Mg alloys were studied during continuous heating by means of electrical resistivity, XSAS and DSC measurements and by TEM investigations. It was found that the room temperature pre-ageing has no significant influence on the processes taking place above 230° C. Several temperature ranges were determined in which the decomposition of the solid solution and/or the transformation of the different particles of the second phases take place by different mechanisms.

Immunophenotyping prospectively performed in about 2800 children and adults within the framework of the German multicentre ALL trials revealed marked differences in frequency distribution of immunologic subgroups with a higher incidence of immature B-cell precursor and pre-T/T phe-notypic features in adults. Detailed immunophenotypic characterization by applying monoclonal antibodies to lymphoid- and myeloid-associated antigens as well as non-lineage-restricted molecules underlined the diagnostic value of pan-B and pan-T antigens that were expressed in virtually all cases of B-cell precursor (CD 19, CD24) or T-cell ALL (cytoplasmic CD3, CD7) for lineage affiliation of leukemic blasts. About 10% of children and 20% of adults disclosed simultaneous expression of lymphoid markers and at least one myeloid-lineage-associated antigen. Our data confirm that immunophenotyping in ALL provides a solid basis for a biologically oriented and reliable classification of this heterogeneous disease.

From July 1983 to January 1991 a total of 622 patients were randomized (585 eligible) to compare the effects of hydroxyurea, interferon alpha (IFN), and busulfan on the duration of chronic phase, and survival. Further goals included the determination of prognostic parameters. 598 CML patients were documented and 575 evaluable. The Ph-status was known for 547 patients. 89.4% of the patients were Ph-positive (+). 11% had additional chromosome aberrations. The median survival of Ph+ patients by now is 4.2 years, that of Ph-patients 1.4 years. Ph-negative patients are older, tend to have lower cell counts and, as a group are more ill at diagnosis. A survival difference of about one year is expected between busulfan and hydroxyurea treated patients. Prospectively evaluated age, organomegaly related symptoms, Karnofsky index, extramedullary manifestations, number of erythroblasts and percent of circulating blasts proved to be of prognostic significance. A prognostic score (score 1) was determined which was superior to Sokal's score in the study population. 164 patients were randomized to receive IFN. In 54 patients (33%) IFN had to be terminated because of adverse effects, therapy resistance or other reasons. Clinically relevant neutralizing antibodies were detected in 9 cases. Most frequent adverse events were flu-like symptoms in 74%, gastrointestinal symptoms in 52%, and neurologic-psychiatric symptoms in 30% of patients. Reduction of the Ph-chromosome was observed in 13% of evaluable patients (10 of 75). In 4 patients complete cytogenetic remissions were observed, in three of these ongoing. Cytogenetic responders have a survival advantage. Interferon treated Philadelphia-negative CML patients have no survival disadvantage. The study is expected to allow statements as to the advantages or disadvantages of the use of busulfan, hydroxyurea and IFN in the treatment of CML as well as to the reliability of prognostic markers.

Without Abstract:

Summary Acute promyelocytic leukemia (AML FAB M3, APL) and acute myelomonocytic leukemia with abnormal eosinophils (AML M4Eo) are considered distinct entities with characteristic clinical, morphological, cytogenetic, and prognostic features. Promyelocytic leukemia is characterized by abnormal promyelocytes replacing normal hematopoiesis associated with a translocation between the long arms of chromosomes 15 and 17 t (15; 17), severe coagulopathy, and responsiveness to all-trans retinoic acid (tretinoin). Characteristic features of AML M4Eo are a myelomonocytic marrow infiltration, eosinophils with abnormal immature granules positive for chloroacetate esterase, an inversion or translocation of chromosome 16, and an increased risk of meningeal relapses. Prognosis of both types of AML has been reported to be better than prognosis of the other entities combined. Since most of the published data were collected from heterogeneous patient populations treated with various chemotherapeutic regimens, we have analyzed treatment outcome of AML M3 and M4Eo in the AMLCG-85 study for patients younger than 60 years. For the total population of 594 patients of this study, CR rate was 68.89%, early death rate 11.60%, and no or partial remission was achieved in 19.51% of the cases. Of 40 patients with AML M3 or M3v complete remission was attained in 62.5%. Nine patients died within 42 days after the start of antileukemic therapy (22.5%). Of these nine, four died because of infection, five because of bleeding. Relapse-free survival rate was 59% after 3 years, significantly better than the respective curve of the other FAB types combined (35% after 3 years). In AML M4Eo, 91.7% of the 24 patients reached complete remission. The early death rate was 8.3%. No case of nonresponse was seen. Relapse-free survival rate was 49% after 3 years compared with 35% for the other types combined.

Indications, results, techniques, laboratory monitoring and complications of therapeutic plasmapheresis in patients with symptomatic paraproteinemia are reviewed. In paraproteinemia associated with severe complications plasmapheresis has been used successfully as an emergency treatment, as a treatment that reduces temporarily the paraprotein level until reduction of resynthesis is reached by cytotoxic therapy, or as a longterm adjuvant therapy in cases of slowly proliferating plasma-cytoma or lymphoma. Plasmapheresis has not been shown to influence the underlying malignant process. Paraprotein-related complications that can be reduced by plasmapheresis are hyperviscosity, hypervolemia, haemorrhagic diathesis, cryoglobulinemic symptoms, rapidly deteriorating renal insufficiency, visual impairment, and neurologic disturbances. Technically, largepored plasma filters have some advantage as compared to centrifugation techniques. Paraprotein-specific complications of therapeutic plasmapheresis are rare. As an ancillary treatment, therapeutic plasmapheresis has expanded the therapeutic tools in the management of paraproteinemia.

A case of acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL) with abnormal marrow eosinophils is presented. Thorough morphological, cytochemical, and cytogenetic studies confirm the existence of a recently defined new cytogeneticmorphological entity: acute myelomonocytic leukemia with abnormal bone marrow eosinophils (FAB M4), chloracetate esterase- and periodic acid-Schiffpositivity of eosinophilic granules, and pericentric inversion of chromosome 16, in this case combined with trisomy 8. So far 18 such cases have been reported from a single institution. The implications of this new association on the diagnosis of acute leukemia with abnormal eosinophils are discussed.

Without Abstract:

Acquired amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenic purpura is a rare disease. Most reported patients did not respond to any therapeutical approach. Recently we observed a striking improvement of this disorder in a female patient shortly after therapy with danazol had been initiated. This observation and its possible implication for the treatment of amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia are reported herein.

Zusammenfassung ESR-Untersuchungen an lyophilisiertem Blut von Patienten mit akuter lymphatischer Leukämie zeigten eine Zunahme in der Spinkonzentration. Außerdem trat ein zusätzliches Signal auf, welches in Kontrollproben nicht vorhanden ist. Wenn man die Patienten mit Prednisolen, Vincristin und Doxorubicin behandelt, verschwindet gleichzeitig mit einer Abnahme der Spinkonzentration dieses Signal fast vollständig. Ein ähnlicher Effekt wurde erhalten, wenn entsprechende Blutproben mit 5 mM CuCl2 versetzt wurden. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß die ESR-Spektren von lyophilisierten Blutproben als Indikator für den Therapie-Verlauf benutzt werden können. Diese Ergebnisse deuten darüber hinaus darauf hin, daß leukämisches Blut eine hohe Konzentration an Antioxidantien besitzt.

Glycollate oxidase (glycollate: oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.3.1) was purified to apparent homogeneity from crude extracts of greening cucumber cotyledons (Cucumis sat vus). Molecular sieving and chromatofocusing resulted in 700-fold purification and specific activity of 1 µkat mg-1 protein. The enzyme exhibited a Mr of 180,000, or 700,000, respectively, and is a tetramer or 16-mer made of identical subunits of Mr 43,000. Monospecific antibodies were raised against the homogeneous protein.

It was to be shown whether during the biogenesis of microbodies some of their components were already present in the cell prior to the organelle's assembly. To this end, the occurrence and properties of catalase in soluble and particular fractions of ripening cucumber seeds were examined. Homogenates of seeds from ripening fruits were fractionated by isopycnic density gradient centrifugation, and thus catalase was found in three different fractions: as a soluble enzyme in the gradient supernatant, as a membrane fraction at density d=1.18 kg l-1, and in association with microbodies. In the early steps of seed formation, catalase was detected at density d=1.18 kg l-1 and in the gradient supernatant. At a later stage of seed maturation, however, catalase was primarily associated with microbodies which exhibited an equilibrium density of d=1.23 kg l-1. Mr as well as subunit Mr of catalase were determined, and their close immunological relationship to leaf peroxisomal catalase and glyoxysomal catalase was demonstrated. Biosynthesis of catalase at different stages of seed maturation was investigated by in vivo labeling with l-[35S]methionine, l-[14C]leucine and d-[3H]aminolaevulinic acid. Electrophoretic analysis of de novo synthesized catalase subunits revealed the occurrence of a heavy form (Mr 57,500) in the soluble fraction; this form was preferentially labeled. A light form, Mr 53,500, was detected in microbodies and also in the soluble fraction. The findings lend support to the hypothesis that the rate of catalase synthesis is highest in an early stage of seed formation, when globulins have already been formed, but before de novo synthesis of malate synthase has commenced. Prior to microbody assembling, a cytoplasmic pool of catalase was labeled.

Vorliegende Arbeit beschreibt ein neuartiges Verfahren zur “In-situ-Bestimmung” der Gasleitfähigkeit von Böden. Es bedient sich des natürlich vorkommenden, radioaktiven Edelgases Radon. Hierbei wird in einer Meßkammer, die auf dem Boden aufsitzt, die Höhe der Radonexhalation registriert. Sie ist u. a. direkt von der Gasleitfähigkeit des Bodens abhängig. Da das Verfahren zerstörungsfrei arbeitet. eröffnen sich eine Vielzahl von Applikationsmöglichkeiten, wie z. B. Beobachtungen befahrungsbedingter Strukturveränderungen während und nach Holzerntemaßnahmen sowie Untersuchungen zur Regeneration strukturell veränderter Böden. Dies kann beliebig oft und zu beliebigen Zeitpunkten am identischen Bodenausschnitt geschehen. The paper describes a new analytical tool for the “in situ” measurement of the gas permeability of soils. It uses on the exhalation of the redioactive rare gas radon. A chamber covering a certain surface area on the ground registers the amount of radon exhald. One of the factors, which directly controls the exhalation rate is the gas permeability. As this is a non-destructive method several possibilities for applications arise, as for example observation and analysis of changes in soil structure during and after regular timber harvesting, i.e. such caused by forest machines, as well as investigations about the regeneration of damaged sites. These investigations can be repeated as often as desired, at any time and, moreover, on the identical spot.

B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) cannot be cured by conventional therapy. To improve the prognosis of patients with CLL, we have designed a sequential treatment strategy that comprises intensive chemotherapy for mobilization of peripheral blood progenitor cells (PBPCs) and induction of minimal disease, followed by high-dose radiochemotherapy with stem cell reinfusion and post-transplant molecular monitoring by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the complementary determining region III (CDRIII) gene. In a prospective study, we have evaluated this protocol in 18 patients with CLL, also including early stages of the disease. The median age was 49 (29-61) years; Binet stages were A, six; B, nine; and C, three. Adverse prognostic factors [high lymphocyte count and/or diffuse bone marrow (BM) infiltration] were present in 16 out of 18 patients. All patients showed a clone-specific molecular marker as demonstrated by PCR amplification of CDRIII rearrangements. For stem cell mobilization and reduction of tumour load, one to two cycles of Dexa-BEAM chemotherapy were administered, resulting in minimal disease (circulating lymphoma cells <1 x 10(9) l(-1); BM infiltration <20%; lymphomas <2 cm) in 16 out of 18 patients, including four patients who already had minimal disease before Dexa-BEAM. Stem cell harvesting was successful in 14 patients. All grafts [three BM, 11 peripheral blood (PB)] were purged from leukaemic cells using immunomagnetic methods. Thirteen patients having achieved minimal disease were reinfused with purged autologous stem cells (ASC) after preparation with total body irradiation and cyclophosphamide. Engraftment was delayed in patients receiving BM (n = 3) but prompt [neutrophils >0.5 x 10(9) l(-1) after 10 (9-13) days, platelets >20 x 10(9) l(-1) after 11 (9-214) days] in patients restored with PBPCs (n = 10). Procedure-related deaths did not occur. Although the results of CDRIII PCR suggest persistence or recurrence of the leukaemic clone in at least three cases, to date only one patient has relapsed, whereas all others survive without clinical evidence of disease with a maximum follow-up of 48 months. We conclude that sequential high-dose therapy using Dexa-BEAM and autologous stem cell transplantation is a safe and highly effective treatment for patients with CLL. However, a longer follow-up is needed to assess whether definite cures can be achieved using this strategy.

Zusammenfassung: Am Beispiel eines kleineren Waldgebietes im bayerischen Alpenvorland wurde die M�glichkeit der technischen Interpretation der Standortserkundung untersucht. In erster Linie interessierten die bodenphysikalischen und bodenmechanischen Eigenschaften der Standortseinheiten. In dem Versuchsgebiet stratifiziert die Standortserkundung die B�den vor allem nach dem Wassergehalt und nach dem Trockenraumgewicht, teilweise auch nach den plastischen Eigenschaften und nach der Proctordichte. Da Bodenfestigkeit und Verdichtungsempfindlichkeit eine stochastische Funktion dieser elementaren bodenphysikalischen Eigenschaften sind, erlaubt die Standortserkundung auch Aussagen in forsttechnischer Sicht. Es wird empfohlen, die Untersuchungen auf breiterer Basis fortzusetzen.

Zusammenfassung: Vorest besteht keine Notwendigkeit, eine oder mehrere der erw�hnten Ma�nahmen in Gang zu setzen. Zwangsnutzungen als direkte oder indirekte Folge der Walderkrankung sind noch ohne Einflu� auf die Holzm�rkte und noch ohne nennenswerte Auswirkungen auf das Arbeits-volumen der Forstbetriebe. Sollte sich die Entwicklung krisenhaft versch�rfen, dann wird vermutlich keine der Ma�nahmen allein ausreichen, um hohe und vor allem l�nger anhaltende �bernutzungen zu bew�ltigen. Insbesondere mu� die weitverbreitete Hoffnung, in der Na�konservierung von Rundholz stehe quasi eine Wunderwaffe zur Verf�gung, etwas ged�mpft werden. Ich sehe darin allerdings eine sehr wichtige Ma�nahme zur zeitlich begrenzten Pufferung, bis andere Ma�nahmen wirksam werden. Um in einem Krisenfalle bessere Entscheidungsgrundlagen zur Verf�gung zu haben, scheint es geboten, die vorstehend nur skizzenhaft aufgezeigten Fragen weiter zu untersuchen und m�glichst zu kl�ren. Dies immer noch in der Hoffnung, die Pl�ne dort belassen zu k�nnen, wo sie dem Namen nach hingeh�ren, n�mlich in der Schublade.

Zusammenfassung: Die deutsche Forstwirtschaft befindet sich in einer schweren wirtschaftlichen Krise. Die Ansichten dar�ber, wie darauf zu reagieren sei, gehen erheblich auseinander. Gegen die staatliche forstliche Einheitsverwaltung werden ordnungs- und wettbewerbspolitische Bedenken vorgebracht, und es wird eine mehr oder minder weitgehende Privatisierung empfohlen. Nutzen-Kosten-�berlegungen sprechen allerdings mehr f�r die Beibehaltung des Einheitsforstamts unter gleichzeitiger �ffnung f�r Wettbewerb und vermehrtem Einsatz von Dienstleistern. Ansatzpunkte zur Gestaltung des Forstwirtschaftsbetriebes sind die betrieblichen Prozesse und die Betriebsorganisation.Der Handlungsspielraum beim Leistungsangebot und auf der Ertragseite d�rfte in den meisten F�llen begrentzt sein und kaum ausreichen, um die Situation entscheidend zu verbessern. Die von vielen Waldbesitzern und Forstbetrieben geforderte Abgeltung der Infrastrukturleistungen des Waldes ist auf absehbare Zeit wenig wahrscheinlich. Sehr viel gr��er ist das Gestaltungspotential im Bereich der Produktion und der Verwaltung sowie in der Betriebsorganisation. Durch konsequente Nutzung der biologischen Automation, der M�glichkeiten der Technik, durch modernes Informationsmanagement und flexiblere betriebliche Intensit�t k�nnten in vielen Betrieben Effizienz und Wirtschaftlichkeit verbessert werden. Kombinierte regionale und funktionale Organisationsformen d�rften den k�nftigen Anforderungen am besten entsprechen. Auf ein Mindestma� an Fl�chenpr�senz sollte nicht verzichtet werden. Der Bedarf an fest angestellten Forstleuten und Waldarbeitern wird aller Voraussicht nach deutlich zur�ckgehen, jener an freiberuflich t�tigen Dienstleistern mit Spezialkenntnissen hingegen stark zunehmen. Die forstlichen Ausbildungsst�tten sollten sich in Lehre und Forschung mehr als bisher auf diese Entwicklungen einstellen.

Zusammenfassung: Erst der differenzierte und wachsende Rohholzbedarf einer hochentwickelten Holzindustrie erm�glichte es, die Ideen einer nachhaltigen und pfleglichen Behandlung und Nutzung des Waldes zu realisieren und zu finanzieren. Obwohl k�nftig vom Wald neben der Rohstoffproduktion in steigendem Umfang andere Bed�rfnisse zu erf�llen sind, wird die Nachfrage nach Holz weiterhin ein starker Motor und eine wesentliche finanzielle St�tze einer modernen Waldwirtschaft sein. Die Forstbetriebe sehen sich dem Problem gegen�ber, einerseits die Rationalisierung durch Mechanisierung vorantreiben, andererseits aus waldbaulichen und �kologischen R�cksichten der Mechanisierung im Wald relativ enge Grenzen setzen zu m�ssen. �berdies erschweren die besitzstrukturellen und organisatorischen Eigenarten der Forstwirtschaft die effiziente Anwendung h�her mechanisierter Verfahren. Die Holzindustrie k�nnte der Forstwirtschaft helfen, indem sie im Sinne einer �nderung der herk�mmlichen Arbeitsteilung gewisse forstliche Betriebsarbeiten, wie insbesondere Teile der Holzernte, �bernimmt. Es ist zu bef�rchten, da� bei Schwachholz das heute bereits unbefriedigende Verh�ltnis zwischen Erntekosten und Erl�s sich weiter verschlechtert. Daher wird es zunehmend schwieriger, die Durchforstungsr�ckst�nde zu mobilisieren. Mehr denn je sollte sich die mitteleurop�ische Forstwirtschaft auf die Produktion von st�rkerem Holz konzentrieren.

Zusammenfassung: Das Zielsystem einer Unternehmung ist das Ergebnis eines komplizierten Entschei-dungsprozesses. Man versteht darunter die geordnete Gesamtheit yon Zielelementen, zwischen denen irgendwelche Beziehungen bestehen oder hergestellt werden k�nnen. Die zwischen den einzelnen Zielelementen bestehenden Beziehungen k�nnen komple-ment�rer, konkurrierender und indifferenter Art sein. Sie lassen sich dutch sogenannte Zielbeziehungsfunktionen kennzeichnen. Besteht zwischen Zie!en eine totale oder part-ielle Konkurrenzbeziehung, so l��t sich der damit gegebene Zielkonflikt dadurch auf-l�sen, da� vom Entscheidungstr�ger entweder die angestrebten Ziele entsprechend seiner subjektiven Pr�ferenzstruktur gewichtet oder alle Zieie bis auf eines in ihrem Umfang begrenzt werden. Hier wurde der erste Weg beschritten. Die Kenntnis des vom Entscheidungstr�ger gesetzten handlungsrelevanten, operationalen Teilzielsystems ist eine ma�gebliche Voraussetzung f�r eine rationale Mittelentscheidung. Als Beispiet werden im Hinblick auf eine n�her beschricbene Entscheidungssituation sechs Handlungsalternativen der Holzernte in Altdur'chforstungen und Endnutzungs-hieben vorgestetlt und gepr�ft, inwieweit diese die Bewertungskriterien des Teilziel-systems erf�llen. Es war das Bestreben, den Erf�lungswert mit kardina]en Skalen zu messen. Sowohl bei der Fixierung dcr Zielgewichte als auch bei der Bestimmung des Erf�llungswertes der nicht unmittelbar quantifizierbaren Kriterien wurde mit dem intersektoraten paarweisen Vergleich gearbeitet. Zur Skalentransformation in eine einheitliche Skala wurden nada eiilem Vorschlag von KRUG Forderungen definiert, die jenen Erf�llungswert eines Zielkriteriums dar-stellen, den der Entscheidungstr�ger als erstrebenswert ansieht. Daraus leitet sich der Erf�llungsgrad ab, mit dem zum Ausdruck gebracht wird, bis zu welchem Grad die betreffende Handlungsalternative die Forderung zu erf�llen vermag. Aufgrund der so vorgenommenen Skalentransformation ist es m�glich, die Bewertungsergebnisse der verschiedenen Kriterien innerhalb eines Zielsystems miteinander zu vergleichen. Aus den Produkten yon Kriteriengewicht und Erf�llungsgrad ergeben sie die jeweiligen Teilnutzwerte, die in ihrer Summe zum Nutzwert f�r die einzelnen Handlungsalter-nativen f�hren. Aus den Nutzwertziffern ergibt sich die Rangfolge der Handlungs-alternativen hinsichtlich ihrer Zeterf�llung, wobei die Distanz zwischen den Nutz-wertziffern gleichzeitig die Wertdlstanz repr�sentiert.

Zusammenfassung:

Zusammenfassung: Im kommenden Jahrzehnt wird in vielen Forstbetrieben ein hoher Prozentsatz der Forstwirte ausscheiden, gleichzeitig wird die Zahl der Auszubildenden stark zur�ckgehen. Auf dem Hintergrund neuer technischer Entwicklungen, des Strukturwandels in der Landwirtschaft und der wachsenden Nachfrage nach Ausgleichs- und Freizeitt�tigkeit im Wald werden verschiedene Optionen der k�nftigen Arbeitserledigung im Forstbetrieb er�rtert. Sie reichen von der Hochmechanisierung mit spezialisierten Mitarbeitern �ber den Zu- udn Nebenerwerbslandwirt als Kleinunternehmer bis zur Eigenleistung und zum “Selbstwerber” f�r leichtere handwerkliche T�tigkeiten.

The production of phytotoxins byFusarium oxysporum f.sp.lilii, a pathogen causing bulb and scale rot in lilies, was investigated. To determine the toxic activity of culture filtrate, a bioassay with in vitro grown scale bulblets or with callus was set up. The fungus produces toxic components in different culture media. The highest toxicity was observed in Czapek Dox medium. HPLC and GC/MS analyses revealed the presence of fusaric acid at toxic concentrations in this medium. The production of fusaric acid in time coincides with the increase of toxic activity in the culture filtrate. It is concluded that at least part of this toxicity is due to fusaric acid.

This report concerns a woman who experienced a relapse of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) associated with an interstitial deletion of the long arm of chromosome 6 in donor cells more than 4 years after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT). Direct bone marrow preparations revealed the presence of two leukemic clones 46,XY,del(6)(q23q25) and 45,X, –4,del(6)(q23q25), +8, –15, –21,+i(21q),+mar, the former clearly indicating that male donor cells were involved in the malignant process. Relapse as evidenced by these chromosome anomalies was confined to metaphases from directly prepared marrow cells and phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated peripheral blood cells. Cytogenetic analyses of T cell colonies gave predominantly normal donor karyotypes (65 of 69 mitoses) along with three host mitoses and a single donor metaphase carrying the 6q– anomaly. The marrow stroma, as represented by first-passage adherent layer cells from long-term marrow cultures, showed 17 of 19 host metaphases. One of two donor cells found within the stromal elements exhibited a 6q– chromosome. In the subsequent remission mitoses derived from myeloid and lymphoid cells were exclusively of donor origin, and chromosomal abnormalities could no longer be detected. Stromal elements remained host-derived (14 of 16 mitoses).

In a randomized multicenter study the influence of hydroxyurea versus busulfan on the duration of the chronic phase and on survival of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) was determined. In addition cross resistance and adverse reactions of the drugs were analyzed. From July 1983 to January 1991, 441 CML patients were randomized to receive hydroxyurea or busulfan. Of these, 90.7% were Philadelphia positive; 25.7% were low, 38.2% intermediate, and 36.2% high risk patients according to Sokal's score. The median survival of the busulfan treated Philadelphia-positive patients is 45.4 months and of the hydroxyurea group 58.2 months (P = .008). The survival advantage for the hydroxyurea treated patients is recognized in all risk groups. Sixty four patients reached therapy resistance before blast crisis and were crossed over to the alternative drug. The 23 patients with primary hydroxyurea had a median survival of 5.6 years, the 41 patients with primary busulfan therapy a median survival of 2.7 years (P = .02). Adverse reactions were less frequent with hydroxyurea with no severe adverse effects (lung fibrosis, long lasting bone marrow aplasia). The analysis of white blood cell counts in the course of treatment showed lower counts in the hydroxyurea patients. We conclude that hydroxyurea is superior to busulfan in therapy of CML in chronic phase and should be used as first line therapy. Busulfan may have a role as secondary therapy after hydroxyurea resistance or intolerance.

The translocation t(10;11)(p13;q14) has been observed in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) as well as acute myeloid leukemia (AML). A recent study showed a MLL/AF10fusion in all cases of AML with t(10;11) and various breakpoints on chromosome 11 ranging from q13 to q23. We recently cloned CALM(Clathrin Assembly Lymphoid Myeloid leukemia gene), the fusion partner of AF10at 11q14 in the monocytic cell line U937. To further define the role of these genes in acute leukemias, 10 cases (9 AML and 1 ALL) with cytogenetically proven t(10;11)(p12-14;q13-21) and well-characterized morphology, immunophenotype, and clinical course were analyzed. Interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was performed with 2 YACs flanking the CALMregion, a YAC contig of the MLLregion, and a YAC spanning the AF10breakpoint. Rearrangement of at least one of these genes was detected in all cases with balanced t(10;11). In 4 cases, including 3 AML with immature morphology (1 AML-M0 and 2 AML-M1) and 1 ALL, the signals of the CALMYACS were separated in interphase cells, indicating a translocation breakpoint within the CALMregion. MLLwas rearranged in 3 AML with myelomonocytic differentiation (2 AML-M2 and 1 AML-M5), including 1 secondary AML. In all 3 cases, a characteristic immunophenotype was identified (CD4+, CD13−, CD33+, CD65s+).AF-10was involved in 5 of 6 evaluable cases, including 1 case without detectable CALMor MLLrearrangement. In 2 complex translocations, none of the three genes was rearranged. All cases had a remarkably poor prognosis, with a mean survival of 9.6 ± 6.6 months. For the 7 AML cases that were uniformly treated according to the AMLCG86/92 protocols, disease-free and overall survival was significantly worse than for the overall study group (P= .03 and P= .01, respectively). We conclude that the t(10;11)(p13;q14) indicates CALMand MLLrearrangements in morphologically distinct subsets of acute leukemia and may be associated with a poor prognosis.