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Aim: Working mothers are a group that tends to be independent in determining the ownership of health insurance, and this situation allegedly increased the utilization of cesarean deliveries among them. The study analyzes the role of health insurance in cesarean delivery among working mothers in Indonesia. Subject and methods: The investigation employed secondary data from the 2017 Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey. The analysis included 7293 working moms who gave birth in the previous five years. The study used eight control factors in addition to delivery mode and health insurance ownership: the place of residence, age group, education level, marital status, parity, wealth status, antenatal care, and birth type. We applied the regression on binary logistics in the analysis. Results: The results showed that working mothers with health insurance were 1.536 times more likely to have a cesarean delivery than uninsured women (AOR 1.536; 95% CI 1.324–1.781). Moreover, the study also found five control variables significantly related to cesarean delivery utilization among working mothers in Indonesia. The five were the place of residence, age group, education level, wealth status, and antenatal care visits. Conclusion: The study concluded that health insurance had a role in cesarean delivery among working mothers in Indonesia. Insured working mothers were one and a half times more likely to have a cesarean delivery than uninsured working mothers.

Aim: Maternal mortality is still the greatest problem in East Nusa Tenggara Province, and antenatal care (ANC) is the best solution for preventing such mortality among women. This study aimed to analyze the role of the completeness of ANC in institutional delivery in the East Nusa Tenggara Province in Indonesia. Subject and methods: The study used secondary data from the 2018 Indonesian Basic Health Survey. The cross-sectional research examined 3162 women aged ≥15 years who had given birth in the last 5 years. Besides institutional delivery as an outcome variable and ANC as an exposure variable, we analyzed seven control variables: type of residence, age group, marital status, education level, employment status, wealth status, and gravida. The investigation concluded with binary logistic regression. Results: The results showed that the proportion of institutional birth was 73.8%, and the ratio of complete ANC was 55.3%. Based on the completeness of ANC, women with full ANC were 3.467 times more likely to experience institutional delivery than those with incomplete ANC (AOR 3.467; 95% CI 3.417–3.517). Moreover, all control variables were found to be significantly related to institutional delivery. Conclusion: The study confirmed that the completeness of ANC is related to institutional delivery. Complete ANC increased the likelihood of institutional delivery by more than threefold in the East Nusa Tenggara Province in Indonesia.

Health development in the Papua region often lags behind other areas of Indonesia. The study aims to analyze the role of government-run insurance in primary health care utilization in the Papua region, Indonesia. The study examined 17,879 Papuan. The study used primary health care utilization as an outcome variable and health insurance ownership as an exposure variable. The study also employed nine control variables: province, residence, age, gender, marital status, education, employment, wealth, and travel time to primary health care. The research employed data using binary logistic regression in the final analysis. The results show that Papuans with government-run insurance were three times more likely to utilize primary health care than uninsured Papuans (AOR 3.081; 95% CI 3.026–3.137). Meanwhile, Papuan with private-run insurance were 0.133 times less likely to utilize primary health care than uninsured Papuans (AOR 0.133; 95% CI 0.109–0.164). Moreover, Papuans who have two types of health insurances (government-run and private-run) were 1.5 times more likely to utilize the primary health care than uninsured Papuan (AOR 1.513; 95% CI 1.393–1.644). The study concluded that government-run insurance increases the chance of primary health care utilization in the Papua region, Indonesia. Government-run insurance has the most prominent role compared to other health insurance categories.

Aim: The purpose of this study was to analyse the barriers to healthcare utilization for delivery in rural Indonesia. Subjects and methods: The included subjects were women aged 15–49 years who had given birth in the last 5 years in rural Indonesia. The sample size was 9046 women. The variables analysed included the utilization of healthcare facilities, age, education, work, marital status, parity, wealth, health insurance, autonomy of family finances, autonomy of health, knowledge of pregnancy, and antenatal care (ANC). The barriers were determined by binary logistic regression. Results: Women with higher education were 2.288 times more likely to utilize healthcare facilities for delivery than women with no education. Multiparous women were 1.582 times more likely to use healthcare facilities for delivery than grand multiparous women. The richest women were 4.732 times more likely to use healthcare facilities for delivery than the poorest women. Women who were covered by health insurance were 1.363 times more likely to utilize healthcare facilities for delivery than women who did not have insurance. Women who knew the danger signs of pregnancy were 1.497 times more likely to use healthcare facilities for delivery than women who did not know the danger signs. Women who underwent ANC ≥ 4 times were 1.976 times more likely to use healthcare facilities for delivery than women who underwent ANC < 4 times. Conclusion: There were six factors that were identified as barriers to the utilization of healthcare facilities for delivery in rural Indonesia. These six factors were low education, high parity, poverty, not having health insurance, not knowing the danger signs of pregnancy, and ANC < 4 times.

Background: The Indonesian government initiated National Health Insurance (NHI) to reduce health service barriers. The study aimed to analyze specific targets for expanding the NHI’s membership in Indonesia.Methods: The study population was all populations in Indonesia. Meanwhile, the study involved a 47 644 weighted sample. The analyzed variables included NHI’s membership, residence, age, gender, education, employment, marital status, and wealth. The study employed binary logistic regression in the final step.Results: The urban population was 0.608 times less likely than the rural population to become a non-member of NHI. Aging younger was one of the barriers to becoming an NHI member, and the male gender is one of the barriers to becoming an NHI member. Meanwhile, the lower the education level, the greater the obstacles to becoming an NHI member in Indonesia. Besides, the unemployed population was 1.002 more likely than the employed population to become a non-member of NHI. The result shows that never married or married have a higher chance of becoming a non-member of NHI. Finally, all wealth status categories are more likely to become barriers to the most prosperous population becoming an NHI member.Conclusions: The study concluded that 7 population characteristics become specific targets for expanding NHI membership in Indonesia. The 7 characteristics are the population who live in rural areas, are young, male, poor education, unemployed, never married or married, and poor.

Background: The study aims to analyze the relationship between socioeconomic and hospital utilization among female workers in Indonesia.Methods: The study analyzed secondary data from the 2018 Indonesian Basic Health Survey. The study gathered 161 186 female workers through stratification and multistage random sampling. As control factors, the study looked at age, marital status, education, occupation, and health insurance, in addition to the categories of socioeconomic and hospital utilization. The study used binary logistic regression to evaluate the data in the final step.Results: The result shows female workers with poorer wealth status are 1.142 times more likely than the most impoverished female workers to utilize the hospital (AOR 1.142; 95% CI 1.135-1.148). Female workers with median wealth status are 1.509 times more likely than the poorest female workers to take advantage of the hospital (AOR 1.509; 95% CI 1.501-1.517). Female workers with wealthier wealth status are 1.808 times more likely than the poorest female workers to use the hospital (AOR 1.808; 95% CI 1.799-1.817). The wealthiest female workers are 2.399 times more likely than the poorest female workers to utilize the hospital (2.399; 95% CI 2.387-2.411).Conclusion: The study concluded a relationship between socioeconomic status and hospital utilization among female workers in Indonesia. The better the socioeconomic, the better the hospital utilization.