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How do bureaucrats respond to legislators' demands for change in policy implementation? We distinguish between unified and divided government, where the degree of legislative oversight over bureaucratic autonomy is likely to differ, and we argue that how bureaucrats actually respond in varying executive‐legislative relations depends on their incentives shaped by greater autonomy in implementation (unified government) versus closer monitoring by legislators (divided government). Analyzing two sets of original data from list and endorsement experiments with local bureaucrats in Korea (n= 4064)—one from the period of legislative auditing and the other from the nonauditing period—we find that bureaucrats are more likely to incorporate legislators' views into their decision‐making under unified than under divided government. Furthermore, bureaucrats are more responsive to legislatures when their political ideology is congruent with that of a legislative majority than when it is incongruent, regardless of unified or divided government. Our findings have a clear implication: the importance of bureaucratic autonomy and preferences rather than monitoring as an effective tool to increase bureaucratic responsiveness.

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Purpose: This phenomenological study aims to explore how media promote and should promote wheelchair rugby. Design/methodology/approach: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 31 athletes at National Wheelchair Rugby Championship. In using a reflective thematical analysis approach, three themes were identified – media coverage: the promise of an unknown quantity; the battle of inspiration and athleticism; and leverage marketing and promote the “wow”. Findings: Lacking fair representation from media resulting in the perception and reception gap between the general public and spectators was identified and explained by most of the athletes. Besides urging increased coverage with a shifting focus on athleticism, the important role of marketing was highlighted. Originality/value: In short, the “wow” factor of the sport is its aggressiveness which can be its bestselling feature and used by stakeholders for maximum impact when marketing wheelchair rugby.

Hiring an administrator is one of the most significant steps volunteer-run choruses can take to support their organization's growth and development. During the height of the pandemic, most organizations were too busy staying afloat to make that kind of move, but recently a number of choruses have decided they are ready for the plunge. The five organizations represented in this story are facing today's hiring challenges by relying on strategies that evidence an increasing willingness to think big. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper aims to determine if single-item (SI) needs' and values' measures have similar reliability and validity values to multi-item (MI) measures of the same constructs and thus could be substituted by sport marketers to predict internal motivating aspects of sport consumer attitudes and behavior. In addition, the authors wish to determine whether a small subset of needs and values listed in current measures are sufficient to predict sport consumer attitudes and behavior. Design/methodology/approach: In this two-study design, the first study was a national sample (N= 439) comparing reliability and validity of single-item scales to multi-item scales. In the second study the authors collected data from fans and spectators of four different teams (N1 = 583; N2 = 1164; N3 = 213; N4 = 404) to determine the impact of needs and values on sport consumer attitudes and behavior. Findings: The authors determined that in 89% of the scales, single-item measures of needs and values were just as reliable and valid as their associated multi-item measures. The authors also found that a small subset of the needs and values explain a meaningful amount of variance in sport consumer attitudes and behaviors. Research limitations/implications: The authors determined that in 89% of the scales, single-item measures of needs and values were just as reliable and valid as their associated multi-item measures. The authors also found that a small subset of the needs and values explain a meaningful amount of variance in sport consumer attitudes and behaviors. Originality/value: The authors show that as motives for sport consumption, single-item measures of personal needs and values are equivalent to multi-item measures and not all needs and values used in previous sport research are necessary because they do not predict a meaningful amount of variance in sport consumer attitudes and behaviors. The authors identified a small number of single-item measures that practitioners can easily use in short surveys that will predict a statistically meaningful amount of variance in sport consumer attitudes and behaviors.

A new advanced WRGB OLED and its viewing angle performance is introduced. Electro‐optical and visual assessment were carried out to evaluate and the advanced WRGB OLED outperformed conventional one. It shows 20% higher Luminance, 20% wider half luminance angle, and 50% lower color shift at viewing directions.

To link to full-text access for this article, visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2005.06.009 Byline: Philip L. Dawes (a), Don Y. Lee (b), David Midgley (c) Keywords: IT consultants; Organizational learning; Structural modelling; Syntactic information search Abstract: Typically, research on organizational learning has been conceptual in nature. In a departure from this tradition, we develop and test a structural model of organizational learning in the context of the purchasing of an expensive and complex product in the information technology (IT) area. The key focus of our research is the participation of external IT consultants and our model links seven explanatory constructs that are consistent with the process school of thought in organizational learning. More specifically, two organizational variables-formalization, strategic importance-and two individual-level variables-stakeholding, prior experience-are viewed as antecedents of consultant participation. In contrast, we view internal search effort, external search effort, and organizational learning as consequences of consultant participation. As predicted, all four antecedent variables affected consultant participation. Moreover, we found that, while consultant participation had a positive impact on internal search effort and organizational learning, its impact on external information search effort was negative. Author Affiliation: (a) Wolverhampton Business School, University of Wolverhampton, Compton Road West, Wolverhampton, WV3 9DX, United Kingdom (b) Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China (c) INSEAD, Bd de Constance, 77305 Fontainebleau Cedex, France Article History: Received 13 August 2004; Revised 26 April 2005; Accepted 8 June 2005

General practitioners (GPs) referring patients with Erectile Dysfunction (ED) to North Central London (NCL) secondary care urology services must comply with the Erectile Dysfunction Referral Pathway (EDRP). The EDRP requires GPs to provide a detailed patient history, conduct specific blood tests, offer psychological support and attempt certain medical treatments prior to referral.

The authors focus on emergent buying center networks in firms that recently have purchased an expensive, complex, technological product. The authors examine how a person's information control and influence vary within such networks. The purpose of this study is to assess the relative contribution of information control, individual attributes, and organization structure variables on influence. The authors find that factors related to the person are the most important in explaining a buying center member's influence for this type of purchasing decision. Although less important, the variables of information control, decentralization, and formalization also affect influence. Overall, the authors find strong empirical support for their model.

A Balance of All the Right Ingredients One of the country's top retail markets, an artistic mecca and high-tech breeding ground - St. Petersburg brings it all together. A Major [...]

This study aims to demonstrate the feasibility of cylindrical interstitial laser ablation (CILA) in porcine pancreatic tissue to develop a EUS-guided PC ablation technique with enhanced safety. A diffusing applicator created a uniformly symmetrical laser ablation in pancreatic tissue. Ex vivo tests presented that both ablation thickness and volume increased linearly with the applied power (R^2 = 0.96 and 0.90, respectively) without carbonization and fiber degradation. The numerical simulations matched well with the experimental results in terms of temperature development and thermal damage (deviation of ≤ 15%). In vivo tests with EUS confirmed easy insertion and high durability of the diffusing applicator. EUS-guided CILA warranted a feasible therapeutic capacity of ablating in vivo pancreatic tissue. The proposed EUS-guided CILA can be a feasible therapeutic approach to treat PC with predictable thermal ablation and enhanced safety.

A new image quality enhancement technology in terms of perceptual performance without increasing luminance specification values is introduced. Various perceptual factors such as brightness, local contrast, sharpness at high frequency image, and overall colorfulness of image are improved when optical specification values of display are fixed. Three Plastic OLED (POLED) samples were prepared to compare image quality levels between conventional and enhanced one, and a series of visual assessment has been carried out at different ambient conditions (5,000 lx, and 45,000 lx) in order to verify the performance of the developed technology. The luminance values of proposed and conventional samples were ranged from 800 to 1,000 cd/m2. The results show that the proposed technology outperforms conventional ones, even though the luminance value of conventional sample was higher than that of proposed technology.

Glycosylation is closely related to cellular metabolism and disease progression. In particular, glycan levels in cancer cells and tissues increase during cancer progression. This upregulation of glycosylation in cancer cells may provide a basis for the development of new biomarkers for the targeting and diagnosis of specific cancers. Here, they developed a detection technology for pancreatic cancer cell‐derived small extracellular vesicles (PC‐sEVs) based on lectin–glycan interactions. Lectins specific for sialic acids are conjugated to Janus nanoparticles to induce interactions with PC‐sEVs in a dielectrophoretic (DEP) system. PC‐sEVs are selectively bound to the lectin‐conjugated Janus nanoparticles (lectin–JNPs) with an affinity comparable to that of conventionally used carbohydrate antigen 19‐9 (CA19‐9) antibodies. Furthermore, sEVs‐bound Lectin–JNPs (sEVs‐Lec‐JNPs) are manipulated between two electrodes to which an AC signal is applied for DEP capture. In addition, the proposed DEP system can be used to trap the sEVs–Lec–JNP on the electrodes. Their results, which are confirmed by lectin–JNPs using the proposed DEP system followed by target gene analysis, provide a basis for the development of a new early diagnostic marker based on the glycan characteristics of PC‐sEVs. In turn, these novel detection methods could overcome the shortcomings of commercially available pancreatic cancer detection techniques. Small extracellular vesicles derived from tumor cells are captured by lectin nanoparticles in the dielectrophoretic device via their unique glycan presentation on the surface.

Display technology plays a significant role in gaming and two different types of display panel technologies available are OLED and LCD when choosing a gaming monitor. In general, interest in physical specifications such as refresh rate, contrast ratio, response time and input lag in gaming displays is high. In this article, we studied the reaction time between two different gaming displays with respect to different response time, contrast ratio and refresh rate. Response time and contrast ratio turned out to be the key factors influencing the reaction time which were both advantageous for OLED. In case of gaming monitors, contrast ratio acts as the major factor in reaction time, and in case of TV displays, response time acts as a major factor in reaction time.

The control of molecular orientation and ordering of liquid crystal (LC) organic semiconductor (OSC) for high-performance and thermally stable organic thin-film transistors is investigated. A liquid crystalline molecule, 2-(4-dodecyl thiophenyl)[1]dibenzothiopheno[6,5-b:6′,5′-f]-thieno[3,2-b]thiophene (C12-Th-DBTTT) is synthesized, showing the highly ordered smectic X (SmX) phase, demonstrating molecular reorganization via thermal annealing. The resulting thermally evaporated polycrystalline film and solution-sheared thin film show high charge carrier mobilities of 9.08 and 27.34 cm2V–1s–1, respectively. Atomic force microscopy and grazing-incidence X-ray diffraction analyses prove that the random SmA1-like structure (smectic monolayer) is reorganized to the highly ordered SmA2-like structure (smectic bilayer) of C12-Ph-DBTTT at the crystal-SmX transition temperature region. Because of the strong intermolecular interactions between rigid DBTTT cores, the thin film devices of C12-Th-DBTTT show excellent thermal stability up to 300 °C, indicating that LC characterization of conventional OSC materials can obtain high electrical performance as well as superior thermal durability.

AbstractGrowing disparities between quality and quantity of life may be one of the most significant health challenges of our time. Retirement is a significant transitional event that can impact quality of life outcomes. Drawing on the Resource-Based Dynamic Perspective Theory, successful adaptation from the retirement transition is dependent upon resources known to predict retirement well-being. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between sport participation and these resources. Data from surveys of two retirement communities in southeast Texas were collected (N = 373). Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the relationships between sport participation, resources, and retirement well-being. Findings from this research provide empirical evidence to support participation in sport as a positive influencer of resources in retirement, assisting continued human development as people age. Further, the concept of sport embeddedness, which describes people’s beliefs, social involvement, and behavioral involvement with sport, is advanced.

Laser ablation may provide a minimally invasive palliative treatment for pancreatic cancer. The aim of the current study was to assess the feasibility of a 532-nm laser equipped with a cylindrical light diffuser for the treatment of pancreatic cancer. Monolayers of BxPC-3 human pancreatic cancer cell were exposed to 532 nm laser light. Power levels of 5 - 7 W were used to uniformly target the entire cell colonies for 60 and 120 seconds. The cells were incubated for 24 hours after treatment and viabilities were determined by using a MTT assay. Laser ablation was performed by using the cylindrical light diffuser on six pancreatic tumor tissues obtained from pancreatic cancer xenograft mouse models, which were exposed to the 532 nm light at 5W or 7W for 10 to 30 seconds. In the in vitrostudy, the survival rates of the pancreatic cancer cells were reduced by 6.6% to 98.9% after the treatment, and the survival rates were reduced by increasing laser power and/or irradiation time. In the pancreatic tumor tissues, a homogenous circular ablation zone was observed in all tumors and the ablation distance induced by the laser irradiation showed to be constant from the diffuser to all directions (standard deviation, 0.3 - 1.3 mm). Ablation distance and area increased with increasing laser power and/or irradiation time. The 532 nm laser effectively killed pancreatic cancer cells, and the cylindrical light diffuser was found to be suitable for laser ablation as it provided uniform ablation in pancreatic cancer.

The effects of Ho substitution for Nd on the microstructure, corrosion resistance and thermal stability of the Nd-Fe-B magnets were investigated. The (Nd,Ho)-O phase was formed with increasing Ho substitution. The results of potentiodynamic polarization and highly accelerated stress test show improved corrosion resistance with increasing Ho substitution. The optimum mass loss 0.29 mg/cm2is achieved. Moreover, the average temperature coefficients for remanence and coercivity in the range of 25–150 °C are both closer to zero, indicating improved thermal stability. The mechanisms for the improved corrosion resistance and thermal stability are discussed in relation to the microstructure featuring the (Nd,Ho)-O phase.

ABSTRACTThe objective of this study was to understand the role and contribution of sanlim-kyes (mutual aid associations for village forests) to successful reforestation during Saemaul Undong period in the 1970s. They were first organized in 1951 in the Ri and Dong village units in the Republic of Korea (ROK). They were self-governing associations for promoting cooperation between forest owners and villagers. Sanlim-kyes grew under Saemaul Undong (ROK's “new village movement”), which began in 1971, playing a crucial role in replanting degraded forests during that time. As a result of their establishment of 680,000 ha of fuelwood forests, which contributed not only to forest development but also to a greener energy supply, the organization became a cornerstone for the success of reforestation in Korea. During Saemaul Undong period, reforested property and the sale of tree seedlings became an economic asset as well, providing funds for the construction of bridges, village halls, and other community projects. Sanlim-kyes also contributed to protecting forests from illegal cutting, forest fires, and attack by insect or disease. As bottom-up mutual aid associations, sanlim-kyes should be recognized and evaluated for their contribution to successful reforestation and social development in Korea during Saemaul Undong period in the 1970s.

Various studies are being conducted on the application of DBD (Dielectric barrier discharges). The internal dielectric has a very important characteristic on DBD, thus we analyze of the characteristics on dielectric barrier discharges depending on the relative permittivity and frequency. Through simulation, the discharge voltage was calculated based on relative permittivity and frequency of real used dielectrics (Green sheet, Down dielectric, white dielectric). We investigate that increased relative permittivity and fast frequency occur the decrease of the firing voltage. Also, we investigate the frequency dependence of the dielectric constant and dielectric loss of dielectric layers measured at a frequency region of 100Hz to 10MHz. In a condition of drive within 1MHz, with regard to the change of real and imaginary part according to frequency, it has quite stable dielectric constant in the condition of drive within 1MHz.

ABSTRACTRwanda's natural forest is under pressure due to increasing rural population growth and subsistence farming. The Rwanda Ministry of Agriculture has therefore introduced agroforestry technology in forest-dependent communities to minimize the pressures on the forests and improve local people's livelihoods. This new technology has, however, not seen massive adoption in the country. This study examined the socioeconomic and environmental benefits of the agroforestry technology introduced particularly in Nyamagabe District and the challenges facing its adoption. Results showed that the agroforestry practices are contributing to an increase in income of agroforestry adopters compared to non-agroforestry adopters, and are improving soil fertility, reducing deforestation, and conserving soil and water in the district. However, results showed that, due to lack of skills and technical know-how, capital and quality seeds, some farmers are declining to adopt the new agroforestry practices. The respondents perceived that by providing subsidies to farmers, regular training, and informal education, establishing tree nurseries to improve the production of quality seeds, and also involving farmers in decision-making will increase agroforestry adoption. The government and other stakeholders should consider the views expressed by the farmers and take the necessary steps to address these challenges facing agroforestry technology adoption.

GPR40(G protein‐coupled receptor 40) has become an attractive target for insulin secretagogue via glucose‐dependent mechanism with low risk of hypoglycemia. In order to overcome problems associated with previously developed GPR40agonists, we recruited the core fragment 2,3‐dihydro‐1H‐indene to GPR40receptor binding pharmacophore with carboxylic acid moiety, and screened various amine analogs to finally discover several hit compounds displaying GPR40agonistic activities. Through additional in vitroADME, pharmacokinetics, and in vivoefficacy evaluations, compound 1ewas demonstrated as a potent lead GPR40agonist.

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to investigate the kinematics of the sprint start in long-track speed skating. Video recordings of 11 world-class long-track speed skaters (5 men and 6 women) were made during an ISU 500-m World Cup race held in February 2016. Video recordings were analysed with KWON3D XP 4.0. Analysis revealed that male skaters changed to gliding technique at fifth stroke while female skaters adopt gliding technique at sixth stroke. Although statistically not significant, male skaters showed greater difference (amplitude) in hip (mean difference = 4.43, SD = 12.11), knee (mean difference = 7.01, SD = 15.12) and ankle (mean difference = 16.68, SD = 27.76) angles between at the time of the CONTACT and the OFF compared to female skaters. Male skaters also showed greater pushoff angles compared to female skaters. These greater angles of male skaters were associated with quicker time to transition point therefore this might explain why male skaters are able to use gliding technique earlier than female skaters leading to superior performance.

Ce-Fe-B sintered magnets with enhanced coercivity were prepared by the powder metallurgy method. The mechanism of the coercivity enhancement in Ce-Fe-B sintered magnets with the low-melting point intergranular additive was discussed in details. It was speculated that the low coercivity of Ce-Fe-B sintered magnet was related to the irregular sharps and relatively low magneto-anisotropy field of the matrix phase. After introducing a 20 wt.% Nd-based intergranular additive, the coercivity markedly increased from 108 Oe to 2560 Oe due to the formation of thin and continuous grain boundary layers and the surface modification of the matrix phase grains. Additionally, the formation of the high anisotropy field (Nd,Ce)2Fe14B shell was beneficial to the increase of the coercivity as well. This work suggested that adding low-melting point intergranular additives was effective to fabricate the practical Ce-Fe-B sintered magnets.

This paper proposes two contributions to the literature on the social acceptance (SA) of energy systems and public perceptions of renewable energy (RE) transitions. The first contribution is methodological, recognizing more effective and inclusive forms of engagement begin with building reciprocal relationships and collaborative research partnerships operationalizing the tenets of energy justice. Employing these methodological recommendations, we conducted a collaborative, inclusive, and equitable research design and engagement practice by collaborating with Tribal members on research with expressly mutual benefits. In this work, a years-long collaboration of Tribal members and non-Tribal researchers developed a methodology to survey respondents at an accessible and culturally relevant community event to learn about preferences and perceived barriers to transitioning to RE. A second contribution is empirical. The results suggest shared priorities for energy solutions that enhance energy sovereignty, i.e., community control and ownership of energy services provisioning. They also demonstrate widespread awareness regarding barriers to a RE transition and simultaneously, some potential misperceptions about the challenges to transition. This study reinforces the need for SA research to move beyond asking what technologies receive public support and where those technologies should be sited to consider how access and transparency in planning processes, collaboration, engagement, development, ownership, and benefits are organized and can be radically reconfigured to enable the just transition to a decarbonized energy system.

Electrochemical sensing techniques for small molecules have progressed in many applications, including disease diagnosis and prevention as well as monitoring of health conditions. However, affinity-based detection for low-abundance small molecules is still challenging due to the imbalance in target-to-receptor size ratio as well as the lack of a highly sensitive signal transducing method. Herein, we introduced nanoscale electrochemistry in affinity-based small molecule detection by measuring the change of quantum electrochemical properties with a nanoscale artificial receptor upon binding. We prepared a nanoscale molecularly imprinted composite polymer (MICP) for cortisol by electrochemically copolymerizing β-cyclodextrin and redox-active methylene blue to offer a high target-to-receptor size ratio, thus realizing “bind-and-read” detection of cortisol as a representative target small molecule, along with extremely high sensitivity. Using the quantum conductance measurement, the present MICP-based sensor can detect cortisol from 1.00 × 10–12to 1.00 × 10–6M with a detection limit of 3.93 × 10–13M (S/N = 3), which is much lower than those obtained with other electrochemical methods. Moreover, the present MICP-based cortisol sensor exhibited reversible cortisol sensing capability through a simple electrochemical regeneration process without cumbersome steps of washing and solution change, which enables “continuous detection”. In situ detection of cortisol in human saliva following circadian rhythm was carried out with the present MICP-based cortisol sensor, and the results were validated with the LC–MS/MS method. Consequently, this present cortisol sensor based on nanoscale MICP and quantum electrochemistry overcomes the limitations of affinity-based biosensors, opening up new possibilities for sensor applications in point-of-care and wearable healthcare devices.

This study investigated the effect of city image on residents' perceptions and the top-down and bottom-up effects of sporting events on the host city. The study developed and tested a research framework delineating the relationships among city image, city attitudes, sporting event attitudes, and word-of-mouth (WOM). This research further examined the impact of sporting events through a pre-post design. Using a mall-intercept sampling approach, a total of 620 participants were collected. The results of PLS-SEM demonstrated that positive direct and indirect relationships were found. In addition, moderated-mediation analysis found significant differences between the pre-post surveys in the relationship where city image indirectly influences attitudes toward cities through sport event attitude. These findings suggest city image impacts city attitudes and sport event attitudes and further influences WOM. Importantly, the top-down and bottom-up effects were significantly stronger after the event.

The article discusses how choruses and choral leaders are becoming a part of the response and healing process to recover from tragedies happening around the world like bombings and mass killings. Topics discussed include Orlando Gay Chorus (OGC) staff members response towards the Pulse nightclub shootings held in Orlando, Florida on July 12, 2016, music conductor Jonathan Palant response on killing of police officers in Dallas Texas on July 8, 2016, and the Boston Children's Chorus.

ABSTRACTVSIG4/CRIg (V-set and immunoglobulin domain containing 4) is a transmembrane receptor of the immunoglobulin superfamily that is expressed specifically on macrophages and mature dendritic cells. VSIG4 signaling accelerates phagocytosis of C3-opsonized bacteria, thereby efficiently clearing pathogens within macrophages. We found that VSIG4 signaling triggered by C3-opsonized Listeria(opLM) or by agonistic anti-VSIG4 monoclonal antibody (mAb) induced macrophages to form autophagosomes. VSIG4-induced autophagosomes were selectively colocalized with the intracellular LM while starvation-induced autophagosomes were not. Consistent with these results, the frequency of autophagosomes induced by infection with opLM was lower in VSIG4-deficient bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) than in WT BMDMs. Furthermore, when VSIG4 molecules were overexpressed in HeLa cells, which are non-macrophage cells, VSIG4 triggering led to efficient uptake of LM, autophagosome formation, and killing of the infected LM. These findings suggest that VSIG4 signaling not only promotes rapid phagocytosis and killing of C3-opsonized intracellular bacteria, as previously reported, but also induces autophagosome formation, eliminating the LM that have escaped from phagosomes. We conclude that VSIG4 signaling provides an anti-immune evasion mechanism that prevents the outgrowth of intracellular bacteria in macrophages.

This paper investigates public preferences for biodiversity conservation in Vietnam’s Tam Dao National Park by emphasizing the conservation of ecosystems and the protection of the endemic species Opisthotropis tamdaoensis(Tam Dao stream snake). A contingent valuation survey was conducted using face-to-face interviews with 250 residents in Hanoi. According to the results, 89.7% of the respondents were willing to pay an average of VND35,250 (US$1.63) to conserve the ecosystem, and 77.2% were willing to pay an average of VND21,571 (US$1.0) to protect O.tamdaoensis.The motivation behind the respondents’ willingness to pay (WTP) was the value of biodiversity, whereas that behind their refusal to pay was a lack of transparency in the budget disbursement process. Among various socioeconomic characteristics, the education level and monthly income of respondents had a significant effect on WTP.

During the aging process, skin shows visible changes, characterized by a loss of elasticity and the appearance of wrinkles due to reduced collagen production and decreased elasticity of elastin fibers. Panax ginsengMeyer has been used as a traditional medicine for various diseases due to its wide range of biological activities including skin protective effects. Ginsenosides are the main components responsible for the biological activities of ginseng. However, the protective activities of an enzymatic preparation of red ginseng against human skin aging have not been investigated.

Information about the Robert Shaw Centenary Symposium on the Brahms Requiem presented by the organization Chorus America and hosted by the Atlanta Symphony Orchestra and Chorus (ASO) at Woodruff Arts Center in Atlanta, Georgia in 2016, is presented. Topics discussed include impact of Shaw on choral music in the U.S., his work on Brahms Requiem and instructions Shaw gave to his singers.