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ABSTRACTNewborns feel pain and the more premature they are, the more immature are their pain attenuation system. Facial expression recognition provides a non-invasive method that has been widely used in clinical practice to assess pain in newborns. In this context, this work has performed a qualitative and quantitative assessment between the ranking importance of neonatal facial features proposed by 13 clinical scales commonly cited in the literature and the visual perception of 143 health and non-health professionals on those same features. The degree of similarity between these two ranking approaches was evaluated by Kendall’s correlation. To the clinical scales, the most relevant facial features are the eyes, regions in-between eyebrows and forehead. However, according to the visual perception of the participants when assessing pain on face images, regardless of clinical expertise, the most relevant facial feature is the nose. These qualitative results are statistically supported by the Kendall analyses carried out. Specifically, our results highlight that the neonatal facial features ranked as the most important ones by the clinical scales cannot be considered correlated with the visual perception of the participants, either experts or non-experts. Moreover, all groups of participants have presented high correlated rankings between each other.

Phased array ultrasonic testing (PAUT) based on full matrix capture (FMC) has recently been gaining popularity in the scientific and nondestructive testing communities. FMC is a versatile acquisition method that collects all the transmitter–receiver combinations from a given array. Furthermore, when postprocessing FMC data using the total focusing method (TFM), high-resolution images are achieved for defect characterization. Today, the combination of FMC and TFM is becoming more widely available in commercial ultrasonic phased array controllers. However, executing the FMC-TFM method is data-intensive, as the amount of data collected and processed is proportional to the square of the number of elements of the probe. This shortcoming may be overcome using a sparsely populated array in transmission followed by an efficient compression using compressive sensing (CS) approaches. The method can therefore lead to a massive reduction of data and hardware requirements and ultimately accelerate TFM imaging. In the present work, a CS methodology was applied to experimental data measured from samples containing artificial flaws. The results demonstrated that the proposed CS method allowed a reduction of up to 80% in the volume of data while achieving adequate FMC data recovery. Such results indicate the possibility of recovering experimental FMC signals using sampling rates under the Nyquist theorem limit. The TFM images obtained from the FMC, CS-FMC, and sparse CS approaches were compared in terms of contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR). It was seen that the CS-FMC combination produced images comparable to those acquitted using the FMC. Implementation of sparse arrays improved CS reconstruction times by up to 11 folds and reduced the firing events by approximately 90%. Moreover, image formation was accelerated by 6.6 times at the cost of only minor image quality degradation relative to the FMC.

To analyze the regions that trigger the attention of adults’ gaze when assessing pain in newborn infants’ pictures and to verify if there are differences between health and non-health professionals.

Purpose: Entrepreneurship can be understood as a systemic phenomenon, thus relying on sets of influential factors associated with socioeconomic contexts. Institutional conditions play a pivotal role in this regard, affecting the allocation of entrepreneurial efforts. The goal of this research is to verify to what extent do the pillars of Countries' Institutional Profiles – regulatory, cognitive and normative – affect both the prevalence and quality of entrepreneurship, assessing the differences between developing and developed countries both in total entrepreneurial activity and in the following qualitative frames: innovation rate, high job creation expectations and motivational index. Design/methodology/approach: The authors’ assessment uses data from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) with a longitudinal approach for 112 countries over the period 2003–2019. Dynamic panel data regressions are applied. Findings: By comparing developing and developed countries, findings highlight that institutional effects are heterogeneous among developing and developed countries, with informal institutions being more relevant for developing countries than formal ones. Also, using a broad range of institutional indicators, the authors’ assessment indicated that the association between institutional conditions and productive entrepreneurship seems to be far more intricate than argued by theoretical literature. Practical implications: The authors’ findings indicate the need for developing countries to address formal institutional voids in order to generate more effective conditions for productive entrepreneurship to emerge. Following prior literature, this can have systemic impacts on trajectories for economic growth and development. Originality/value: The originality of this research consists in using a longitudinal and integrative approach to compare institutional effects on different types of entrepreneurship, as well as comparing these effects in countries at different stages of development.

Environmental concern has encouraged development related to polluted water treatment. Produced water originated from oil exploration has been submitted to different separation processes such as settling tanks, floaters, two-phase and three-phase separators, hydrocyclones, and membranes. On the use of membranes, the goal is to separate soluble components from solutions based on the size, charge, shape, and molecular interactions between the solute and membrane surface. In the present work, a numerical study was developed on the oil-water mixture separation process using a porous ceramic membrane module. The mathematical model used in this research is composed of mass and momentum conservation equations coupled to Darcy ́s law and SST k-ω turbulence model. Simulations were carried out employing the Ansys CFX commercial software. Results of the pressure, velocity, oil concentration distribution inside the device and membrane are presented and discussed. The results showed that the geometric aspects of the proposed microfiltration module and the membrane distribution within the separation module had a significant influence on the hydrodynamic flow leading to polarized layer dispersion.

Nos riachos tropicais a sazonalidade tem forte influência sobre a heterogeneidade, alterando os recursos disponíveis e ocasionando o carreamento de organismos, substrato e matéria orgânica. Provocando mudanças nas variáveis limnológicas, bem como na composição de espécies. O objetivo de nosso trabalho foi avaliar a congruência de resposta da comunidade de Odonata em duas estações sazonais em riachos da transição entre Cerrado e Caatinga. Foram amostrados 10 riachos afluentes do rio Itapecuru em Caxias, no leste do Maranhão nos meses de julho a dezembro de 2017 (menor precipitação) e em janeiro a junho de 2018 (maior precipitação). Um total de 386 espécimes foram coletados sendo 160 na estação de menor precipitação e 226 para a estação de maior precipitação. Não houve congruência de resposta para a ordem Odonata entre as estações, no entanto, para as subordens separadamente, Zygoptera apresentou alta congruência de imaturo, mas não houve para Anisoptera. Assim, em ambientes que enfrentam um forte estresse hídrico e devido as diferenças ecofisiológicas das subordens, a amostragem de apenas um período sazonal não fornece dados consistentes sobre a composição das espécies (Zygoptera apresentou semelhança na composição entre os dois períodos, mas não para Anisoptera), perdendo informações importantes sobre a diversidade local. Se o foco é a biodiversidade, o uso de subordinados pode estabelecer padrões de diversidade e adaptação entre as estações, tendo em vista as diferenças ecofisiológicas existentes.

Cutting tools made of high-speed steel have significant economic and technological importance. To enhance their productivity, thermochemical treatments are sought to improve both surface mechanical and tribological properties. Plasma nitriding and thin film deposition are widely employed for this purpose. In this study, modifications were made to M2 high-speed steel drills through plasma nitriding at temperatures of 400°C and 450°C. Cathodic cage TiN plasma deposition was also performed, varying the dwell time at a fixed temperature of 450°C. Characterization techniques included optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Vickers microhardness testing, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Performance tests were carried out to evaluate the behavior of the drills in relation to wear when machining AISI 1020 steel. It was observed that longer deposition times promote more uniform and thicker layers, and higher nitriding temperatures result in thicker nitride layers. An increase in hardness was noticeable in all deposition and nitriding treatments, with the nitrided samples exhibiting the highest hardness. During performance tests, the cathodic cage plasma TiN deposition demonstrated greater potential for application in HSS drills, with a treatment lasting 4 h providing the best results.

In this study, we have developed a series of novel gallium oxide doped bioactive glasses to specifically target osteosarcoma cells while aiding new bone formation. The results show that osteosarcoma (Saos-2) cell death is induced through the addition of gallium oxide. Relative to the gallium-free control glass (0% Ga) glasses containing 1, 2, and 3% Ga decreased Saos-2 cell viability in a dose dependent manner. After 72 h in media preconditioned with 3% Ga Saos-2 cell viability was reduced by over 50%. Corresponding studies undertaken on primary normal human osteoblast cells (NHOst) demonstrated no adverse effects to the gallium containing glasses. Hydroxyapatite formation was observed for all glasses when exposed to simulated body fluid.

The objective of this work was simulating the process of severe plastic deformation, specifically the Accumulative Roll-Bonding process (ARB) in low carbon steel, by warm torsion test, using the typical ARB process parameters. The torsion test was performed at 500°C, using a total equivalent strain of 4.0, with increment of 0.8 per pass and keeping the constant strain rate of 0.1s−1, as well as intermediate strains of 0.8, 1.6, 2.4 and 3.2. Along with the reduction of the average grain size there was an increase in the hardness of 43%. Torsion test was performed until failure, increasing the yield stress by about 380MPa. After processing, the average grains size with 0.93μm were obtained showing that the torsion test is an efficient tool for simulating ARB process.

Aim:To investigate the direct effect of antibiotics on growth and virulence of the major Candidaspecies associated with invasive infections. Materials & methods:Cefepime, imipenem, meropenem, amoxicillin and vancomycin were tested at twofold the peak plasma concentration (2× PP) and the peak plasma concentration (PP). The effects of antibiotics on Candida albicans, Candida parapsilosis, Candida kruseiand Candida tropicaliswere investigated by colony counting, flow cytometry, proteolytic activity and virulence in Caenorhabditis elegans. Results:Antibiotics increase growth and proteolytic activity of Candidaspp; In addition, amoxicillin potentiates virulence of C. kruseiand C. tropicalisagainst Caenorhabditis elegans. Conclusion:These results suggest that antimicrobial therapy may have a direct effect on the pathophysiology of invasive fungal infections in patients at risk.

In pursuit of greater practicality in the food preparation, in recent years there has been a considerable growth of researches in the field of cooling and freezing of food. Therefore, the trade in frozen food has been very promising, allowing a great variety of products to the consumers due to the convenience of transportation, storage and use. Cooling and freezing of products are preservation methods used in the food industry to maintain the sensorial attributes and nutritional properties of these products. In this sense, in order to optimize the process and reduce energy costs, this work presents a transient three-dimensional mathematical modeling to describe the heat transfer inside liquid materials with parallelepiped shape including phase change (liquid-solid) term. The governing equation was solved numerically using the finite volume technique with a fully implicit formulation. As an application, the methodology was used to predict heat transfer during cooling, freezing and post-freezing of the Tahiti lemon pulp. Numerical results of the temperature distribution at different process instants are presented and analyzed, and temperature data at the center of the product throughout time were compared to experimental data reported in the literature and a good agreement was obtained.