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Vaccination is one of the most important control tools to reduce Salmonellain poultry production. In order for a live vaccine to be licensed for field use it should be provided with the detection methods to differentiate it from field strains. This paper aims to describe the validation of an alternative method for the differentiation of the Salmonella441/014 vaccine strain from field strains, using a chromogenic Media, ASAP from bioMérieux. The ASAP-based differentiation method was compared with already authorized methods, namely the Anicon SE Kylt PCR DIVA 1 assay and Ceva S-Check Salmonelladifferentiation kit,following the ISO 16140-6:2019 validation method guidelines. A Generalised Linear Model was fitted to the data to determine the inclusivity and exclusivity of differentiation methods (PCR Kylt vs. S-Check vs. ASAPTM). Statistical differences were based on a P-valuelevel of < 0.05 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL). In this study, we show that the ASAP media was able to differentiate SalmonellaEnteritidis vaccine strains from field strains, obtaining 100% agreement between the three differentiation assays. This differentiation approach is quicker, easier to deploy and cheaper as compared to alternative methods.

Time in range (TIR) goals are rarely met in children with type 1 diabetes, except at the cost of increased hypoglycaemia episodes. Our objective was to evaluate the safety and efficiency of the Diabeloop DBL4K (Diabeloop, Grenoble, France) hybrid closed-loop system in prepubescent children.

Autotaxin (ATX) is a secreted enzyme playing a major role in the production of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) in blood through hydrolysis of lysophosphatidyl choline (LPC). The ATX–LPA signaling axis arouses a high interest in the drug discovery industry as it has been implicated in several diseases including cancer, fibrotic diseases, and inflammation, among others. An imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine series of ATX inhibitors was identified out of a high-throughput screening (HTS). A cocrystal structure with one of these compounds and ATX revealed a novel binding mode with occupancy of the hydrophobic pocket and channel of ATX but no interaction with zinc ions of the catalytic site. Exploration of the structure–activity relationship led to compounds displaying high activity in biochemical and plasma assays, exemplified by compound 40. Compound 40was also able to decrease the plasma LPA levels upon oral administration to rats.

GPR84 is a medium chain free fatty acid-binding G-protein-coupled receptor associated with inflammatory and fibrotic diseases. As the only reported antagonist of GPR84 (PBI-4050) that displays relatively low potency and selectivity, a clear need exists for an improved modulator. Structural optimization of GPR84 antagonist hit 1, identified through high-throughput screening, led to the identification of potent and selective GPR84 inhibitor GLPG1205 (36). Compared with the initial hit, 36showed improved potency in a guanosine 5′-O-[γ-thio]triphosphate assay, exhibited metabolic stability, and lacked activity against phosphodiesterase-4. This novel pharmacological tool allowed investigation of the therapeutic potential of GPR84 inhibition. At once-daily doses of 3 and 10 mg/kg, GLPG1205 reduced disease activity index score and neutrophil infiltration in a mouse dextran sodium sulfate-induced chronic inflammatory bowel disease model, with efficacy similar to positive-control compound sulfasalazine. The drug discovery steps leading to GLPG1205 identification, currently under phase II clinical investigation, are described herein.

La pollution lumineuse, en modifiant le comportement des organismes, affecte la locomotion, la migration et peut à terme fragmenter l’habitat. Pour étudier les effets de la pollution lumineuse sur la fragmentation de l’habitat, nous avons mené une étude expérimentale sur un primate nocturne et photosensible, le microcèbe (Microcebus murinus). Douze mâles ont été maintenus individuellement dans un dispositif composé de deux cages reliées par deux couloirs, l’un opaque et l’autre transparent. Pendant 4 nuits, le couloir transparent a été éclairé par des intensités lumineuses spécifiques : 0 lux, 0,3 lux, 20 lux et 51,5 lux correspondant respectivement à l’obscurité totale, à la pleine lune, à l’intensité minimale recommandée par la norme européenne EN-13201 sur l’éclairage public, et à la pollution lumineuse enregistrée dans une zone urbaine. Chaque nuit, l’activité générale, l’utilisation des couloirs et l’occupation des cages ont été enregistrées à l’aide d’une caméra infrarouge. Pour la première fois chez un primate nocturne, les résultats démontrent que la pollution lumineuse change la préférence d’utilisation des couloirs, modifie le schéma locomoteur et limite la capacité des animaux à exploiter efficacement leur environnement selon une relation dépendant de l’intensité lumineuse. Cependant, les résultats indiquent qu’un corridor sombre permet une compensation partielle en préservant en partie les activités biologiques. Cette étude met en évidence la nécessité de prendre en compte la pollution lumineuse lors de la mise en œuvre de plans de conservation et la pertinence des trames nocturnes.

Abstract A non-affine microsphere model for rubberlike materials is proposed, based on a local minimization of the network free energy under a maximal advance path constraint. It accounts for any chain weight distribution and for damage such as Mullins softening observed in filled rubber materials. The non-affine equal-force model is compared to the common affine model and a hybrid equal-force model from the literature, when considering the isotropic hyperelastic behavior without damage of rubber materials presenting chains of various lengths. The non-affine model shows an improved deformability compared to the affine model limited by the maximal extension of the shorter chains and a significantly softer behavior. Possible damage is introduced by increasing the chain lengths according to the submitted maximal chain traction force. Each chain is impacted independently resulting in a directional softening that introduces the evolution of the stress-free configuration that needs to be assessed over the loadings. The model was successfully tested on the cyclic uniaxial tension stretch-stress responses of carbon-black filled styrene butadiene rubbers that were well fitted with three parameters only. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Common fragile sites (CFSs) are loci that are hypersensitive to replication stress and hotspots for chromosomal rearrangements in cancers. CFSs replicate late in S phase, are cell-type specific and nest in large genes. The relative impact of transcription–replication conflicts versus a low density in initiation events on fragility is currently debated. Here we addressed the relationships between transcription, replication, and instability by manipulating the transcription of endogenous large genes in chicken and human cells. We found that inducing low transcription with a weak promoter destabilized large genes, whereas stimulating their transcription with strong promoters alleviated instability. Notably, strong promoters triggered a switch to an earlier replication timing, supporting a model in which high transcription levels give cells more time to complete replication before mitosis. Transcription could therefore contribute to maintaining genome integrity, challenging the dominant view that it is exclusively a threat.

Intensive chemotherapy with autologous stem cell transplantation is a therapeutic tool used in paediatric oncology. In adult patients, a peripheral blood CD34+ cell count superior to 20/μL enables an adequate collection of peripheral blood stem cells. There are no recommendations for children. This study aimed to determine whether the count of circulating CD34+ cells on the day before cytapheresis predicts successful collection in paediatric patients.

Adverse effects of light at night are associated with human health problems and with changes in seasonal reproduction in several species. Owing to its role in the circadian timing system, melatonin production is suspected to mediate excess nocturnal light. To test this hypothesis, we examined the effect of light pollution on the timing of seasonal reproduction on a strict Malagasy long-day breeder, the nocturnal mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus). We randomly exposed 12 males in wintering sexual rest to moonlight or to a light-mimicking nocturnal streetlight for 5 weeks. We monitored urinary 6-sulfatoxymelatonin concentrations (aMT6s), plasma testosterone concentrations, and testis size, and we recorded daily rhythms of core temperature and locomotor activity. In males exposed to light pollution, we observed a significant decrease in urinary aMT6s concentrations associated with changes in daily rhythm profiles and with activation of reproductive function. These results showed that males entered spontaneous sexual recrudescence leading to a summer acclimatization state, which suggests that light at night disrupts perception of day length cues, leading to an inappropriate photoentrainment of seasonal rhythms.

We consider an initially spherical capsule freely suspended in a planar hyperbolic flow and study the influence of the wall bending resistance on the capsule dynamics. The capsule wall is assumed to be made of a three-dimensional homogeneous elastic material. The fluid-structure interaction between the capsule and the external flow is modeled numerically by coupling a boundary integral method with a shell finite element method. It is found that, for given three-dimensional wall mechanical properties, the capsule deformability is drastically reduced as the bending resistance is increased. But, if one expresses the same results as a function of the two-dimensional mechanical properties of the mid-surface, which is how the capsule wall is modeled in the thin-shell model, the capsule deformed shape is identical to the one predicted for a capsule devoid of bending resistance. The bending rigidity is found to have a negligible influence on the shape and deformation: the capsule main deformation mode is thus solely a function of the elastic stretching of the mid-surface. The wall bending resistance still plays a role locally in the regions where buckling occurs. Its influence is studied in the low flow strength regime, for which wrinkling of the wall is observed to persist at steady state. We show that the wrinkle wavelength only depends on the bending number, which compares the relative importance of bending and shearing phenomena, and provide the correlation law. This result is interesting as it allows bending resistance to be estimated from experiments on capsules in a planar hyperbolic flow at low flow strength.

Les pneumopathies interstitielles diffuses (PID) sont des atteintes rares du lupus érythémateux disséminé (LED) comparé à d’autres connectivites. Leurs caractéristiques sont peu décrites dans la littérature. L’objectif de l’étude était de décrire les caractéristiques cliniques, fonctionnelles, la présentation radiologique des pneumopathies interstitielle associées au lupus érythémateux disséminé, de même que le traitement et la survie.

Cancer genomes exhibit numerous deletions, some of which inactivate tumor suppressor genes and/or correspond to unstable genomic regions, notably common fragile sites (CFSs). However, 70%–80% of recurrent deletions cataloged in tumors remain unexplained. Recent findings that CFS setting is cell-type dependent prompted us to reevaluate the contribution of CFS to cancer deletions. By combining extensive CFS molecular mapping and a comprehensive analysis of CFS features, we show that the pool of CFSs for all human cell types consists of chromosome regions with genes over 300 kb long, and different subsets of these loci are committed to fragility in different cell types. Interestingly, we find that transcription of large genes does not dictate CFS fragility. We further demonstrate that, like CFSs, cancer deletions are significantly enriched in genes over 300 kb long. We now provide evidence that over 50% of recurrent cancer deletions originate from CFSs associated with large genes.

Within the project Innovative Future Air Transport System (IFATS) funded by the European Commission within the sixth framework, a new concept for the air traffic organization has been developed. The most significant difference in today's organization is the lack of pilots and controllers. The IFATS concept foresees that each aircraft receives a four-dimensional (4D) contract before departure, which is calculated and negotiated on a worldwide scale so that it is conflict free. If, during flight, unforeseen deviations from the contract occur (delayed take-off, unforeseen weather change, reduced engine performance, or emergencies), a new contract is negotiated online taking into account the new boundary conditions. The German Aerospace Center (DLR) provided this project with a tool that simulates a large number of aircraft (approximately 1000) flying such a 4D contract. With this tool, 1-day traffic over Frankfurt airport with all the aircraft arriving and departing in Frankfurt was simulated. Normal situations were demonstrated together with disturbances such as delayed aircraft, thunderstorm, degraded performance aircraft, and aircraft facing an emergency. At the DLR Air Traffic Management and Operations Simulator, simulations were conducted with ‘real’ air traffic control (ATC) and pseudo-pilots in comparison to this fully automatic IFATS mode.

Cervarix™ is a recombinant human papillomavirus (HPV)-16 and -18 L1 virus-like-particle (VLP) AS04-adjuvanted vaccine designed to protect against cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and cervical cancer caused by the HPV types 16 and 18. Assessment of the stability of the vaccine during long-term storage and after transient exposure to temperatures out of normal storage range is an integrated part of vaccine quality evaluation. This assessment was done with vaccine samples stored at 2-8°C for up to 36 months, with or without simulated cold chain break (either one week at 37°C, or two or four weeks at 25°C). Among the stability-indicating parameters, antigenicity and immunogenicity were evaluated along with L1 antigen integrity and adsorption to aluminum. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to investigate the structural stability of the VLPs before and after vaccine formulation and over time. Cervarix™ was stable at 2-8°C for at least 3 years, and the occurrence of cold chain break had no impact, as shown by unchanged product characteristics during the full storage period. DSC analysis demonstrated that the structure of the HPV-16 and -18 L1 proteins and their corresponding VLPs was not affected throughout the manufacturing process. Moreover, the structure of aluminum-adsorbed HPV-16 and -18 L1 VLPs was robust over a 14-month test period. In conclusion, Cervarix™ was very stable upon long-term storage at 2-8°C with or without transient exposure to higher temperatures (up to 37°C). The observed robust structure of the L1 VLPs contributes to the excellent stability of Cervarix™.

Esophageal cancer outcome greatly depends on pathological stage. Our objectives were to assess prognosis based on the initial FDG PET scan, focusing on correlation between overall survival and FDG uptake in the primary, as well as the presence of FDG positive lymph nodes or metastases. Fifty-two esophageal cancer patients undergoing FDG PET as part of initial routine staging procedure before treatment were included. The maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) was determined in each primary lesion and the number of abnormalities including primary, lymph nodes or distant metastases was recorded. Correlation with overall survival was performed using the Kaplan-Meier method and Cox regression analysis was used to assess the prognostic value of PET parameters. Half of the patients were planned for initial curative surgery (52%). Using univariate survival analysis, either surgery, SUVmax superior than 9, two or more PET abnormalities, or the presence of FDG positive nodes were significant overall survival prognostic predictors. After multivariate analysis, only SUVmax superior than 9 and FDG positive lymph nodes were found as independent predictors of poor outcome. In this prospective study FDG PET was found to provide prognostic information supporting a new indication for initial FDG PET examination in esophageal cancer.

OBJECTIVE: Aldosterone binds the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) and is involved in the regulation of ionic transport, mainly sodium retention. MR is encoded by one single gene transcribed into various messengers that are thought to be translated into a unique 107 kDa protein. The aim of this study was to identify and characterize translation initiation variants of the human MR protein. METHODS: For this purpose we analyzed the extreme N-terminal fragment of various MR species, and confronted the predicted pattern of expression with in vitro translation results. Transactivation functions of the identified MR forms obtained by targeted mutagenesis were evaluated by transient transfection assays with different promoter reporter genes. RESULTS: Two major forms of human MR (hMR), named MRA and MRB, generated by alternative initiation of translation from start methionine 1 and 15 respectively, were predicted. Their expected expressions were confirmed by in vitro transcription/translation studies. Interestingly, each form of MR displayed reduced transactivation capacities with wild type (WT)=A+B>MRA>MRB suggesting that the extreme N-terminal fragment of MR has an effect on the transcriptional properties of the receptor. CONCLUSIONS: Altogether these data indicate that MR is expressed, through alternative translation initiation, as distinct protein variants which possess different functional properties. These MR forms could tightly dictate the modulation of aldosterone responsiveness in various tissues or in pathophysiological situations.

We consider a family of shell finite elements with quadratic displacements across the thickness. These elements are very attractive, but compared to standard general shell elements they face another source of numerical locking in addition to shear and membrane locking. This additional locking phenomenon – that we call “pinching locking” – is the subject of this paper and we analyse a numerical strategy designed to overcome this difficulty. Using a model problem in which only this specific source of locking is present, we are able to obtain error estimates independent of the thickness parameter, which shows that pinching locking is effectively treated. This is also confirmed by some numerical experiments of which we give an account.

Different effective boundary conditions or wall laws for unsteady incompressible Navier-Stokes equations over rough domains are derived in the laminar setting. First and second order unsteady wall laws are proposed using two scale asymptotic expansion techniques. The roughness elements are supposed to be periodic and the influence of the rough boundary is incorporated through constitutive constants. These constants are obtained by solving steady Stokes problems and so they are calculated only once. Numerical tests are presented to validate and compare the proposed boundary conditions.

Efficient formulations in fluid structure interaction are usually based on a purely lagrangian description of the structure coupled to an ALE formulation of the surrounding fluid. The present paper briefly reviews those formulations, describes their basic energy conservation properties, and the difficulties encountered in their numerical implementation. It then explains how an adequate asymptotic expansion can reduce such formulations to simplified models widely used in aeronautics, which combine the fundamental equations of fluid mechanics written in Eulerian coordinates with non standard transpiration interface boundary conditions.

The determination of toxic components from fire gases is difficult because the environment is hot, reactions are often temperature dependent, and a lot of soot may be produced. Due to the different properties of the gas components, a different time‐consuming procedure for each species has traditionally been used. The use of FTIR (Fourier transform infrared) spectrometers as a continuous monitoring technique overcomes many of the problems in smoke gas analyses. FTIR offers an opportunity to set up a calibration and prediction method for each gas showing a characteristic spectral band in the infrared region of the spectrum.

ABSTRACTMost formulations describing low speed large displacements fluid-structure interaction problems use a totally lagrangian formulation for the structure, and an Arbitrary Eider Lagrange (ALE) formulation for the fluid. The purpose of the present paper is to review the derivation of such formulations, to describe different time discretisation strategies and to explain the type of numerical problems which arise when implementing these techniques. To overcome all technical difficulties arising when dealing with moving grids, we will also explain how an adequate asymptotic expansion can reduce the problem to a standard problem written on a fixed configuration, but using specific transpiration interface boundary conditions. This last formulation is rather popular in the aeronautical community, and will be illustrated by various numerical experiments.

Concentrations in cadmium, copper, mercury, nickel, lead and zinc were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry in 72 samples of the green alga Caulerpa taxifoliacollected in its area of expansion in the French Mediterranean Sea. The data obtained was used to carry out a statistical study on the two main parts of the thallus (pseudo‐stolons and pseudo‐leaves), in regard to the seasons, the geographical and bathymetrical localisations and the distance from sources of pollution. The highest concentrations were those of copper and zinc, followed by lead and nickel, then by cadmium and mercury to a lesser extent. The samples collected near the most heavily populated places such as Monaco and Menton harbours, showed the highest concentrations of heavy metals. It seems that pseudo‐leaves concentrate metals more than pseudo‐stolons and that the metallic charge increases with the depth. However, these results are significant only for some of the metals. The presence of heavy metals in rather large quantities in this alga may carry a toxicological risk for the fauna that feeds on it and may be a hindrance for a possible industrial exploitation. But, it is difficult to assess the degree of this risk. Thanks to its ability to concentrate metals, however, Caulerpacan be used as a biological indicator in the "in situ”;assessment of the metallic pollution of the sea.

Abstract: Kinetics of phosphoryl transfers from PCr to γ-ATP and from β-ATP to β-ADP were measured by magnetization transfer in an in vivo31P NMR experiment in working rat skeletal hind leg muscles. Two groups were examined. One group was submitted to a 6-week training program of treadmill running. The other group was composed of sedentary animals. Metabolic oxidative capacity and mechanical performance were improved greatly by training as shown previously. Phosphoryl transfer of PCr→γ-ATP or β-ATP→β-ADP total fluxes were identical in resting trained and untrained muscles. Under stimulation, the flux of creatine kinase transfer was significantly inhibited by 23% compared with resting level in untrained muscles; by contrast, it was not inhibited and maintained at the high resting level in trained muscles. Thus physiological changes probably linked to a decrease of the production of anions, which could inhibit creatine kinase, were able to maintain creatine kinase flux. The flux of β-ATP to β-ADP transfer were enhanced largely in working muscles from 1.4±0.8 and 2±0.8 at rest to 4±1.6 and 6.6±2.7 mM s−1 for untrained and trained muscles respectively; the effect was more pronounced in trained than in untrained muscles. These results showed an acceleration of phosphoryl turnover in working muscles after training, which could contribute to improve oxidative and mechanical performances. Such kinetic measurements of phosphoryl conversion may provide information on ATP turnover in pathophysiologic situations where ADP accumulates because of impaired ATP synthesis (mitochondrial myopathies, lower perfusion level).

In this paper we study the convergence properties of a coupling time marching algorithm solving convection–diffusion problems on two domains using incompatible approximations. Convergence properties are obtained using local and global estimates of the solutions of convection–diffusion problems.

The rate constant of the β‐adenosine triphosphate to β‐adenosine diphosphate conversion was measured using 31P nuclear magnetic resonance magnetization transfer in resting and contracting in vivorat skeletal muscle. Theoretically, the rate constant should be the sum of the rate constants of the reactions catalyzing ATP–ADP exchange. In resting muscle, the conversion rate constant was 0.4 s−1and β‐ATP intrinsic T1was 1.7 s. The velocity of conversion was 3.8 mMs−1. During stimulation, phosphocreatine fell to 36% and ATP to 82% of initial values. The rate constant and velocity of β‐phosphoryl conversion increased to 0.8 s−1and 6.3 mMs−1, respectively, but did not reach expected levels, i.e. the product of the ATP concentration with the sum of pseudo first‐rate constants of the individual reactions. These conversion velocities should be higher than reverse creatine kinase velocities, previously measured to be 10 mMs−1in resting muscle and 7.5 mMs−1in contacting muscle and confirmed in this work. The discrepancy between expected and observed data could be due either to compartmentation of part of the β‐ATP in pools exchanging slowly with the bulk of cellular ATP, or to ADP binding to macromolecules thus preventing full ADP saturation during magnetization transfer. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

We introduce an adaptative coupling of the Boltzmann and Navier–Stokes equations to compute hypersonic flows around a vehicle at high altitude. The coupling is achieved by matching half fluxes at the interface of the Boltzmann and Navier–Stokes domains. The domains are determined automatically by computing local kinetic residuals on a preliminary Navier–Stokes solution. Our method is developed here for monoatomic gases. Different numerical results illustrate its validity and limits.

Summary To avoid any numerical locking in the finite element approximation of viscoelastic flow problems, we propose a three-field approximation of this problem. This approximation, which involves velocities, stresses, and pressures is proved to converge for all times. In the proof, we also obtain convergence results for the three-fields finite element approximation of incompressible elasticity problems.

Résumé Cet article applique les techniques de Lagrangien Augmenté à la résolution numérique des problèmes d'équilibre de corps hyperélastiques compressibles soumis à de grandes déformations. La méthode obtenue est illustrée par plusieurs exemples numériques.

The aim of this paper is to introduce and validate a coupled Navier–Stokes Boltzman approach for the calculation of hypersonic rarefied flows around manoeuvering vehicles. The proposed strategy uses locally a kinetic model in the boundary layer coupled through wall friction forces to a global Navier–Stokes solver. Dif_ferent numerical experiments illustrate the potentialities of the method.

We have investigatedCFTRspecific intestinal expression by transfection assays in mouse cultured fibroblasts and transimmortalized intestinal crypt m-ICcl2cells using the β-galactosidase gene linked to ratCFTRnon-coding regions. Two constructs were studied, one encompassing a 5.3 kb region 5′ to the gene where numerous duodenum-specific DNase I hypersensitive sites (DHSs) were previously mapped and the other including a 1.3 kb 3′ region in which novel DHSs had been identified. In transient transfection assays, transgenes were expressed in m-ICcl2cells but not in fibroblasts. In m-ICcl2cells, the pattern of expression of the chromosomally integrated transgenes paralleled the endogenous expression ofCFTRand β-galactosidase activity was detected in cells containing villin and forming domes. Thus, a 6.6 kb region encompassing 5′ and 3′ non-coding parts of ratCFTRis able to drive specific expression of a reporter gene in cultured mouse intestinal cells having kept a crypt phenotype.

Several studies were undertaken to develop three-dimensional (3-D) cell culture models that allow conditions closer to the in vivo situation. To this end, alginate gels were tested as a 3-D cell culture model that might be useful in the study of the effects of UVA on human dermal fibroblasts. Cell culture in alginate gels and the irradiation conditions were optimized. Results showed that optimized cultures in alginate gels experienced considerable cell death on UVA irradiation compared to the classical monolayer cell culture. Viability tests (cell counting and neutral red assay) were performed to show that only UVA-irradiated alginate gels were responsible for this cytotoxicity. The implication of oxygen species in the phototoxicity induced by ultraviolet light has already been described; for this reason we investigated whether oxygen species were involved in the cytotoxicity induced by alginate upon UVA irradiation. It appeared that superoxide anion is not implicated

Le réseau de distribution des eaux de consommation de l'agglomération lilloise est particulièrement complexe en raison de la nature variée des eaux qui y transitent. De nombreuses analyses physico-chimiques et bactériologiques permettent, quotidiennement, de surveiller la qualité de ses eaux. Par contre, en l'absence d'anomalies constatées, aucune investigation n'avait été entreprise visant des organismes d'une dimension supérieure aux bactéries, regroupés, suivant leur règne d'appartenance, en phyto et zoo planctons.Le but de la première étude entreprise en 1992 était de faire l'état des lieux en observant la situation, en priorité, au niveau des points les plus délicats du réseau (zones à faibles débits).Des micro-organismes variés ont, effectivement, été mis en évidence. Leur nature est fonction du type d'eau transportée.L'opération est renouvelée, cette année, en focalisant sur les eaux d'origine superficielle dans l'objectif de vérifier la reproductibilité des premières observations et de suivre au fil de l'eau, pour une même ressource, l'évolution qualitative des populations aquatiques.

Phosphocreatine synthesis by mitochondria isolated from rat skeletal muscle was determined in presence of inorganic phosphate, creatine, and either ATP or ADP, using 31P NMR spectroscopy in a new protocol maintaining mitochondria for several hours in a well-coupled state. Maximal velocity of phosphocreatine synthesis was identical with 0.4 mM of ADP or 0.5 mM ATP at a rate of 0.063 mM/min. External ATP and ADP were always present in the spectra, demonstrating that in skeletal muscle cells as in heart muscle cells, mitochondrial creatine kinase coupled to translocase has a very strong amplifying effect on oxidative phosphorylation and converts external inorganic phosphate and creatine into phosphocreatine without net adenine nucleotide consumption. Therefore, adenine nucleotides can be considered as cofactors rather than regulators of mitochondria metabolism. This is in agreement with the “phosphocreatine-circuit” theory.

ABSTRACTWe present a new a posteriori error estimate for strongly heterogeneous elasticity problems. This new approach is based on a simple modification of the well known residual estimate, but with the nice property that it is correctly dimensionalised with respect to the physical data.

Summary The present paper deals with the mathematical and the numerical analysis of small strains elastoviscoplasticity. By considering the problem as an evolution equation whose only unknown is the stress field, the quasistatic elastoviscoplastic evolution problem is proved to be well-posed, consistent mixed finite element approximations are introduced, and classical numerical algorithms are interpreted. In particular, augmented Lagrangian methods operating on the velocity appear as standard alternating-directions time-integrations of this stress evolution problem.

Summary This paper considers the problems of minimizing Gateaux-differentiable functionals over subsets of real Banach spaces defined by a non-linear equality constraint. The existence of a Lagrange multiplier is proved, together with approximation results on the constrained subset, provided a nonlinear compatibility condition, generalizing the classical inf-sup condition, is satisfied. These ideas are applied to equilibrium problems in incompressible finite elasticity and lead to convergence results for these problems.

Summary The present paper deals with the mathematical and numerical analysis of evolution problems in nonlinear small strains viscoelasticity of Burger's type. After a brief review of the mechanical model, the viscoelastic problem to be solved is written as an abstract evolution problem. The associated operator is proved to be maximal monotone, thus implying existence and uniqueness of solutions. This problem is then solved numerically by a backward Euler discretization in time, a finite element approximation in space and by using a preconditioned conjugate gradient algorithm for solving the resulting nonlinear algebraic systems. Numerical results are finally presented to illustrate the solution procedure.

L’entraînement des muscles inspiratoires (EMI) fait partie de la prise en charge des patients atteints de pathologie respiratoire en réhabilitation respiratoire. Depuis les dernières recommandations de la SPLF, plusieurs études se sont intéressées à l’intérêt de l’EMI en réhabilitation respiratoire.

Nous souhaitons rapporter les résultats d’expérimentations menées dans le cadre de la médecine du travail portant sur l’estimation du risque cardiovasculaire.

L’incidence des carcinomes cutanés augmente avec l’âge. Leur taille clinique conditionne en partie leur pronostic et leurs traitements.

L’acromégalie est fréquemment associée au syndrome de McCune Albright (MAS). Peu de grossesse ont été rapportées dans ce cadre. Nous rapportons le cas d’une grossesse chez une patiente présentant un MAS et une acromégalie.