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•Largest and most diverse genetic study of plasma fibrinogen identifies 54 regions (18 novel), housing 69 distinct variants (20 novel).•Links to (1) liver enzyme, blood cell, and lipid genetic signals, (2) liver regulatory elements, and (3) thrombotic and inflammatory disease.

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are widely used and persistent chemicals, leading to ubiquitous exposure. Although high PFAS levels have been associated with an adverse cardiovascular risk profile, the distribution of levels and relations with cardio-metabolic risk markers in the general population have not been fully characterized. We assessed the association between blood levels of perfluorooctaneic acid (PFOA), perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), and perfluorohexanesulfonic acid (PFHxS) and a range of lipoproteins and metabolites as well as clinical lipid measurements. We used data from participants of the Netherlands Epidemiology of Obesity study (NEO) (n= 584) and the Rhineland Study (n= 1962), jointly spanning an age range of 30 to 89 years. PFAS were measured with the Metabolon HD4 platform, and lipoprotein and metabolite profiles were measured using Nightingale’s nuclear magnetic resonance-spectroscopy platform, and mainly comprised lipoprotein markers. Using linear regression analyses, we quantified age-, sex-, and education-adjusted associations of PFOA, PFOS, and PFHxS with clinical lipid measurements and 224 lipoproteins and metabolites. Higher levels of PFAS, particularly PFOS and PFHxS, were associated with higher concentrations of total lipid, cholesterol and phospholipid content in most HDL, IDL, LDL, and VLDL subclasses. The effect sizes were age-dependent for the majority of the associations, with the deleterious effects of PFAS being generally stronger in people below compared to those above median age. Our observation that in the general population even low PFAS concentrations are associated with an unfavorable lipid profile, calls for further critical regulation of PFAS substances.

The safety and efficiency of drilling engineering are greatly impeded by destructive vibrations of drill string in air drilling, such as stick-slip, bit-bounce and their coupled vibrations. To avoid or suppress these vibrations improving the stability of drilling operations, revealing the occurrence mechanisms of abovementioned harmful vibrations are indispensable by investigating dynamics characteristics of drill string system. In this paper, an axial-torsional coupled dynamics model that can capture the motion behaviors of bottom hole assembly (BHA) is established adopting the lumped parameter method. Subsequently, a rate of penetration (ROP) model appropriating for air drilling is obtained firstly by linear fitting means. Meanwhile, a novel discontinuous support model is established to describe the bit-formation interactions. Then, BHA dynamics are discussed using numerical simulations under different vibration scenarios: normal operation; stick-slip; bit-bounce; bit-bounce and stick-slip combination. Subsequently, in two drilling modes: the continuous and intermittent drilling, the vibration mitigation strategies and dynamics sensibility study of BHA are carried out based on the parametric analysis. The results show that increasing torsional stiffness of drill-pipes, appropriately adjusting rotation speed of top driven system and dynamic weight on bit (WOB) are deemed as an effective strategy suppressing or eliminating stick-slip and bit-bounce vibrations of BHA. Suggest that the rotation speed of top driven system and dynamic WOB are 5 rad/s and 3.5 kN, respectively. Finally, the constructed probability maps allow to driller to choose reasonable mechanical parameters, thereby realizing smooth drilling operation in the air drilling.

Increasing global energy consumption and environmental pollution make the use of new energy sources and environmentally friendly technologies essential to meet the diverse needs of industries. Photoelectrocatalysis is a promising method of utilising solar and electrical energy for various catalytic reactions with significant environmental and energy saving benefits. And photoelectrocatalytic (PEC) oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and CO2reduction reaction (CO2RR) are two catalytic reactions with great potential for energy and environmental applications. PEC OER is critical for renewable energy technologies for water oxidation and other related oxidation reactions. PEC CO2RR converts carbon dioxide into high-value products viaa catalyst, enabling the rational use of carbon dioxide and the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. Both technologies are efficient, environmentally friendly, and sustainable. However, further research and optimisation are needed to promote the industrial application of both technologies for energy conversion and environmental protection. This paper reviews the research progress of PEC CO2RR and OER catalysts in recent years, including detailed descriptions of catalyst types, reaction mechanisms and performance tests. Finally, the paper considers the future trends and prospects of PEC technology, providing new insights into the technology and research directions for PEC OER and CO2RR catalysts.

Cinchonaalkaloid derivatives as Brønsted base catalysts have attracted considerable attention in the field of asymmetric catalysis. However, their potential application as chiral solvating agents has not been described. In this research, we investigated the use of the Cinchonaalkaloid dimer, namely, (DHQ)2PHAL, as a chiral solvating agent for discerning various mandelic acid derivatives through 1H NMR spectroscopy. The addition of catalytic amounts of DMAP facilitated this process. Our experimental results demonstrate that dimeric (DHQ)2PHAL exhibits remarkable chiral discrimination properties regarding the diagnostic split protons of 1H NMR signals (including 24 examples, up to 0.321 ppm). Furthermore, it serves as an excellent chiral discriminating agent and provides good resolution for racemic chiral phosphoric acid as determined by 31P NMR spectroscopy. The quality of enantiodifferentiation has also been evaluated by means of the parameter “resolution (Rs)”. Significantly, this class of CSAs based on (alkaloid)2linker systems with an azaaromatic linker can be directly employed, which is commercially available in an enantiopure form at very low cost and exhibits promising potential in determining the enantiopurity of α-hydroxy acids by chemoselective and biocatalytic reactions.

The development of efficient urea oxidation reaction (UOR) catalysts helps UOR replace the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in hydrogen production from water electrolysis. Here, we prepared Fe-doped Ni2P/NiSe2composite catalyst (Fe–Ni2P/NiSe2-12) by using phosphating-selenizating and acid etching to increase the intrinsic activity and active areas. Spectral characterization and theoretical calculations demonstrated that electrons flowed through the Ni–P–Fe–interface–Ni–Se–Fe, thus conferring high UOR activity to Fe–Ni2P/NiSe2-12, which only needed 1.39 V vs RHE to produce the current density of 100 mA cm–2. Remarkably, this potential was 164 mV lower than that required for the OER under the same conditions. Furthermore, EIS demonstrated that UOR driven by the Fe–Ni2P/NiSe2-12 exhibited faster interfacial reactions, charge transfer, and current response compared to OER. Consequently, the Fe–Ni2P/NiSe2-12 catalyst can effectively prevent competition with OER and NSOR, making it suitable for efficient hydrogen production in UOR-assisted water electrolysis. Notably, when water electrolysis is operated at a current density of 40 mA cm–2, this UOR-assisted system can achieve a decrease of 140 mV in the potential compared to traditional water electrolysis. This study presents a novel strategy for UOR-assisted water splitting for energy-saving hydrogen production.

Hypertension affects more than one billion people worldwide. Here we identify 113 novel loci, reporting a total of 2,103 independent genetic signals (P< 5 × 10−8) from the largest single-stage blood pressure (BP) genome-wide association study to date (n= 1,028,980 European individuals). These associations explain more than 60% of single nucleotide polymorphism-based BP heritability. Comparing top versus bottom deciles of polygenic risk scores (PRSs) reveals clinically meaningful differences in BP (16.9 mmHg systolic BP, 95% CI, 15.5–18.2 mmHg, P= 2.22 × 10−126) and more than a sevenfold higher odds of hypertension risk (odds ratio, 7.33; 95% CI, 5.54–9.70; P= 4.13 × 10−44) in an independent dataset. Adding PRS into hypertension-prediction models increased the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) from 0.791 (95% CI, 0.781–0.801) to 0.826 (95% CI, 0.817–0.836, ∆AUROC, 0.035, P= 1.98 × 10−34). We compare the 2,103 loci results in non-European ancestries and show significant PRS associations in a large African-American sample. Secondary analyses implicate 500 genes previously unreported for BP. Our study highlights the role of increasingly large genomic studies for precision health research.

Metabolite abundance is a dynamic trait that varies in response to environmental stimuli and phenotypic traits, such as food consumption and body mass index (BMI, kg/m2).

A group of new iridium(III) complexes were rationally designed and synthesized with 2‐phenylbenzo[d]oxazole (bo), 2‐phenylbenzo[d]thiazole (bt), 2‐(thiophen‐2‐yl)benzo[d]thiazole (thbt), and 2‐(selenophen‐2‐yl)benzo[d]thiazole (sebt) as C^N ligands and bis(diphenylthiophosphoryl)amide (S‐tpip) as ancillary ligand. They are phosphorescent in a wide region of green to red with short lifetimes around 0.31–0.98 μs and quantum yields up to 64.7%. The detailed photophysical properties were investigated by experiment and further supported by density functional theory (DFT) calculation. These research results show that the spectroscopic properties are tuned by the replacement between oxygen, sulfur, and selenium or the change in aromatic ring. It has been demonstrated that the lowest energy‐level absorption and emission are dominated apparently by C^N ligands, and are ascribed to metal‐to‐ligand charge transfer (MLCT) and intra‐ligand charge transfer (ILCT) characters. Color tuning of iridium complexes.

Thrombus and cardiovascular diseases pose a significant health threat, and dietary interventions have shown promising potential in reducing the incidence of these diseases. Marine bioactive proteins and peptides have been extensively studied for their antithrombotic properties. They can inhibit platelet activation and aggregation by binding to key receptors on the platelet surface. Additionally, they can competitively anchor to critical enzyme sites, leading to the inhibition of coagulation factors. Marine microorganisms also offer alternative sources for the development of novel fibrinolytic proteins, which can help dissolve blood clots. The advancements in technologies, such as targeted hydrolysis, specific purification, and encapsulation, have provided a solid foundation for the industrialization of bioactive peptides. These techniques enable precise control over the production and delivery of bioactive peptides, enhancing their efficacy and safety. However, it is important to note that further research and clinical studies are needed to fully understand the mechanisms of action and therapeutic potential of marine bioactive proteins and peptides in mitigating thrombotic events. The challenges and future application perspectives of these bioactive peptides also need to be explored.

Peptides and proteins undergo crucial modifications to alter their physicochemical properties to expand their applications in diverse fields. Various techniques, such as unnatural amino acid incorporation, enzyme catalysis, and chemoselective methods, have been employed for site-selective peptide and protein modification. While traditional methods remain valuable, advancement in host–guest chemistry introduces innovative and promising approaches for the selective modification of peptides and proteins. Macrocycles exhibit robust binding affinities, particularly with natural amino acids, which facilitates their use in selectively binding to specific sequences. This distinctive property endows macrocycles with the potential for modification of target peptides and proteins. This review provides a comprehensive overview of strategies utilizing macrocycles for the selective modification of peptides and proteins. These strategies unlock new possibilities for constructing antibody–drug conjugates and stabilizing volatile medications.

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a heterogeneous disease that develops through diverse pathophysiological processes1,2and molecular mechanisms that are often specific to cell type3,4. Here, to characterize the genetic contribution to these processes across ancestry groups, we aggregate genome-wide association study data from 2,535,601 individuals (39.7% not of European ancestry), including 428,452 cases of T2D. We identify 1,289 independent association signals at genome-wide significance (P< 5 × 10−8) that map to 611 loci, of which 145 loci are, to our knowledge, previously unreported. We define eight non-overlapping clusters of T2D signals that are characterized by distinct profiles of cardiometabolic trait associations. These clusters are differentially enriched for cell-type-specific regions of open chromatin, including pancreatic islets, adipocytes, endothelial cells and enteroendocrine cells. We build cluster-specific partitioned polygenic scores5in a further 279,552 individuals of diverse ancestry, including 30,288 cases of T2D, and test their association with T2D-related vascular outcomes. Cluster-specific partitioned polygenic scores are associated with coronary artery disease, peripheral artery disease and end-stage diabetic nephropathy across ancestry groups, highlighting the importance of obesity-related processes in the development of vascular outcomes. Our findings show the value of integrating multi-ancestry genome-wide association study data with single-cell epigenomics to disentangle the aetiological heterogeneity that drives the development and progression of T2D. This might offer a route to optimize global access to genetically informed diabetes care.

Injectable hydrogels are receiving increasing attention as local depots for sustained anticancer drug delivery. However, most current hydrogel-based carriers lack tissue-adhesive ability, a property that is important for the immobilization of drug-loaded systems at tumor sites to increase local drug concentration. In this study, we developed a paclitaxel (PTX)-loaded injectable hydrogel with firm tissue adhesion for localized tumor therapy. PTX-loaded bovine serum albumin (BSA) nanoparticles (PTX@BN) were prepared, and the drug-loaded hydrogel was then fabricated by cross-linking PTX@BN with o-phthalaldehyde (OPA)-terminated 4-armed poly(ethylene glycol) (4aPEG-OPA) via a condensation reaction between OPA and the amines in BSA. The hydrogel showed firm adhesion to various organs and tumor tissues ex vivodue to the condensation reaction of unreacted OPA groups and amines in the tissues. The PTX-loaded nanocomposite hydrogels sustained PTX release over 30 days following the Korsmeyer–Peppas model and exhibited notable inhibition activities against mouse C26 colon and 4T1 breast cancer cells in vitro. Following peritumoral injection into mice with C26 or 4T1 tumors, the PTX@BN-loaded hydrogel significantly enhanced the antitumor efficacy and prolonged animal survival time compared to free PTX solutions with low systemic toxicity. Therefore, the adhesive, PTX-loaded nanocomposite hydrogels have the potential for efficient localized tumor therapy.

Sixteen known compounds, including three lignan glycosides (1–3), seven phenolic glycosides (4–10), three glycosides (11–13), and three flavonoids (14–16), were isolated from the rhizomes of Actinidia kolomikta(Rupr. & Maxim.) Maxim., Actinidiaceae. Their structures were elucidated through extensive spectroscopic analyses and comparison with those reported in the literature. This study is the first confirmation of the presence of the twelve compounds (1–4, 6–13) isolated from the Actinidiaceae family. The isolated compounds were evaluated for their inhibitory effects on NO, TNF-α, and IL-6 production in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells. Among them, salidroside (9), D-threo-guaiacylglycerol 7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (10), and epi-afzelechin (15) exhibited the potent anti-inflammatory effect against NO, TNF-α, and IL-6. In addition, compound 10showed significant inhibitory effects on COX-2 expression at 50 μM, and compound 15showed significant inhibitory effects on iNOS expression at 50 μM. These results suggest that the anti-inflammatory activity of A. kolomiktamight in part occur via the inhibition of the expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines.

Objective: The objective of this research was to explore the difference and correlation of the morphological and hemodynamic features between sidewall and bifurcation aneurysms in anterior circulation arteries, utilizing computational fluid dynamics as a tool for analysis. Methods: In line with the designated inclusion criteria, this study covered 160 aneurysms identified in 131 patients who received treatment at Union Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China, from January 2021 to September 2022. Utilizing follow-up digital subtraction angiography (DSA) data, these cases were classified into two distinct groups: the sidewall aneurysm group and the bifurcation aneurysm group. Morphological and hemodynamic parameters in the immediate preoperative period were meticulously calculated and examined in both groups using a three-dimensional DSA reconstruction model. Results: No significant differences were found in the morphological or hemodynamic parameters of bifurcation aneurysms at varied locations within the anterior circulation. However, pronounced differences were identified between sidewall and bifurcation aneurysms in terms of morphological parameters such as the diameter of the parent vessel (Dvessel), inflow angle (θF), and size ratio (SR), as well as the hemodynamic parameter of inflow concentration index (ICI) (P&lt;0.001). Notably, only the SR exhibited a significant correlation with multiple hemodynamic parameters (P&lt;0.001), while the ICI was closely related to several morphological parameters (R>0.5, P&lt;0.001). Conclusions: The significant differences in certain morphological and hemodynamic parameters between sidewall and bifurcation aneurysms emphasize the importance to contemplate variances in threshold values for these parameters when evaluating the risk of rupture in anterior circulation aneurysms. Whether it is a bifurcation or sidewall aneurysm, these disparities should be considered. The morphological parameter SR has the potential to be a valuable clinical tool for promptly distinguishing the distinct rupture risks associated with sidewall and bifurcation aneurysms.

α-Imino metal carbenes are versatile intermediates in organic synthesis, and have broad applications in the assembly of divergent N-heterocycles. However, the catalytic enantioselective desymmetrization based on α-imino metal carbenes has not been developed to date. Herein, we disclose an enantioselective desymmetrizing C(sp2)–H functionalization of azide-ynamides via α-imino copper carbenes, leading to the efficient assembly of divergent chiral indoloazepines in generally moderate to excellent yields with high enantioselectivities. Notably, this reaction represents the first enantioselective desymmetrization based on α-imino metal carbenes. Further synthetic transformations and biological tests show the potential utility of this method. Moreover, computational studies are employed to elucidate the reaction mechanism and the origin of enantioselectivity.

Self-oscillating magnetometers with high sensitivity are widely used in fields such as biomedicine and remote sensing. However, few studies comprehensively consider the effect of different parameters on their performance. We examined the effects of laser intensity, resonance detuning, radio frequency (RF) magnetic field, and atomic cell on the performance of portable self-oscillating magnetometers. To obtain the atomic absorption spectrum, we solved the system’s master equation in the multipole moment form. In theory, we analyse the influencing factors on the atomic magnetic resonance (AMR) signal. In the experiment, we artificially varied the relevant parameters to control the trends of changes in the atomic absorption spectra and evaluated their performance. The results are beneficial for optimizing the parameters of portable self-oscillating magnetometers with a laser pump-probe structure.

Genome-wide association analyses using high-throughput metabolomics platforms have led to novel insights into the biology of human metabolism1–7. This detailed knowledge of the genetic determinants of systemic metabolism has been pivotal for uncovering how genetic pathways influence biological mechanisms and complex diseases8–11. Here we present a genome-wide association study for 233 circulating metabolic traits quantified by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in up to 136,016 participants from 33 cohorts. We identify more than 400 independent loci and assign probable causal genes at two-thirds of these using manual curation of plausible biological candidates. We highlight the importance of sample and participant characteristics that can have significant effects on genetic associations. We use detailed metabolic profiling of lipoprotein- and lipid-associated variants to better characterize how known lipid loci and novel loci affect lipoprotein metabolism at a granular level. We demonstrate the translational utility of comprehensively phenotyped molecular data, characterizing the metabolic associations of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. Finally, we observe substantial genetic pleiotropy for multiple metabolic pathways and illustrate the importance of careful instrument selection in Mendelian randomization analysis, revealing a putative causal relationship between acetone and hypertension. Our publicly available results provide a foundational resource for the community to examine the role of metabolism across diverse diseases.

The conversion of commercially available chiral sulfinamides into pharmaceutically useful chiral sulfoximines viadirect SIV-functionalization is synthetically attractive but challenging due to the competitive reaction of N-functionalization. Herein, we disclose a novel strain-release strategy to access stereospecific and chemoselective SIV-arylation and alkenylation of sulfinamides using arynes and strained cyclic alkynes. This method tolerates an unprecedented chemical diversity of functional groups attached to the nitrogen center (N–R). The origin of the high SIV-selectivity is elucidated by density functional theory calculations, suggesting a stepwise mechanism for the aryne substrates and a concerted mechanism for the cyclic alkynes.

There are about 180 villages in Mentougou District. The typical regional landscape characteristics and profound cultural, historical and geographical value of these ancient villages have rendered the district a unique tourism resource in the west of Beijing. With the ongoing social development and population migration, the cultural values carried by these villages are faced with the risk o f diminish ment. It is therefore of great significance to integrate and protect the traditional villages to promote the tourism development of this area. Based on 62 ancient villages, this paper uses the concept of linearity to define the spatial influence of each village culture from macro, meso and micro perspectives with the help of ArcGIS spatial analysis software to construct the corridor pattern of the ancient villages in Mentougou District. On this basis, the spatial levels, functional nature and characteristics of the corridor are finely delineated in conjunction with the actual situation. In this way, the fragmented ancient village resources are integrated from natural, social and transportation aspects to achieve spatial consistency, complete the existing roads, and form a comprehensive development pattern for the tourism of ancient villages in area of Mentougou District, especially the organisation of tourism routes, and the overall planning of heritage utilisation.

In this paper, we propose a variable metric method for unconstrained multiobjective optimization problems (MOPs). First, a sequence of points is generated using different positive definite matrices in the generic framework. It is proved that accumulation points of the sequence are Pareto critical points. Then, without convexity assumption, strong convergence is established for the proposed method. Moreover, we use a common matrix to approximate the Hessian matrices of all objective functions, along which a new nonmonotone line search technique is proposed to achieve a local superlinear convergence rate. Finally, several numerical results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Low-cost, high-energy density, and safe zinc-air batteries (ZABs) have been considered to be one of the most potential green energy storage devices. However, the performance of ZABs is affected by the properties of various components, including the passivation and corrosion of the Zn anode, the alkali nature of electrolyte, and especially the slow O2oxidation-reduction reaction on the air cathode. Among various components, the cathode electrocatalyst is highly important to the performance of ZABs. N-doped carbon-based materials as electrocatalysts have the advantages of low price, good stability, controllable structure, and high conductivity, which can effectively improve the overall performance of ZABs. Up to now, a number of papers have been published in this field, but there is no systematic review of the latest progress of N-doped carbon-based materials for ZABs. This review paper provides a timely and comprehensive summary of this rapidly developing and important field. In this paper, the important components and working principle of ZABs are firstly introduced and the progress of the anode and electrolyte of ZABs is briefly introduced. Then, the current advanced optimization strategies of N-doped carbon-based catalysts for ZABs are provided, including a variety of common methods for the preparation of N-doped carbon catalysts. In addition to metal-free N-doped carbon-based catalysts, the research progress of N-doped carbon-based catalysts coupled with nonnoble metals is also discussed. In this paper, the properties, preparation methods, and detailed mechanism of various catalysts are summarized systematically and their advantages and disadvantages are discussed. This paper not only introduces the latest research progress, but also provides the basic idea to guide the design of N-doped carbon-based electrocatalysts with high performance, which is helpful for their large-scale applications in ZABs.

Plasmonic Au nanoparticles (NPs) employing localized surface plasmon resonance excitation have exhibited superior visible light absorption for many organic transformations. In this work, we prepared a ternary composite catalyst comprising plasmonic Au NPs and a 2D/2D TiO2–C3N4heterojunction via a photoreduction method of chloroauric acid in the presence of TiO2–C3N4. The introduction of plasmonic nanogold particles embedded onto the TiO2surface of the TiO2–C3N4heterojunction can significantly improve the photocatalytic performance during photooxidation of benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde under mild conditions (1 bar air, white LED irradiation at ambient temperature). The productivity over Au/TiO2–C3N4(0.25 mmolreacted BAgcat.–1h–1) is found to be ∼5.6, 8.3, and 8.2-fold of these over the Au/TiO2, TiO2–C3N4, and C3N4–Au–TiO2heterojunctions, respectively. Trapping experiments and electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy confirm that the superoxide (·O2–) and hydroxyl radicals (·OH) act as the reactive oxygen species during photooxidation. Furthermore, the experimental results combined with density functional theory calculations reveal that the chemisorbed benzyl alcohol population, surface oxygen vacancies, and lifetime of photoexcited electrons and holes are largely improved by plasmonic Au NPs. This study on nanogold composites provides some hints for developing new efficient and practical photocatalysts.

Valencies of metal species and lattice defects, such as oxygen vacancies, play a pivotal role in metal oxide-catalyzed reactions. Herein, we report a promising synthetic strategy for preparing CuO-supported CuCeOxcatalysts (CuCeOx/CuO) by calcination of a hydrotalcite precursor [Cu6Ce2(OH)16]CO3·nH2O. The structural and chemical properties of catalysts were characterized by XRD, ICP-AES, TEM, TPR, NH3-TPD, XPS, Raman spectroscopy, and N2adsorption, which revealed that the thermal pretreatment in an oxidative atmosphere caused segregation and reconstitution processes of the precursor, resulting in a mesoporous catalyst consisting of well-dispersed CuO-supported CuCeOxclusters of 1.8–3.2 nm in size with a high population of oxygen vacancies. The as-prepared catalyst shows excellent catalytic performance in the reduction of NO by CO in the absence as well as in the presence of water and oxygen. This behavior is attributed to its high oxygen defect concentration facilitating the interplay of the redox equilibria between Cu2+and reduced copper species (Cu+/Cu0) and (Ce4+/Ce3+). The high surface population of oxygen vacancies and in situ-generated metallic copper species have been evidenced by Raman spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The layered double hydroxide-derived CuCeOx/CuO also showed good water tolerance and long-term stability. In situ infrared spectroscopy investigations indicated that adsorbed hyponitrite species are the main reaction intermediates of the NO conversion as also corroborated by theoretical simulations.

Singe-atom catalysts (SACs), as heterogeneous catalysts, have attracted increasing attention in recent years owing to their numerous advantages in the field of electrocatalysis, such as a high atom-utilization rate and unique structural characteristics. In this review, we introduce various preparation methods for obtaining SACs based on top-down and bottom-up synthesis strategies and the corresponding research progress made in recent years. We also focus on the electrocatalytic applications of SACs containing noble metals (Pt, Pd, Ir, etc.) and non-noble metals (Fe, Cu, Co, etc.) in the oxygen evolution reaction, hydrogen evolution reaction, oxygen reduction reaction, carbon dioxide reduction reaction, and nitrogen reduction reaction. Finally, the future challenges and prospects of monatomic catalysts are also discussed.

In order to probe the magnetic relaxation mechanism of 3d-4f complexes systematically, two “Butterfly” MII2DyIII2complexes related to our previously reported butterfly compound, [Zn2Dy2(L)4(Ac)2(DMF)2]·4CH3CN (1), and formulated as [Co2Dy2(L)4(Ac)2(DMF)2]·3CH3CN (2) and [Ni2Dy2(L)4(Ac)2(DMF)2]·3CH3CN (3) are prepared and characterized. In comparison to complex 1, the replacement of CoIIor NiIIwith ZnIIled to the effective quenching of quantum tunneling of the magnetization (QTM) in complexes 2and 3. Obviously, the introduction of 3d-4f spin–spin exchange can be important in determining the overall magnetic behaviors of 3d-4f {MII2DyIII2} “Butterfly” systems.

In this paper, an adaptive disturbance-rejection proportional–integral–differential (PID) control method is proposed for a class of nonlinear systems. First, PID-type criterion is introduced in a model-free adaptive control (MFAC) framework, which gives an optimal control interpretation for PID controller. Then, the design of adaptive disturbance rejection PID is proposed based on this new interpretation to realize controller gain auto-tuning. Due to the ingenious integration of active disturbance rejection and adaptive mechanism, the proposed adaptive disturbance rejection PID control scheme exhibits better control performance than MFAC case. Furthermore, the boundedness of controller gain, the convergence of tracking error and the bounded-input–bounded-output stability are proved for the proposed control system. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by numerical simulation.

Selective hydrogenation of unsaturated aldehydes remains a grand challenge in controlling chemoselectivity up to now. We synthesized a series of PtFex/CeO2catalysts, which were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) as well as temperature-programmed-reduction by hydrogen (H2-TPR). The catalytic performance of PtFex/CeO2, including cinnamaldehyde (CAL) conversion and selectivity toward cinnamyl alcohol (COL), is improved remarkably by introduction of Fe species in the Pt particles in the selective CAL hydrogenation under mild conditions. XPS results indicate that the electron transfer from Fe to Pt promotes CAL adsorption, resulting in the enhanced CAL conversion. And the COLselectivity is improved by CALadsorption via an interaction of CO group with surface oxygen defect sites because of interaction between PtFe and CeO2support. In all, this study may provide some hints to design efficient nano Pt particles for the selective hydrogenation.

Fe-nitrogen-carbon (Fe–N–C)- and Co-nitrogen-carbon (Co–N–C)-based electrocatalysts have been widely concerned because of their high OER/ORR activity, low metal cost, and simple preparation. The exploration of Fe–N–C and Co–N–C single atom-based catalysts with high activity and stability to overcome the slow kinetics of oxygen reduction and oxygen evolution reactions is also the key to the development of efficient electrolytic water, fuel cells, and rechargeable metal–air batteries. Fe–N–C and Co–N–C single atom-based electrocatalysts have the advantages of a high utilization rate of metal atoms and high electrocatalytic activity, and are ideal catalysts for promoting electrochemical energy conversion and storage The general principles of designing Fe–N–C and Co–N–C single atom-based electrocatalysts are reviewed in this paper Then, the strategies to improve the bifunctional catalytic activity and stability are proposed Finally, the challenges and prospects of Fe–N–C and Co–N–C single atom-based catalysts are well summarized. This review will provide a reference for the directed optimization of Fe–N–C and Co–N–C single atom-based catalysts.

This article presents a novel wearable antenna sensor based on localized surface plasmons (LSPs) for communication and noninvasive sweat monitoring. The sensor is made up of corrugated plasmonic structures based on the conventional printed monopole antenna, which achieves multiband and miniaturization. The physical dimensions of the antenna sensor are $35\times34$ mm, with a thickness of only 0.13 mm. Simulated and measured results demonstrate that the proposed antenna sensor covers triple operating bands, including 2.4 and 5.8 GHz ISM bands, as well as high-frequency ultrawideband ranging from 7.89 to 9.56 GHz. The antenna sensor exhibits a good radiation pattern with a peak gain of 3.02 dBi and a high quality factor ( ${Q}$ ) up to 35. The use of polyimide as a dielectric substrate enables the antenna sensor to achieve flexibility and conformality, maintaining stable operating states even when bent and deformed. The specific absorption rate (SAR) values in three frequency bands are simulated and evaluated to ensure its safety for human health. Moreover, the resonant frequency of antenna sensor significantly shifts with the volume and concentration of sweat, indicating that the proposed sensor is highly sensitive to sweat volume and concentration with a sensitivity of 120 MHz/1 mm and 4.57 MHz/1 mm, respectively. The proposed wearable antenna sensor is a promising candidate for a sweat monitoring system for athletes or patients, allowing for health monitoring at any time and place.

A series of heteroleptic phosphorescent iridium(III) complexes [Ir(C^N)2(O^O)] (C^N = 2‐(thiophen‐2‐yl)pyrimidine (tppm), 2‐(benzo[b]thiophen‐2‐yl)pyrimidine (btppm), 2‐(thiophen‐2‐yl)‐4‐(trifluoromethyl)pyridine (cf3thp), 2‐(benzo[b]thiophen‐2‐yl)‐4‐(trifluoromethyl)pyridine (cf3btp); O^O = acetylacetonate (acacH)) have been synthesized and characterized, and their photophysical properties are reported. All of these complexes emit yellow‐red color in the spectral range of 558–647 nm in CH2Cl2solution at room temperature with quantum yields of 20.1–50.9% and emission lifetimes of 0.23–0.33 μs. Density functional theory (DFT) and time‐dependent‐DFT (TD‐DFT) calculations on these complexes facilitate a detailed assignment of the excited states involved in the absorption and emission processes, that is, metal‐to‐ligand and ligand‐centered charge‐transfer (MLCT/LC) transitions. These charge‐transfer‐type bands are dominated by C^N ligands more than O^O ligand. This work presents four iridium(III) complexes bearing thiophen‐pyrimidine/pyridine derivatives as cyclometalled ligands and acetylacetonate as ancillary ligand. Their photophysical properties and theoretical calculations were investigated. The emission color was adjusted from yellow to red through extending π‐conjugation, the introduction of –CF3group and replacement of N with C at R2position in C^N ligands.

Multidimensional Floquet-driven alignment systems with dynamical symmetry present various exotic phenomena and applications. However, there are challenges in directly characterizing large-spin dynamical symmetry from spectra. Here, we first observe the symmetry-protected selection rules of dynamical high-dimensional parity in a large-spin (F= 4) system. We theoretically construct a Floquet-driven alignment system that can be used to reveal high-dimensional spatiotemporal symmetry. In the experiment, the system is implemented in Cs atomic gas subjected to two-dimensional Floquet-modulated magnetic resonance driving. By developing Floquet detection protocols of alignment double-sided spectra, we directly verify symmetry-protected selection rules of dynamical high-dimensional parity for large-spin systems. This work advances the exploration of dynamical symmetry to large spins, and unravels a universal Floquet scheme for the investigation of symmetry-protected selection rules.

Polydopamine (PDA), recognized for its exceptional adhesion and high-temperature resistance, serves as an effective sizing agent in demanding composite material production. This study explores the application of PDA as an interface adhesive for carbon fiber-reinforced high-temperature phthalonitrile (PN) composites (CFRPN), assessing the effects of two PDA synthesis methods—electrochemical and solution oxidation—on interfacial modification. The electrochemical method uniformly fills grooves on CF surfaces, creating an optimal interface layer, yet it encounters challenges in bulk, multi-layer fiber processing. Conversely, the solution oxidation method, despite less uniform PDA distribution, exhibits greater consistency in batch processing and significantly enhances the interlaminar shear strength of CFRPN, outperforming the electrochemical method in mechanical enhancements. Given its simplicity and reduced equipment requirements, the solution oxidation method offers considerable potential for broader engineering applications.

Obesity rates have nearly tripled in the past 50 years, and by 2030 more than 1 billion individuals worldwide are projected to be obese. This creates a significant economic strain due to the associated non-communicable diseases. The root cause is an energy expenditure imbalance, owing to an interplay of lifestyle, environmental, and genetic factors. Obesity has a polygenic genetic architecture; however, single genetic variants with large effect size are etiological in a minority of cases. These variants allowed the discovery of novel genes and biology relevant to weight regulation and ultimately led to the development of novel specific treatments.

The forkhead box M1 (FoxM1) protein, a transcription factor, plays critical roles in regulating tumor growth and drug resistance, while cellular FLICE-inhibitory protein (c-FLIP), an anti-apoptotic regulator, is involved in the ubiquitin–proteasome pathway. In this study, we investigated the effects of c-FLIP on the expression and ubiquitination levels of FoxM1 along with drug susceptibility in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells. We first showed that the expression levels of FoxM1 and c-FLIP were increased and positively correlated (R2= 0.1106, P< 0.0001) in 90 NSCLC samples. The survival data from prognostic analysis demonstrated that high expression of c-FLIP and/or FoxM1 was related to poor prognosis in NSCLC patients and that the combination of FoxM1 and c-FLIP could be a more precise prognostic biomarker than either alone. Then, we explored the functions of c-FLIP/FoxM1 in drug resistance in NSCLC cell lines and a xenograft mouse model in vivo. We showed that c-FLIP stabilized FoxM1 by inhibiting its ubiquitination, thus upregulated the expression of FoxM1 at post-transcriptional level. In addition, a positive feedback loop composed of FoxM1, β-catenin and p65 also participated in c-FLIP–FoxM1 axis. We revealed that c-FLIP promoted the resistance of NSCLC cells to thiostrepton and osimertinib by upregulating FoxM1. Taken together, these results reveal a new mechanism by which c-FLIP regulates FoxM1 and the function of this interaction in the development of thiostrepton and osimertinib resistance. This study provides experimental evidence for the potential therapeutic benefit of targeting the c-FLIP–FoxM1 axis for lung cancer treatment.

The English grain aphid (Sitobion avenaeF.) causes significant yield and quality losses in wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) worldwide, and the use of insect‐resistant wheat cultivars reduces the loss level. The present study aimed to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) and perform putative candidate gene evolutionary analysis for English grain aphid resistance in 261 F2:5recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from the cross Amigo/XN1376. The RIL population and parents were genotyped with the Wheat 55K single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array. A total of 14,694 polymorphic SNPs were used to construct a genetic linkage map. One major effect of QTL was detected in F2:5RILs and was located on chromosome 3DL, explained 19.33% phenotypic variance, temporarily designated as QSa3.haust‐3D. It was located in a 2.73 Mb, flanked by markers AX‐109429351and AX‐110834100, from 550.25 to 552.98 Mb according to Chinese Spring reference genome. This region contained 39 annotated genes. Eight putative candidate genes for resistance to English grain aphid were identified among these genes. The QTL with closely linked SNP markers could be useful for marker‐assisted selection for resistance to English grain aphid for wheat breeding. A QTL controlling wheat resistance to English grain aphid was found on chromosome 3DL.QSa3.haust‐3Dwas located near the centromere of 3DL‐2, and the physical interval was 2.73 Mb.QSa3.haust‐3Dwas found that the loci may have evolved from Tausch's goatgrass (Aegilops tauschii).

The microstructure and properties of Al-matrix composites are directly determined by ceramic particles in the matrix, such as synthetic methods, morphologies, sizes, interface, etc., especially the distribution of particles. Hereinto, Al-matrix nanocomposites, which show brilliant, comprehensive properties, have been widely studied. How to give full play to its advantages in further applications in automotive and aerospace areas has attracted considerable attention from researchers. In this review, current development on the pre-distribution of reinforcement particles and deformation processes and microstructure, mechanical properties of Al-matrix composites reinforced with in-situand ex-situnanoparticles will be addressed. In addition, the corresponding development prospects and challenges of nanoparticles reinforced Al-matrix composites fabricated by a combination of pre-distribution and deformation were also summarised.

In this work, we report a one-pot strategy to obtain ionic liquid–capped amorphous FexNiyhydroxide nanoclusters (<2 nm) with exceptional population of oxygen vacancies, which exhibits superior activity in oxygen evolution reaction (OER).

The electrocatalytic reduction of nitrobenzene to aniline normally faces high overpotential and poor selectivity because of its six-electron redox nature. Herein, a Ag nanoparticles/laser-induced-graphene (LIG) heterointerface was fabricated on polyimide films and employed as an electrode material for an efficient nitrobenzene reduction reaction (NBRR) via a one-step laser direct writing technology. The first-principles calculations reveal that Ag/LIG shows the lowest activation barriers for the NBRR, which could be attributed to the optimum adsorption of the H atom realized by the appropriate interaction between Ag/LIG heterointerfaces and nitrobenzene. As a result, the overpotential of the NBRR is reduced by 217 mV after silver loading, and Ag/LIG shows a high aniline selectivity of 93%. Furthermore, an electrochemical reduction of nitrobenzene in tandem with an electrochemical oxidative polymerization of aniline was designed to serve as an alternative method to remove nitrobenzene from the aqueous solution. This strategy highlights the significance of heterointerfaces for efficient electrocatalysts, which may stimulate the development of novel electrocatalysts to boost the electrocatalytic activity.

Metal nanoclusters are promising nanomaterials with unique properties, but only a few ones with specific numbers of metal atoms can be obtained and studied up to now. In this study, we establish a new paradigm of in-situgeneration and global study of metal nanoclusters with different sizes, constitutions, and charge states, including both accurate constitution characterization and global activity profiling. The complex mixtures of metal nanoclusters are produced by employing single-pulsed 193-nm laser dissociation of monolayer-protected cluster (MPC) precursors within a high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). More than 400 types of bare gold nanoclusters including novel multiply charged (2+ and 3+), S-/P-doped, and silver alloy ones can be efficiently generated and accurately characterized. A distinct size (1 to 142 atoms)- and charge (1+ to 3+)-hierarchy reactivity is clearly observed for the first time. This global cluster study might greatly promote the developments and applications of novel metal nanoclusters.

The sugar beet cyst nematode, Heterodera schachtii, is a major parasite of sugar beet which has been recognized and listed as a quarantine nematode in China and more than 20 countries and regions worldwide. A survey for important nematodes was undertaken in the sugar beet planting area of China during 2015–2018, and numerous cysts were collected from sugar beet fields in Xinyuan County, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China. The observations of morphological and morphometric characteristics revealed that cysts, vulval cones and second-stage juveniles of the Xinjiang population were in the same range of each other and within those of other reported H. schachtiipopulations. Molecular analysis of rDNA-ITS, 28S-D2/D3 and mtDNA cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI) gene sequences suggested that the Xinjiang population clustered in a branch with those foreign populations, and the sequence similarity was as high as 99.81–100%. Moreover, this result was confirmed by PCR assay with species-specific primer SHF6 and rDNA2 of H. schachtii, and the pathogenicity test confirmed successful Xinjiang population reproduction in both plant hosts. In conclusion, based on morphological and molecular characterization, this study confirmed that the cyst nematode population collected from sugar beet fields in Xinjiang is H. schachtii. As far as we know, this is the first report of H. schachtiion sugar beets in Xinjiang, China.

Various arylenediimides (ADIs) have been applied to construct photoresponsive coordination polymers (CPs), while the size effect of ADI π-conjugate systems on the photoresponsive behaviors in CPs has been overlooked in the past few years. Herein, we emphasize the size effect of ADI π-conjugate systems on photoinduced electron transfer (ET) in CPs, taking two Eu3+-based CPs, [Eu(H2BINDI)(BINDI)0.5(H2O)2]·NH2(CH3)2·8H2O (1) and [Eu2(BIPMDI)(DMF)4(NO3)2]·H2O·2DMF (2) [H4BINDI = N,N′-bis(5-isophthalic acid)naphthalenediimide; H4BIPMDI = N,N′-bis(5-isophthalic acid)pyromellitic diimide; DMF = N,N-dimethylformamide], as a case. Both 1and 2display ET-based photochromic behaviors with distinct photoresponsive rates and coloration contrast, which can contribute to the size effect of diimide cores on the interfacial contacts of electron donors/acceptors. Meanwhile, ET between the neighboring larger NDI cores of the H4BINDI ligands can block ligand-to-metal charge transfer and quench luminescence of the Eu3+metal center in 1. Therefore, this work will provide a theoretical basis for the development and exploration of photoresponsive materials.

To explicate the interaction processes between poly(l-lactide) (PLLA) and poly(l-co-d-lactide) (PLDLA) in their blends, a series of high-molecular-weight PLDLA-mpolymers (where mrepresents the percentage of l-lactate units) were prepared by ring-opening polymerization at different feed ratios of l- to d-lactides and blended with highly optically pure PLLA by solution blending. The compatibility and thermal and structural properties of the PLLA/PLDLA-mblends were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) in detail. The PLLA/PLDLA-mblends with m= 60–20 wt % were only partially compatible because obviously double glass transitions were detected in DSC curves and multiphase structures were observed in SEM micrographs. The compatibility between PLLA and PLDLA-mdecreased as the l-lactate unit content in PLDLA-mdecreased. Crystallization of the PLLA phase in the PLLA/PLDLA-mblends was restricted by PLDLA-mat m= 95–40 wt % (the restriction was strongest at m= ∼70 wt %); however, it was enhanced as the l-lactate unit content decreased at m≤ 40 wt %. The PLLA/PLDLA-mblends demonstrated weak-to-strong hydrogen-bonding interactions as the l-lactate unit content decreased at m≤ 80 wt %. The PLLA/PLDLA-mblends can form not only a eutectic but also individual crystal structures of PLLA and PLDLA-mat m≥ 80 wt %, while the formation of individual crystals of PLLA, PLDLA-m, and stereocomplexed polylactide (sc-PLA) is favored at m≤ 15 wt %.

Developing earth-abundant electrocatalysts for efficient oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is of paramount significance for electrochemical water splitting. Herein, an efficient in situ etching–deposition growth strategy is employed to transform pristine two-dimensional (2D) Co-metal–organic frameworks into hollow Ni/Co double hydroxide arrays (denoted as Ni/Co-DH), which not only yields a larger surface area and exposes more active sites but also decreases the activation energy to the OER. With structural and compositional benefits, the Ni/Co-DH exhibits high performance with an overpotential of 229 mV at 10 mA cm–2and exceptional long-term stability of over 90 h in 1 M KOH medium for OER, comparable to most non-noble oxygen evolution catalysts reported so far. In addition, a two-electrode Ni/Co-DH∥Pt/C electrolyzer also requires a considerably low voltage of 1.58 V at 10 mA cm–2for overall water splitting. This study affords a rational strategy to develop water–alkali electrolyzers with great complexity for large-scale water-splitting systems.