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A straightforward LC-ESI-MS/MS method was developed and validated for the detection and quantitation of the herbicide glyphosate (GLY) and its metabolite aminomethyl phosphonic acid (AMPA) in honeybees. The method was validated, fulfilling the SANTE 11945/2015 guideline criteria, demonstrating acceptable mean recoveries at LOQ and 10×LOQ varying from 75-87% for both compounds. LOQ was determined at 0.2 and 0.5 μg/g bee body weight (bw)for GLY and AMPA respectively. Analysis of 14 honeybee samples displayed only one positive sample, containing GLY marginally above LOQ and traces of AMPA.

Neonicotinoids (NNDs) constitute a major class of insecticides with a broad and versatile spectrum of applications in agriculture. Hence, their residues are found in several environmental compartments and can be transferred via several pathways to numerous organisms. Despite their profound impact on honeybees and wild bees (impairment of memory, impact on immune system), their presence in humans is far less reported, possibly due to the low to moderate toxicological effects that they elicit. The aim of the present review is to emphasize on developments in the biomonitoring of NNDs. It focuses mainly on chromatographic analysis of NNDs and their metabolites in human biological fluids, discussing key features, such as sample preparation and analytical method validation. Nonetheless, case reports regarding intoxication incidents are presented, highlighting the significance of such cases especially in the developing world.

•Drying kinetics of Cannabis sativa L. inflorescences are experimentally examined.•Non-stationary drying conditions with increasing temperature profiles are tested.•4°C/h rate resulted to 71.3% energy consumption decrease, compared with 40°C drying.•Increased CBD and Δ9-THC levels were associated with non-isothermal drying regimes.