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In developing countries, most of the daily produced household wastes are buried in landfill sites without any prior treatment. One of the many problems associated with these landfills is the formation of leachate. Because of its complexity and unpredictable composition, leachate has always constituted a challenging task for effluent managers. Despite the countless techniques that have been developed since then, leachate treatment still raises big concerns about the efficiency and sustainability of a suitable strategy. Accordingly, this study is carried out aiming at the optimization of leachate treatment through biostimulation using carob powder as a co-substrate. The added amount of biostimulant corresponds approximately to the addition of 3, 1, and 0.4 g/L of sucrose, fructose, and glucose, respectively. The adopted experimental system is based on the anaerobic process using an up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor, which was operated at HRT and OLR of 24 h and 26.1 kg COD/m3d, respectively. For carob particle size larger than 2 mm, only a small amount of biogas was produced and the COD removal efficiency was lower than 77%, indicating that the poor quality of the effluent persists. However, 97% of COD was efficiently removed and a volume of 2.06 L/Lleachateof biogas was produced using a carob particle size of 0.250 mm. The obtained results showed also that the amount of produced biogas increases as the carob sugar content increases. Literally, a 1% fraction of total sugar content resulted in an increase of 17.9 mL/Lleahateof the produced biogas. Finally, the use of 10 g/L of carob amendment improved COD removal and exhibited less influence on syntrophs and methanogens since a large amount of biogas was generated.

After presenting the various threats that the environment has recognised through different dates of sustainable development, a change of behaviour was deemed necessary by many researchers. Accordingly, it seems interesting to consider environmental communication as a matter of environmental responsibility. This study focuses on the behaviour of Moroccan companies' managers. Theoretically, the study is based on the theory of social psychology including the theory of planned behaviour of Ajzen (1991) to express the relationship between environmental intention and communication. Empirically, structural equations (PLS) method was chosen to analyse different causal relationships of the conceptual model. The results reveal that the environmental intention of Moroccan leaders is influenced mainly by subjective norms and perceived behavioural control of the latter, notably having an environmental intention leads to 56% to communicate on the environment.

AbstractEach landfill site has its own characteristics from a Geological-Hydrological-Hydrogeological, Land-Planning, Environmental, Operational-General and Financial-Economic point of view. The criteria used to determine the importance of these characteristics are often contradictory.With such conflicting criteria, it is often impossible to find the ’optimal’ landfill site. A multicriteria decision analysis method to aid the Decision Maker in selecting the most suitable landfill site as well as a case study in the city of Azemmour, Morocco are presented in this paper. The selection of a set of alternative landfill sites, the selection of a list of relevant criteria to evaluate these alternative sites and the choice of an appropriate landfill site are also analyzed in this framework. The proposed procedure relies on the PROMETHEE method which belongs to the well-known family of multi-criteria outranking methods and its comparison with AHP method to improve the obtained results. From this investigation, the most suitable site for a new landfill in the municipality of Azemmour was determined. This site has the ability to reduce both landfill allocation and operating costs and the environment and public health impact.

AbstractThis paper considers a truck scheduling problem in the context of solid waste collection in the City of Azemmour. One such concern to city administrators is how to effectively distribute collection vehicles and crews in the region. The main object of this paper is to suggest a methodology for allocating trucks to the existing collection sites for minimizing cost and collecting 100% of waste. For this purpose, the software “Container Collector” was developed. This last is equipped with a file containing the application data that are required to represent the road network, the container position and the collection depot spatial information. In fact, the software allows determining routes which must be traversed in the city to optimize the vehicle routing. Thus, the software application has permit to determine four optimal routes which allow minimizing total distance traversed, total rounds duration and financial costs including salary, fuel and vehicle operation.