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Higher functionality should be achieved within the device-level switching characteristics to secure the operational possibility of mixed-signal data processing within a memristive crossbar array. This work investigated electroforming-free Ta/HfO2/RuO2resistive switching devices for digital- and analog-type applications through various structural and electrical analyses. The multiphase reset behavior, induced by the conducting filament modulation and oxygen vacancy generation (annihilation) in the HfO2layer by interacting with the Ta (RuO2) electrode, was utilized for the switching mode change. Therefore, a single device can manifest stable binary switching between low and high resistance states for the digital mode and the precise 8-bit conductance modulation (256 resistance values) via an optimized pulse application for the analog mode. An in-depth analysis of the operation in different modes and comparing memristors with different electrode structures validate the proposed mechanism. The Ta/HfO2/RuO2resistive switching device is feasible for a mixed-signal processable memristive array.

In this work, we investigate the effects of short-term memory (STM) on resistive switching (RS) memory [resistive random access memory (RRAM)] device, which is based on indium tin oxide (ITO) treated with O2 plasma. The STM characteristics of the fabricated Ag/ITO(O2 plasma)/TiN RRAM devices are caused by rupturing of the spontaneous Ag conductive filament due to the surface energy minimization effect. Importantly, this volatility characteristic can be controlled according to the compliance current (CC). The conductance change in the low resistance state over time is initially rapid and then converges to the initial high resistance state, and this relaxation phenomenon is well-fit by the stretched exponential (SE) model. Furthermore, the relaxation time (extracted through quantitative analysis) increases with increasing CC, indicating that our RRAM device can be controlled to accurately mimic the STM characteristics of biological synapses. To emulate the paired-pulse facilitation (PPF) of a biological synapse, we confirm the response of the device after implementing PPF according to the time interval. Finally, we experimentally demonstrate the feasibility for use in reservoir computing (RC) systems by implementing a binary 4-bit code ranging from [0000] to [1111] in Ag/ITO(O2 plasma)/TiN RRAM devices.

Bisphenol A is an environmental endocrine disruptor that has similar functions to estrogen in humans. However, few studies have investigated pulmonary inflammation induced by BPA, and the effect of Athyrium yokoscenseextract on this inflammatory response is unknown. In this study, we investigated this effect in A549 human alveolar epithelial cells. BPA at concentrations higher than 100 µM were cytotoxic to A549 cells at 24 and 48 h after treatment; however, AYE (100 µg/mL) had a protective effect against BPA-induced cytotoxicity. AYE also inhibited the generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species, expressions of cyclooxygenase-2 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase1/2 proteins, activities of phospholipase A2, COX-2, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells, and proinflammatory mediators including prostaglandin E2, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin-6 induced by BPA in A549 cells. This study demonstrated that BPA, which induces chronic lung disease, causes oxidative stress and inflammatory response in lung epithelial cell line, and found that AYE reduces BPA-induced oxidative stress and inflammatory response by down-regulating the Erk1/2 and NF-κB pathways.

With the introduction of new anti-tuberculosis drugs, all-oral regimens with shorter treatment durations for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis have been anticipated. We aimed to investigate whether a new all-oral regimen was non-inferior to the conventional regimen including second-line anti-tuberculosis drugs for 20–24 months in the treatment of fluoroquinolone-sensitive multidrug-resistant tuberculosis.

Gaseous pollutants, including nitrogen oxides, pose a severe threat to ecosystems and human health; therefore, developing reliable gas-sensing systems to detect them is becoming increasingly important. Among the various options, metal-oxide-based gas sensors have attracted attention due to their capability for real-time monitoring and large response. In particular, in the field of materials science, there has been extensive research into controlling the morphological properties of metal oxides. However, these approaches have limitations in terms of controlling the response, sensitivity, and selectivity after the sensing material is deposited. In this study, we propose a novel method to improve the gas-sensing performance by utilizing the remnant polarization of ferroelectric thin-film transistor (FeTFT) gas sensors. The proposed FeTFT gas sensor has IGZO and HZO as the conducting channel and ferroelectric layer, respectively. It is demonstrated that the response and sensitivity of FeTFT gas sensors can be modulated by engineering the polarization of the ferroelectric layer. The amount of reaction sites in IGZO, including electrons and oxygen vacancy-induced negatively charged oxygen, is changed depending on upward and downward polarization. The results of this study provide an essential foundation for further development of gas sensors with tunable sensing properties.

A deep learning model was able to determine the activity of tuberculosis on chest radiographs, reflecting bacilli burden.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) primarily impairs expiratory flow due to progressive airflow obstruction and reduced lung elasticity. Increasing evidence underlines the importance of inspiratory flow as a biomarker for selecting inhaler devices and providing ancillary aerodynamic information.

The presence and progression of interstitial lung abnormalities (ILAs) is known to be associated with a decline of lung function and increased risk of mortality.

To compare clinical characteristics and outcomes between critically ill homeless and non-homeless patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) in a Korea.

Small ground-glass nodules (GGNs) or those with an indeterminate risk on low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) of the chest are recommended at 5-year follow-up, but the rationale for follow-up beyond 5 years is unclear.

In this study, we aimed to prepare hyaluronic acid (HA)-coated, docetaxel (DTX)-loaded, solid lipid nanoparticles (HA-SLN) to target and overcome drug-resistant tumor cells. SLN were prepared with stearic acid (SA), hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), soy phosphatidylcholine (PC), and DTX by the lipid film method. Next, the lipid nanoparticles were coated with HA via electrostatic attraction. SLN and HA-SLN were characterized and evaluated. An in vitrodrug release assay was performed in phosphate-buffered saline for 72 h. The extent of CD44 expression in MCF7, MDA-MB-231, and MCF7/ADR cells was investigated using western blotting. Next, cellular uptake and cytotoxicity were compared. The particle sizes of SLN and HA-SLN were 109.5 ± 8.2 and 224.3 ± 15.9 nm, respectively. SLN had a positive surface charge of 32.5 ± 3.7 mV, whereas HA-SLN had a negative charge of −17.1 ± 0.7 mV. A considerable amount of CD44 expression was detected in MCF7/ADR cells. The cellular uptake and cytotoxicity of HA-SLN were higher in MCF7/ADR cells than in the other cells, showing sufficient targetability and efficacy to control tumor resistance. Therefore, HA-SLN are an effective, targeted drug delivery system for delivering DTX to overcome drug-resistant tumors.

We investigate the low-frequency noise (LFN) characteristics of resistive switching random access memory (RRAM) devices with metal–insulator–metal structures of TiN/Ti/TiO 2 /TiN (filamentary) and TiN/Ti/TiO 2 /HfO 2 /TiN (interfacial). By comparing filamentary and interfacial RRAM devices, we stipulate guidelines for noise sources according to the resistance states or resistive switching mechanisms of RRAM device. In filamentary RRAM devices, the dominant noise source in the low resistance state is the localized oxygen vacancies, whereas the noise characteristics in the high resistance state represent a bulk effect. In interfacial RRAM devices, the noise characteristics in both resistance states represent the bulk effect. The physical mechanism of the multilevel cell operation is inferred by the I–V characteristics in both I cc and V reset control modes. Specifically, the changes in the structure of the conductive filament inside the switching layer can be confirmed through LFN measurement. • 1/ f noise characteristics are investigated in RRAM. • TEM provides material information of RRAM devices. • Guidelines for noise sources according to resistive switching mechanisms are stipulated. • LFN measurement provides valuable analytical tool for resistive switching. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nasogastric tube feeding is often used to provide optimal nutrition and hydration in patients with aspiration pneumonia. However, evidence regarding radiologic indicators for successful nasogastric tube weaning is lacking. We investigated whether thoracic skeletal muscle assessment can be useful for predicting successful weaning from nasogastric tube feeding in patients with aspiration pneumonia. This longitudinal, observational study included subjects with aspiration pneumonia who underwent a videofluoroscopic swallowing study (VFSS) and chest computed tomography (CT) in Boramae Medical Center, from January 2012 to December 2019. We estimated the area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (AUC) to evaluate the predictive performance of skeletal muscle and visceral fat parameters and VFSS results for successful weaning from nasogastric tube feeding. A board-certified radiologist measured muscle and fat areas. Muscle and fat volumes were segmented and measured using an externally validated convolutional neural network model. Among the 146 included patients, nasogastric tube feeding was successfully transitioned to oral feeding in 46.6%. After adjusting for covariables related to successful weaning, skeletal muscle areas, indices, and volume indices were positively associated with successful nasogastric tube weaning. Although VFSS results and skeletal muscle parameters alone showed suboptimal performance for predicting successful weaning, a prediction model combining skeletal muscle index at the T4 level and VFSS results improved the prediction performance to an acceptable level (AUC ≥ 0.7). Skeletal muscle index measured at the T4 level may be a useful supplementary indicator for predicting successful weaning from nasogastric tube feeding in patients with aspiration pneumonia.

We present a novel drug screening approach for discovering neuraminidase inhibitors, in which viral neuraminidase is a well‐characterized target to develop anti‐influenza pharmaceuticals. In this study, a series of molecular dynamics‐driven structures for a glycosylated form of the neuraminidase N1was introduced during an in silicoscreening process. The efficiency of this approach was confirmed by activity‐based in vitroscreening for inhibitory chemicals of the neuraminidase from H1N1(A/California/04/2009). This is the first report on a virtual screening method for neuraminidase using a computational glycosylated structure model for N1.

Low‐altitude Lunar Prospector (LP) magnetometer data for Mare Crisium show two magnetic anomalies near its inner northern and southern edges. Because these features are located inside a basin, they were likely formed by slow cooling of the basin's melt, or the partially melted mantle, instead of by any impact‐related shock magnetization process. Therefore, they are important for assessing the nature of the ancient dynamo field that produced them. In this study we confine our attention to the simpler northern anomaly (CNA) and use low‐altitude (∼22 km) LP data to model its source body as a dipole and magnetized disks of different radii. We infer that the source is likely located ∼20–30 km from the surface and horizontally localized within a small region (<1° or <∼30 km radius). The surface field intensity calculated from the best fit dipole is in good agreement with that obtained from LP Electron Reflectometer data. Our magnetization directions are substantially different from two previous studies, largely due to using lower altitude data to perform our inversions. We also find a surprising sensitivity to small changes in source body latitude (∼1°). The magnetic paleopoles implied by our best fit models are distant from previous estimates by up to ∼50° of great circle arc and are substantially distant from the Moon's present rotation axis. Our results demonstrate how multiple altitude data sets must be used when estimating paleopoles and other properties of even the simplest of the Moon's magnetic anomalies. We obtained a best fit depth of 20‐30 km for the source of the Mare Crisium northern magnetic anomalyLunar surface magnetic field intensity inferred from LP‐ER data is comparable to that estimated from our modelOur source models imply a magnetic paleopole that is substantially different from previously published values

Only limited data are available regarding the effects of bronchiectasis on the clinical course of asthma.

Impaired lung function is associated with a higher risk of developing lung cancer. However, lung function is a dynamic variable and needs to be evaluated longitudinally. This study reports on the relationship between accelerated lung function decline and lung cancer development.

The low-frequency noise (LFN) Characteristics of bipolar switching devices consisting of Pt (top)/Al/Pr0.7Ca0.3MnO3(PCMO)/Pt (bottom) were investigated. The noise spectral density in a low frequency range showed a classical $1/f$ dependence in both high-resistance state (HRS) and low-resistance state (LRS). The random telegraph noise (RTN) were observed in both HRS and LRS which is due to the AlOxlayer acting as traps at the interface between Al and PCMO or traps in PCMO bulk layer. The voltage dependence of the normalized low-frequency spectral density of current fluctuations ($S_{\text{i}}/I^{2}$) presents that the noise properties can be useful indicators to explain the switching mechanism of Al/PCMO device but new noise models should be suggested for the clear approach to analysis of the conduction characteristics in the devices.

Abstract: There is a paucity of research on the outcomes associated with involving parents of children with emotional and behavioral problems as partners with professionals in designing and implementing a system of care. This study examines the systems, child, and family outcomes associated with providing flexible funds to two counties, one engaged in strengthening its provider-designed system and the other in developing and implementing a parent-designed system. This article describes the qualitative, network, and treatment outcome studies comprising the research.

Kplo-MAGnetometer (KMAG) is one of the scientific instruments of Korea Pathfinder Lunar Orbiter (KPLO) set to be launched in 2022. Its objectives are magnetic field investigation and technical demonstration near the surface of the Moon. Specifically, it will investigate the lithospheric magnetism of the Moon and measure the electromagnetic wave properties near the lunar surface. It consists of three fluxgate magnetometers on a 1.2 m long boom, which is relatively shorter than the boom used in other missions. The three magnetometers are included for scientific measurements, redundancy checks, and multi-sensor technical investigation. The magnetometers and an inner Anisotropic Magneto-Resistive sensor perform simultaneous sampling to correct for the magnetic field interference caused by the spacecraft. The fully integrated flight model assembly showed that the magnetometer noise level was less than 30 pT Hz?1/2at 1 Hz and stability was within ±0.2 nT at the 10 Hz sampling rate. This paper describes the configuration and performance of the KMAG using the multi-sensing method. KPLO, THEMIS-ARTEMIS spacecraft, and Commercial Lunar Payload Service modules will be in their operational phase simultaneously. Therefore, the KMAG will be able to contribute to multi-site in-situ measurements of the lunar magnetic field. We expect that the KMAG will provide an up-to-date lunar observation data set and an opportunity to perform the multi-sensor observation.