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Quantifying signals and uncertainties in climate models is essential for the detection, attribution, prediction and projection of climate change1–3. Although inter-model agreement is high for large-scale temperature signals, dynamical changes in atmospheric circulation are very uncertain4. This leads to low confidence in regional projections, especially for precipitation, over the coming decades5,6. The chaotic nature of the climate system7–9may also mean that signal uncertainties are largely irreducible. However, climate projections are difficult to verify until further observations become available. Here we assess retrospective climate model predictions of the past six decades and show that decadal variations in North Atlantic winter climate are highly predictable, despite a lack of agreement between individual model simulations and the poor predictive ability of raw model outputs. Crucially, current models underestimate the predictable signal (the predictable fraction of the total variability) of the North Atlantic Oscillation (the leading mode of variability in North Atlantic atmospheric circulation) by an order of magnitude. Consequently, compared to perfect models, 100 times as many ensemble members are needed in current models to extract this signal, and its effects on the climate are underestimated relative to other factors. To address these limitations, we implement a two-stage post-processing technique. We first adjust the variance of the ensemble-mean North Atlantic Oscillation forecast to match the observed variance of the predictable signal. We then select and use only the ensemble members with a North Atlantic Oscillation sufficiently close to the variance-adjusted ensemble-mean forecast North Atlantic Oscillation. This approach greatly improves decadal predictions of winter climate for Europe and eastern North America. Predictions of Atlantic multidecadal variability are also improved, suggesting that the North Atlantic Oscillation is not driven solely by Atlantic multidecadal variability. Our results highlight the need to understand why the signal-to-noise ratio is too small in current climate models10, and the extent to which correcting this model error would reduce uncertainties in regional climate change projections on timescales beyond a decade.

In this paper, the different steps of H∞control story at CNES for the attitude of satellites and test beds are presented. From early studies in the 90’s to industrial operational use in orbit, the way to tune H∞controllers with respect to the requirements is illustrated. At the beginning, the design of H^ controllers was devoted to control experts who could tune the weighting functions and the solvers parameters to get suitable results. The new tools based on non-smooth optimization gather the power and flexibility of H∞control and the know-how of engineers in tuning the soft and hard constraints with respect to the requirements. The powerful H∞optimization can now be used in an operational manner by non-experts which is the definition of a successful transfer of technology.

This study presents an approach to provide seamless climate information by concatenating decadal climate predictions and climate projections in time. Results for near‐surface air temperature over 29 regions indicate that such an approach has potential to provide meaningful information but can also introduce significant inconsistencies. Inconsistencies are often most pronounced for relatively extreme quantiles of the CMIP6 multi‐model ensemble distribution, whereas they are generally smaller and mostly insignificant for quantiles close to the median. The regions most affected are the North Atlantic, Greenland and Northern Europe. Two potential ways to reduce inconsistencies are discussed, including a simple calibration method and a weighting approach based on model performance. Calibration generally reduces inconsistencies but does not eliminate all of them. The impact of model weighting is minor, which is found to be linked to the small size of the decadal climate prediction ensemble, which in turn limits the applicability of that method. Continuous and consistent information about the evolution of climate in next 1–40 years is crucial for the development of mitigation and adaptation strategies. Historically, scientific products providing weather and climate information have been designed for specific time scales, for example, seasonal or decadal climate predictions (1–10 years), or long‐term climate projections (1–100 + years). As a consequence, currently only climate projections can be used to provide continuous information beyond the 10 years time scale. However, as climate projections are not initialized using observations, they are likely – depending on the variable and region – less skillful than initialized predictions for shorter lead times. In this study we assess if meaningful continuous climate information can be obtained by concatenating decadal climate predictions and climate projections in time. Results suggest that significant inconsistencies (materialized in jumpsin the resulting time series) can be introduced by this approach, however, for some regions temporal concatenation might provide meaningful climate information beyond decadal time scales. Furthermore, potential ways to reduce inconsistencies when concatenating are discussed. Concatenating climate predictions and projections can introduce inconsistenciesConcatenation is less problematic for quantiles close to the median compared to more extreme quantiles of the ensemble distributionA simple calibration method reduces but does not eliminate inconsistencies Concatenating climate predictions and projections can introduce inconsistencies Concatenation is less problematic for quantiles close to the median compared to more extreme quantiles of the ensemble distribution A simple calibration method reduces but does not eliminate inconsistencies

The paper gives a simple LMI procedure to design simple adaptive control laws for ‘almost stable’ systems. It relaxes existing ‘almost passive’ assumptions making simple adaptive control possible for all systems stabilizable by LTI controllers. The expected advantage of the adaptive control compared to the initial LTI control is to improve performances and robustness. The proposed results apply to multi-input multi-output systems and rely on LMI optimization. The theory is illustrated on a satellite attitude control DEMETER benchmark.

Abstract: The nature and formation conditions of the ground state and the dynamic magnetic response (the magnetic excitation spectrum) of the YbB12 and Sm(Y)S systems with the nonmagnetic ground state have been studied using inelastic neutron scattering.

Summary. An ultrastructure study of the rhizoplast in Synura petersenii, Mallomonas fastigiata, and M. insignis shows that it consists of 15–20 striated rootlets that form a claw or an incomplete cone over the nucleus. These rootlets course along one face of the nucleus between the nuclear membrane and the cis-face of the Golgi stack of cisternae. They converge and merge above the nucleus, forming a stub attached to the proximal section of the two basal bodies. These cross-striated rootlets are composed of closely packed longitudinal microfibrils. By immunofluorescence, the basal bodies and the rootlets forming the claw were decorated by the anti-centrin monoclonal antibody ICL19 raised against the Paramecium tetraurelia acidic centrin protein and by two antibodies raised against the striated parabasal and costal striated fibres of trichomonads. Only the anti-centrin monoclonal antibody 20H5 raised against Chlamydomonas reinhardtii centrin strongly labelled the 20–22 kDa protein bands from the extracted cytoskeleton of S. petersenii by immunoblotting. Electron micrographs of mitosis in S. petersenii cells revealed that the segregated pairs of basal bodies are linked by the striated rootlets of the rhizoplast to the poles of the mitotic spindle. The spindle microtubules arise perpendicularly from the striated rootlets of the basal body–nucleus connector forming the centrosome. In conclusion, in these cells there is a basal body–nucleus connector similar to that of C. reinhardtii and other chlorophytes. It contains centrin proteins, it is involved in the linkage of the basal bodies to the nucleus and is a component of the spindle pole body or centrosome in the dividing cell.

AbstractThe relatively poor intensity of neutron sources and, con-sequently, the large sample volume required by neutron techniques are well known. Whereas the synchrotron sample may measure a few cubic micrometers, the typical neutron sample is about 10-1000 mm3. One can notice that such different sample volumes are responsible for many remarkable differences between X-ray and neutron instruments. There is an-other important consequence, which is less obvious at first sight. Extremeconditions, such as high pressures, high magnetic fields, or extremely high/low temperatures, are much easier to apply to small samples than to large ones. This statement is especially true for high pressures. One can easily apply a pressure of 100 GPa (1 Mbar) to a sample of few cubic micrometers using a diamond anvil cell. The pressure cell will measure a few centimeters and the pressure will be applied by a gentle turning of a small screw or by sending compressed gas to a thin membrane. In contrast, there is no way to apply pressure of 100 GPa to a sample of 1 cm3. Even in the case of modest pressures (∼10 GPa), a pressure setup for a sample of about 1 cm3 may measure I m and weigh several tons. Consequently, it cannot be compatible with any neutron instrumentation.

New high-pressure devices based on the use of sapphire anvils now allow single-crystal neutron diffraction experiments to be performed up to P=8–10 GPa. After giving a brief overview of the technique, we present its application to the study of pressure-induced valence instabilities in Tm monochalcogenides (TmX, X: S, Se, Te). A variety of new magnetic phases have been characterized, yielding a consistent picture of the evolution of magnetism through the series. The results indicate a striking interplay between magnetic order taking place at low temperature and different types of electronic ground states (classical semiconductor, narrow-gap Kondo insulator, metallic Kondo lattice, etc.) inferred from the transport properties.

Sea Surface Salinity (SSS) is an increasingly used Essential Ocean and Climate Variable. The Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS), Aquarius, and Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) satellite missions all provide SSS measurements, with very different instrumental features leading to specific measurement characteristics. The Climate Change Initiative Salinity project (CCI + SSS) aims to produce a SSS Climate Data Record (CDR) that addresses well‐established user needs based on those satellite measurements. To generate a homogeneous CDR, instrumental differences are carefully adjusted based on in‐depth analysis of the measurements themselves, together with some limited use of independent reference data. An optimal interpolation in the time domain without temporal relaxation to reference data or spatial smoothing is applied. This allows preserving the original datasets variability. SSS CCI fields are well suited for monitoring weekly to interannual signals, at spatial scales ranging from 50 km to the basin scale. They display large year‐to‐year seasonal variations over the 2010–2019 decade, sometimes by more than ±0.4 over large regions. The robust standard deviation of the monthly CCI SSS minus in situ Argo salinities is 0.15 globally, while it is at least 0.20 with individual satellite SSS fields. r2is 0.97, similar or better than with original datasets. The correlation with independent ship thermosalinographs SSS further highlights the CCI data set excellent performance, especially near land areas. During the SMOS‐Aquarius period, when the representativity uncertainties are the largest, r2is 0.84 with CCI while it is 0.48 with the Aquarius original data set. SSS CCI data are freely available and will be updated and extended as more satellite data become available. Salinity measures the mass of dissolved salts in seawater. Together with temperature and pressure, it determines the seawater density, which is crucial in driving oceanic motions. Low sea surface salinity (SSS) can be the result of freshwater inputs such as rain, river runoffs, and ice melt. In contrast, high SSS often characterize regions of strong evaporation. The salinity imprint of these processes is then carried by ocean currents over long distances and long periods of time. SSS also impacts ocean circulation through its effect on density, and modulates ocean‐atmosphere exchanges of heat and gases. SSS is a hence key variable for ocean and climate studies, both as a passive tracer and as an important actor of oceanic processes. Since 2010, three satellite missions have monitored SSS with an unprecedented spatial and temporal resolution. For the first time, data from these satellites are combined, taking each instrument specific features into account. The resulting data set enables global SSS to be monitored and studied with unprecedented accuracy over the 2010–2019 period, at a 50 km, weekly or monthly resolution. It reveals large SSS signals related to phenomena affecting climate in various parts of the world ocean. 2010–2019 Sea Surface Salinity fields built from three satellite missions data setsMonitors sea surface salinity variability at large meso‐ to basin scale with unprecedented accuracy and spatio‐temporal coverageAnswers the need for Sea Surface Salinity global fields at higher resolution than 1 month, 1° 2010–2019 Sea Surface Salinity fields built from three satellite missions data sets Monitors sea surface salinity variability at large meso‐ to basin scale with unprecedented accuracy and spatio‐temporal coverage Answers the need for Sea Surface Salinity global fields at higher resolution than 1 month, 1°

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High-intensity low-background neutron diffraction and high-pressure anvil technique have been used in the studies of magnetic materials up to the pressures of 10 GPa (sapphire anvils) and 24.5 GPa (diamond anvils) in the temperature range 1.5-300 K. Results of powder and single-crystal experiments are reported. A new magnetic state with partial moment reorientation has been detected in hematite α-Fe2O3, at pressures above 2.5-3 GPa. Incommensurate and commensurate phases in TbD2+x (x=0, 0.2), have been studied, stabilization of the incommensurate phase was found under pressure. The magnetic phase diagram of UAs has been determined, a sequence of magnetic structures (AF IA double-k, AF I double-k, AF I single-k) was observed at low temperatures when pressure was increased.

1. A fundamental question about motor control is related to the nature of the representations used by the nervous system to program the movement. Theoretically, arm displacement can be encoded either in task (extrinsic) or in joint (intrinsic) space. 2. The present study investigated the organization of complex movements consisting of reaching and grasping a cylindrical object presented along different orientations in space. In some trials, object orientation was suddenly modified at movement onset. 3. At a static level, the final limb angles were highly predictable despite the wide range of possible postures allowed by articular redundancy. Moreover, when object orientation was unexpectedly modified at movement onset, the final angular configuration of the limb was identical to that obtained when the object was initially presented along the orientation reached after the perturbation. 4. At a dynamical level, a generalized synergy was observed, and tight correlations were noted between all joint angles implicated in the movement with the exception of elbow flexion. For this joint angle, which did not vary monotonically, strong partial correlations were however observed before and after movement reversal. 5. These results suggest that natural movements are mostly carried out in joint space by postural transitions.

Summary Ultrastructure, chemical composition and expulsion mechanism of trichocysts in the ciliateDrepanomonas dentata are investigated by means of thin sections and cytochemical methods as well as by analyses of shadow-casted and negatively stained suspension preparations.

The fast measurement of furrows or wrinkles requires the use of a non-contact device. We have chosen a laser detector based on a triangulation principle, using position-sensitive detectors. This apparatus has a sensitivity of about 2-3 μm for a vertical range > 1 mm; this vertical range can reach 8 mm. There is no contact between the detector and the surface and this reduces the measurement time because, while data are being transmitted, there is no decrease in the scanning speed as with earlier methods. We describe the device and its technical characteristics. The limits of use are shown in the measurement of low-amplitude defects (> 3-4 μm) and of wide defects of ≤ 8 mm. Examples of software possibilities and practical applications related to skin microrelief wrinkles and pathological cases, are also described.

Neutron diffraction experiments under pressure on the cubic heavy-fermion compounds CeIn3 and CePb3 are reported. Resistivity measurements were performed on CeIn3 in order to study the approach to the magnetic-nonmagnetic transition. Comparisons are made with previous results obtained on CeAl2. In CePb3 and CeAl2, the pressure-induced change in the magnetic structure from modulated to simple-antiferromagnetic may correspond to a reduction of the magnetic anisotropy. The strong pressure decrease of the Néel temperature of CeIn3 for P>15 kbar indicates the proximity of the transition from a magnetic to a nonmagnetic ground state. In cubic heavy-fermion compounds, the appearance of a nonmagnetic ground state seems to be directly connected to the recovery of the full multiplet degeneracy of the rare-earth ion.

Low-temperature magnetostriction experiments have been performed on CeRu2Si2 single crystals in magnetic fields up to 15T. WhenH is applied parallel to the tetragonalc-axis, a very large expansion is observed in all lattice directions. A pronounced anomaly occurs at a field close to the “metamagnetic” threshold. The results are discussed with use of thermodynamic relations and support a very simple scaling behavior for the pressure dependence of the magnetization.

A series of experimental studies of the dynamical magnetic response of Sm in SmB6-based mixed-valence (MV) systems has been carried out by inelastic neutron scattering on poly- and single-crystalline, double-isotopic (154Sm,11B), samples. In addition to two strongly damped high-energy peaks associated with the inter-multiplet transitions of Sm2+and Sm3+, pure SmB6exhibits a very specific low-energy excitation at 14 meV. These features can be ascribed to the formation of the MV ground state. To study the effect of a variation of the average valenceνon the magnetic excitation spectra, solid solutions have been studied in which 2+ or 3+ ions are substituted for Sm. The intensities of the inter-multiplet excitations change roughly in accordance with the variation ofν. Systematic changes are observed in the position of the low-energy peak and in theQandTdependences of its intensity, Further information concerning the energy, anisotropy, and theQandTdependences of the low-energy excitation was obtained from triple-axis experiments on single crystals of Sm1−xLaxB6(x=0.10, 0.22) at ambient pressure and SmB6atP=0.5 GPa. The transformations observed in the low-energy part of the spectra suggest a relation between the average valence and the degree of delocalization (or hybridization strength) for the “loosely bound”f-electron state formed around the Sm ion, which is a characteristic feature of the MV ground state.

A XC carbon steel disk was submitted to the friction of a 100 C 6 steel bearing ball on a pin-on-disk tribometer. The geometry of the surface was periodically measured as was the state of the stresses, on a single point of the wear track using a very simple location process. The wear track was quickly grooved while the normal stresses (parallel to the plane of the surface) increased fast. The shearing stresses remain weak.

The temperature dependence of the hyperfine fields corresponding to ferric ions in the different sublattices of BaLiFe17O27 W-type hexagonal ferrite has been measured. A mean field analysis of these sublattice magnetizations has been done and a set of nearest neighbour isotropic exchange interactions has been obtained. The relative strenght of these fitted exchange values is in accordance with superexchange theory

Inelastic neutron scattering experiments were performed to study the spin dynamics of the heavy fermion compound Ce0.925La0.075Ru2Si2. This composition corresponds to the borderline of the magnetic-non magnetic transition in the family of alloys Ce1 − xLaxRu2Si2. Short range magnetic correlations of an inelastic nature characterize this system in addition to a small ordered moment of the order of 0.02µBwhich appears below 2 K. Comparison with the magnetic excitation spectrum of the Pauli paramagnet CeRu2Si2is given from the viewpoint of recent work on phase transitions near the magnetic instability point.

Le relief cutané évolue sous l'action de nombreux paramètres physiologiques et physico-chimiques comme le sexe, l'âge, l'hydratation et les rayonnements. Composée de plateaux traversés de vallées, la surface cutanée peut être étudiée par une analyse 3D de sa topographie et par une analyse profilométrique 2D. Cette étude préliminaire de la topographie de la peau irradiée met en évidence une diminution relative des paramètres décrivant l'amplitude verticale (~ 15%) du relief cutané 24 h après irradiation et quelle que soit la dose, chez 3 porcs ayant reçu une dose unique de βdu 90Sr-90Y, (32, 64 et 96 Gy sous 7 mg/cm2; distance source - peau : 2,6 cm) et un porc ayant reçu une dose unique de γdu 192Ir (160 Gy ; distance source - peau : 1,7 cm). Ce résultat préliminaire sera complété par une étude sur une série chronologique portant sur plusieurs individus afin de définir le seuil de dose d'irradiation induisant des modifications du relief cutané, avant d'être validé chez l'homme.

Abstract: The Mn cation distribution in the seven sublattices of theW-type structure has been determined from high temperature neutron diffraction data of a SrMn2Fe16O27 powder sample. The Mn2+ ions enter the tetrahedral sites of blockS with a preference for site 4e. Mn3+ ions in small amounts are found in the octahedral sites, substituting for Fe3+, while 0.3 Fe2+ has been found in site 6g. The sample has the formula SrMn2.4Fe15.6O27. The crystal structure has been described in the non-centrosymmetric P62c space group, instead of the usual P63/mmc one. The magnetic structure, obtained from low temperature (4.2 K) data, is collinear, with the spins parallel to thec axis, according to the Gorter model. The magnetic moments of the sites give an experimental magnetization valueM s=28.4(1.5) μB/f.u., in good agreement with magnetic measurements and the theoretical value.

Abstract: A fast method of measuring the distribution of furrows can be obtained via the analysis of TV camera images of skin replicas. These replicas are either negative (or direct) or positive. Reflected or transmitted light is used, depending on the type of replica. Each point of the matrix (256256 pixels) is digitised over 6 bits (64 levels) and treated by a personal computer (IBM AT or PC). With such an image, it is not possible to obtain significant results without eliminating noise and enhancing the furrows. Specific software is written in processor language 8086 to obtain a real time system. The distribution of skin furrows is quantified for several interesting cases such as the ageing of the skin or the effect of stress.

Dans cette note, nous décrivons une méthode simple, permettant l'ultracentrifugation de particules virales planctoniques et leur observation en microscopie électronique à transmission. Une description de différents morphotypes de particules assimilables à des virus est faite à partir d'échantillons prélevés dans la couche euphotique d'un lac eutrophe (Aydat), au cours des périodes printanière et estivale. Ces particules présentent chacune une capside icosaédrique régulière à 6 faces et une queue, dont les dimensions sont similaires à celles des phages décrits en milieu marin. La diversité des formes et le nombre de virions (10 fois supérieur à celui des bactéries), permettent d'émettre l'hypothèse selon laquelle les virus interviennent de façon significative dans le contrôle des abondances des communautés bactériennes en milieu lacustre.

Dans cette note, nous d?crivons une m?thode simple, permettant l'ultracentrifugation de particules virales planctoniques et leur observation en microscopie ?lectronique ? transmission. Une description de diff?rents morphotypes de particules assimilables ? des virus est faite ? partir d'?chantillons pr?lev?s dans la couche euphotique d'un lac eutrophe (Aydat), au cours des p?riodes printani?re et estivale. Ces particules pr?sentent chacune une capside icosa?drique r?guli?re ? 6 faces et une queue, dont les dimensions sont similaires ? celles des phages d?crits en milieu marin. La diversit? des formes et le nombre de virions (10 fois sup?rieur ? celui des bact?ries), permettent d'?mettre l'hypoth?se selon laquelle les virus interviennent de fa?on significative dans le contr?le des abondances des communaut?s bact?riennes en milieu lacustre.In this short communication, we describe a simple method to ultracentrifuge and concentrate planktonic virus-like particles, for their examination with a transmission electron microscope. A description of different morphotypes of particles clearly assimilable to viruses is made in plankton samples from the euphotic layer of a eutrophic lake (Lake Aydat), during its spring and summer development. The particles possess a tail and a 6-sided icosahedral capsid-head, with dimensions similar to those of phages already described in marine systems. The diversity of viral forms and their abundance (10 fold higher than that of bacteria) in Lake Aydat, suggests a significant role in controlling bacterial number in lakes.

The 84.3 keV Mössbauer transition in170Yb was used to investigate the intermediate valent intermetallic compound YbCuAl at pressures up to 130 kbar and in the temperature range between 1.6 K and 77 K. The electric quadrupole interaction parameters |eQVzz| and ?, as well as their temperature variation are drastically dependent on pressure: |eQVzz| is at 4.2 K larger by almost a factor of three at 130 kbar when compared to ambient pressure. On the other hand, |eQVzz| drops by more than a factor of two at 130 kbar when the temperature is raised from 1.6 K to 77 K. A much smaller temperature dependence of quadrupole coupling is present at ambient pressure. Both these effects give strong evidence for a valence transition towards the 4f13 (Yb3+) configuration under applied pressure. At 4.2 K this transition is completed near ~50 kbar. No magnetic order could be detected down to 1.6 K over the whole pressure range. Some line broadening is observed at high pressures and low temperatures which most probably is related to paramagnetic relaxation phenomena and supports the claim that the Yb ion is in a magnetic state under these conditions.

Summary Details of the development of the cortex and of its cytoskeletal components prior to cell division are described forCyclidiopsis acus. The description is based on transmission and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of semi-serial thin sections of cells at progressive stages of division.

The Mn cation distribution in the seven sublattices of the W-type structure has been determined from high temperature neutron diffraction data of a SrMnFeO powder sample. The Mn ions enter the tetrahedral sites of block S with a preference for site 4e. Mn ions in small amounts are found in the octahedral sites, substituting for Fe, while 0.3 Fe has been found in site 6g. The sample has the formula SrMnFeO. The crystal structure has been described in the non-centrosymmetric P¯62c space group, instead of the usual P6/mmc one. The magnetic structure, obtained from low temperature (4.2 K) data, is collinear, with the spins parallel to the c axis, according to the Gorter model. The magnetic moments of the sites give an experimental magnetization value M=28.4(1.5) μ/f.u., in good agreement with magnetic measurements and the theoretical value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inter‐annual to decadal variability in the strength of the land and ocean carbon sinks impede accurate predictions of year‐to‐year atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) growth rate. Such information is crucial to verify the effectiveness of fossil fuel emissions reduction measures. Using a multi‐model framework comprising prediction systems initialized by the observed state of the physical climate, we find a predictive skill for the global ocean carbon sink of up to 6 years for some models. Longer regional predictability horizons are found across single models. On land, a predictive skill of up to 2 years is primarily maintained in the tropics and extra‐tropics enabled by the initialization of the physical climate. We further show that anomalies of atmospheric CO2growth rate inferred from natural variations of the land and ocean carbon sinks are predictable at lead time of 2 years and the skill is limited by the land carbon sink predictability horizon. Variations of the natural land and ocean carbon sinks in response to climate variability strongly regulate year‐to‐year variations in the growth rate of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2). Information on the near‐term evolution of the carbon sinks and CO2in the atmosphere is necessary to understand where the anthropogenic carbon would go in response to emission reduction efforts addressing global warming mitigation. Predictions of this near‐term evolution would thus assist policy‐relevant analysis and carbon management activities. Here we use a set of prediction systems based on Earth system models to establish predictive skills of the ocean and land carbon sinks and to infer predictability of atmospheric CO2growth rate. We show predictability horizons of up to 6 years for some models for the globally integrated ocean carbon sink, with even higher regional predictive skill. Variations of the land carbon sink are predictable up to 2 years and limit predictability of changes in atmospheric CO2growth rate at lead time of 2 years. Our study thereby demonstrates an emerging capacity of the initialized simulations for predicting the global carbon cycle and the planet's breath maintained by variations of atmospheric CO2. Predictive skill of the global ocean carbon sink due to initialization is up to 6 years for some models, with longer regional predictability in single modelsPredictive skill due to initialization for the land carbon sink of up to 2 years is primarily maintained in the tropics and extra‐tropicsAnomalies of atmospheric CO2growth rate are predictable up to 2 years and are limited by the land carbon sink predictability horizon Predictive skill of the global ocean carbon sink due to initialization is up to 6 years for some models, with longer regional predictability in single models Predictive skill due to initialization for the land carbon sink of up to 2 years is primarily maintained in the tropics and extra‐tropics Anomalies of atmospheric CO2growth rate are predictable up to 2 years and are limited by the land carbon sink predictability horizon

High-pressure magnetoresistance and susceptibility measurements have been performed on CeRu2Si2single crystals. The metamagnetic-like transition at 4.2 K shifts rapidly from 85 kOe at P= 0 to ≈180 kOe at 5.4 kbar. This variation correlates with the pressure decrease of X4.2, suggesting that the transition occurs for a critical value of the magnetization, in contrast to the predictions of an almost localized Fermi liquid theory.